The formation of Jupiter's faint rings

Science

Volumn 284, Issue 5417, 1999, Pages 1146-1150

  Burns, Joseph A ^a   Showalter, Mark R ^b   Hamilton, Douglas P ^c   Nicholson, Philip D ^a   De Pater, Imke ^d   Ockert Bell, Maureen E ^a   Thomas, Peter C ^a  

^a Cornell University ^*  (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Bldg 142   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ASTRONOMY; COSMOS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESEARCH; SCIENCE; SPACE FLIGHT;

ANTHRISCUS SYLVESTRIS;

EID: 0033553654     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5417.1146     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. J. A. Burns, M. R. Showalter, G. E. Morfill, in Planetary Rings, R. Greenberg and A. Brahic, Eds. (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 1984), pp. 200-272; D. A. Mendis et al., in Saturn, T. Gehrels and M. S. Matthews, Eds. (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 1984), pp. 546-589.
2. J. A. Burns, M. R. Showalter, G. E. Morfill, in Planetary Rings, R. Greenberg and A. Brahic, Eds. (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 1984), pp. 200-272; D. A. Mendis et al., in Saturn, T. Gehrels and M. S. Matthews, Eds. (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 1984), pp. 546-589.
3. L. W. Esposito et al., in Uranus, J. T. Bergstralh, E. D. Miner, M. S. Matthews, Eds. (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 1991), pp. 410-465; C. C. Porco et al., in Neptune, D. P. Cruikshank, Ed. (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 1995), pp. 703-804.
4. L. W. Esposito et al., in Uranus, J. T. Bergstralh, E. D. Miner, M. S. Matthews, Eds. (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 1991), pp. 410-465; C. C. Porco et al., in Neptune, D. P. Cruikshank, Ed. (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 1995), pp. 703-804.
5. M. R. Showalter et al., Icarus 69, 458 (1987).
6. M. R. Showalter et al., Nature 316, 526 (1985).
7. M. E. Ockert-Bell et al., Icarus 138, 188 (1999).
8. I. de Pater et al., ibid., p. 214.
9. R. A. Jacobson, personal communication.
10. S. F. Dermott et al. Nature 312, 505 (1984); S. F. Dermott et al., in Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 1993, A. Milani, M. di Martino, A. Cellino, Eds. (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1994), pp. 127-142.
11. S. F. Dermott et al. Nature 312, 505 (1984); S. F. Dermott et al., in Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 1993, A. Milani, M. di Martino, A. Cellino, Eds. (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1994), pp. 127-142.
12. Observations of light with wavelength λ made at scattering angle θ highlight particles of radius r ∼ λ/2θ (1). Indeed, within the 1.2° to 1.5° range viewed by Galileo, 1-μm particles scatter 10 to 20 times less efficiently than do 5- to 10-μm grains.
13. These calculations assume a constant-size distribution of 30% fractional width. We chose a refractive index corresponding to olivine and pyroxene, but this (and the particle's shape) is unimportant in such a diffraction-dominated regime.
14. E. Grün et al., Icarus 62, 244 (1985).
15. S. J. Weidenschilling et al., in Planetary Rings, R. Greenberg and A. Brahic, Eds. (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 1984), pp. 367-415; R. M. Canup and L. W. Esposito, Icarus 113, 331 (1995); J. E. Colwell and L. W. Esposito, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 7387 (1993).
16. S. J. Weidenschilling et al., in Planetary Rings, R. Greenberg and A. Brahic, Eds. (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 1984), pp. 367-415; R. M. Canup and L. W. Esposito, Icarus 113, 331 (1995); J. E. Colwell and L. W. Esposito, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 7387 (1993).
17. S. J. Weidenschilling et al., in Planetary Rings, R. Greenberg and A. Brahic, Eds. (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 1984), pp. 367-415; R. M. Canup and L. W. Esposito, Icarus 113, 331 (1995); J. E. Colwell and L. W. Esposito, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 7387 (1993).
18. J. A. Burns et al., Icarus 44, 339 (1980).
19. P. C. Thomas et al., ibid. 135, 360 (1998).
20. syn (160,000 km) is the location where a particle's orbital period matches Jupiter's spin period.
21. J. A. Burns and L. Schaffer, Nature 337, 340 (1989); T. G. Northrop, D. A. Mendis, L. E. Schaffer, Icarus 79, 101 (1989).
22. J. A. Burns and L. Schaffer, Nature 337, 340 (1989); T. G. Northrop, D. A. Mendis, L. E. Schaffer, Icarus 79, 101 (1989).
23. syn, which was inferred from the Voyager data (4), is not visible in the more sensitive Galileo images; its presence in the Voyager data can be understood in hindsight in terms of the model presented here.
24. D. P. Hamilton and J. A. Burns, Science 264, 550 (1994).
25. J. N. Cuzzi and P. Estrada, Icarus 132, 1 (1998).
26. Because the smallest interplanetary micrometeoroids do not penetrate the jovian magnetosphere, the lifetimes of the tiniest ring grains are set by catastrophic fragmentation rather than erosion (13).
27. P. Farinella et al., Icarus 101, 174 (1993).
28. As seen from a reference frame situated at the mean orbital radius, an orbiting particle approximately traverses an elliptical path (2ae × ae) in a sense opposite to the actual orbital motion while simultaneously oscillating about the equatorial plane by a[sin(i)]. All three excursions - radial, longitudinal, and vertical - occur nearly at the orbital frequency.
29. D. P. Hamilton, Icarus 101, 244 (1993).
30. M. Horanyi, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 34, 383 (1996).
31. J. A. Burns et al., Nature 316, 115 (1985).
32. D. P. Hamilton, Icarus 109, 221 (1994); L. Schaffer and J. A. Burns, ibid. 96, 65 (1992).
33. D. P. Hamilton, Icarus 109, 221 (1994); L. Schaffer and J. A. Burns, ibid. 96, 65 (1992).
34. J. A. Burns, J. N. Cuzzi, M. R. Showalter, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 15, 1013 (1983); M. R. Showalter, J. A. Burns, D. P. Hamilton, ibid. 30, 1044 (1998); C. D. Murray, M. K. Gordon, S. M. Giuliatti-Winter, Icarus 129, 304 (1997).
35. J. A. Burns, J. N. Cuzzi, M. R. Showalter, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 15, 1013 (1983); M. R. Showalter, J. A. Burns, D. P. Hamilton, ibid. 30, 1044 (1998); C. D. Murray, M. K. Gordon, S. M. Giuliatti-Winter, Icarus 129, 304 (1997).
36. J. A. Burns, J. N. Cuzzi, M. R. Showalter, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 15, 1013 (1983); M. R. Showalter, J. A. Burns, D. P. Hamilton, ibid. 30, 1044 (1998); C. D. Murray, M. K. Gordon, S. M. Giuliatti-Winter, Icarus 129, 304 (1997).
37. This research was supported by grants from NASA as well as by the Galileo Project. We acknowledge the help of the Galileo imaging team, especially M. J. S. Belton, J. Veverka, T. V. Johnson, K. Klaasen, and H. Breneman, in obtaining these data.