Prebiotic cytosine synthesis: A critical analysis and implications for the origin of life

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Volumn 96, Issue 8, 1999, Pages 4396-4401

  Shapiro, Robert ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYANIC ACID; CYTOSINE; RNA; UREA;

ARTICLE; ASTRONOMY; BIOGENESIS; CHEMICAL REACTION; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); DEAMINATION; HYDROLYSIS; LIFE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS;

BIOGENESIS; CYTOSINE; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; KINETICS; METEOROIDS; MODELS, CHEMICAL;

EID: 0033551161     PISSN: 00278424     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.8.4396     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Gesteland, R. F., Cech, T. R. & Atkins, R. A., eds. (1998) The RNA World (Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Press, Plainview, New York), 2nd Ed.
2. Gilbert, W. (1986) Nature (London) 319, 618.
3. Eigen, M. & Schuster, P. (1982) J. Mol. Evol. 19, 47-61.
4. Shapiro, R. (1984) Origins Life 14, 565-570.
5. Shapiro, R. (1988) Origins Life Evol. Biosphere 18, 71-85.
6. Joyce, G. F., Schwartz, A. W., Miller, S. L. & Orgel, L. E. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 4398-4402.
7. Schwartz, A. W., Visscher, J., Bakker, C. G. & Niessen, J. (1987) Origins Life 17, 351-357.
8. Schwartz, A. W. & de Graaf, R. M. (1993) J. Mol. Evol. 36, 101-106.
9. Larralde, R., Robertson, M. P. & Miller, S. L. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 8158-8160.
10. Spach, G. (1984) Origins Life 14, 433-437.
11. Schwartz, A. W. & Orgel, L. E. (1985) Science 228, 185-187.
12. Orgel, L. E. (1986) Origins Life 17, 27.
13. Cherny, D. Y., Belotserkovskii, B. P., Frank-Kamenetskii, M. D., Egholm, M., Buchardt, O., Berg, R. H. & Nielsen, P. E. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 1667-1670.
14. Nielsen, P. E. (1993) Origins Life Evol. Biosphere 23, 327.
15. Pitsch, S., Krishnamurthy, R., Bolli, M., Wendeborn, S., Holzner, A., Minton, M., Lesueur, C., Schlönvogt, I., Juan, B. & Eschenmoser, A. (1995) Helv. Chim. Acta 78, 1621-1635.
16. Miller, S. L. (1995) Nat. Struct. Biol. 4, 167-169.
17. Shapiro, R. (1995) Origins Life Evol. Biosphere 25, 83-98.
18. Stoks, P. G. & Schwartz, A. W. (1981) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 45, 563-569.
19. Cronin, J. R. Pizzarello, S. & Cruikshank, D. P. (1988) in Meteorites and the Early Solar System, eds. Kerridge, J. S. & Matthews, M. S. (Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ), pp. 819-857.
20. Stoks, P. G. & Schwartz, A. W. (1979) Nature (London) 282, 709-710.
21. Miller, S. L. (1987) Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 52, 17-27.
22. Yuasa, S., Flory, D., Basile, B. & Oró, J. (1984) J. Mol. Evol. 21, 76-80.
23. Ferris, J. P., Sanchez, R. A. & Orgel, L. E. (1968) J. Mol. Biol. 33, 693-704.
24. Sanchez, R. A., Ferris, J. E. & Orgel, L. E. (1966) Science 154, 784-785.
25. Kasting, J. F. (1993) Science 299, 920-926.
26. Raulin, F. & Toupance, G. (1976) Bull. Soc. Chim. 29-39.
27. Miller, S. L. & Orgel, L. E. (1974) The Origins of Life on the Earth (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.).
28. Hong, J. H. Pownall, H. J. & Becker, R. S. (1976) Photochem. Photobiol. 24, 217-222.
29. Sasaki, T., Yoshioka, T. & Shoji, K. (1969) J. Chem. Soc., 1086-1088.
30. Phibbs, M. K. & Sipos, P. A. (1980) Canada Patent 1,068,301; Chem. Abs. 93, 45994p.
31. Truce, W. E. & Tichenor, G. J. W. (1972) J. Org. Chem. 37, 2391-2396.
32. Morita, K., Hashimoto, N. & Matsumura, K. (1975) Germany Patent 2,506,029; Chem. Abs. 83, 194012n.
33. Ferris, J. P., Goldstein, G. & Beaulieu, D. L. (1970) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 92, 6598-6603.
34. Ferris, J. P., Zamek, O. S., Altbuch, A. M. & Freeman, H. J. (1974) J. Mol. Evol. 3, 301-309.
35. Sagan, C., Thompson, W. R. & Khare, B. N. (1992) Acc. Chem. Res. 25, 286-292.
36. Irvine, W. M. (1998) Origins Life Evol. Biosphere 28, 365-383.
37. Wang, Y. L., Lee, H. D., Beach, M. W. & Margerum, D. W. (1987) Inorg. Chem. 26, 2444-2449.
38. Kemp, I. A. & Kohnstam, G. J. (1956) J. Chem. Soc. 900-911.
39. Hirose, Y., Ohmuro, K., Saigoh, M., Nakayama, T. & Yamagata, Y. (1990-1991) Origins Life Evol. Biosphere 20, 471-481.
40. Robertson, M. P. & Miller, S. L. (1995) Nature (London) 375, 772-774, and correction, 377, 257.
41. Browne, M. (1995) The New York Times, July 4, 1995, pp. C1 & C16.
42. Cieplak, A. S. & Wiberg, K. B. (1992) J. Am.. Chem. Soc. 114, 9226-9227.
43. Raulin, F., Bloch, S. & Toupance, G. (1977) Origins Life 8, 247-257.
44. Jacobson, A. R., Coffin, S. H., Shearson, C. M. & Sayre, L. M. (1987) Mol. Toxicol. 1, 17-34.
45. Sakurai, S. & Yanagawa, H. (1984) Origins Life 14, 171-176.
46. Nagayama, Y., Takaoka, O., Inomata, K. & Yamagata, Y. (1990) Origins Life Evol. Biosphere 20, 249-257.
47. Shapiro, R. & Klein, R. S. (1966) Biochemistry 5, 2358-2362.
48. Shapiro, R. & Klein, R. S. (1967) Biochemistry 6, 3576-3582.
49. Lindahl, T. & Nyborg, B. (1974) Biochemistry 13, 3405-3410.
50. Lindahl, T. (1993) Science 362, 709-715.
51. Duncan, B. K. & Miller, J. H. (1980) Nature (London) 287, 560-561.
52. Garrett, E. R. & Tsau, J. (1972) J. Pharm. Sci. 61, 1052-1061.
53. Shapiro, R., Servis, R. E. & Welcher, M. (1970) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 92, 422-424.
54. Hayatsu, H., Wataya, Y. & Kazushige, K. (1970) J. Am.. Chem. Soc. 92, 724-726.
55. Levy, M. & Miller, S. L. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 7933-7938.
56. Shapiro, R. (1981) in Chromosome Damage and Repair, eds. Seeberg, E. & Kleppe, K. (Plenum, New York), pp. 3-18.
57. Frick, L., Mac Neela, J. P. & Wolfenden, R. (1987) Bioorg. Chem. 15, 100-108.
58. Frederico, L. A., Kunkel, T. A. & Shaw, B. R. (1990) Biochemistry 29, 2532-2537.
59. Blackburne, G. M. & Gait, M. J. (1996) Nucleic Acids in Chermistry and Biology (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford), 2nd Ed., pp. 310-312.
60. Stribling, R. & Miller, S. L. (1987) Origins Life 17, 261-273.
61. Summers, D. P. & Chang, S. (1993) Nature (London) 365, 630-633.
62. Lowe, D. R. (1994) in Early Life on Earth, ed. Bengtson, S. (Columbia Univ. Press, New York), pp. 24-35.
63. Jones, F. E. (1992) Evaporation of Water, with Emphasis on Applications and Measurements (Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan).
64. Barnes, R. S. K. (1980) Coastal Lagoons (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U.K.).
65. Logan, B. W. (1987) The MacLeod Evaporite Basin, Western Australia (Am. Assn. Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, OK).
66. Holland, H. D. (1984) The Chemical Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton).
67. Schreiber, B. C. (1988) in Evaporites and Hydrocarbons, ed. Schreiber, B. C. (Columbia Univ. Press, New York), pp. 1-10.
68. Holm, N. G. (1992) Origins Life Evol. Biosphere 22, 5-14.
69. Clark, B. C. (1988) Origins Life Evol. Biosphere 18, 209-238.
70. Woese, C. (1980) in The Origins of Life and Evolution, eds. Halvorson, H. O. & Van Holde, K. E., (Liss, New York), pp. 65-76.
71. Shapiro, R., Cohen, B. I. & Servis, R. E. (1970) Nature (London) 277, 1047-1048.
72. Arrhenius, G., Sales, B., Mojzsis, S. & Lee, T. (1997) J. Theor. Biol. 187, 503-522.
73. Monod, J. (1970) Le Hazard et la Necessité (Editions de seuil, Paris); trans. Wainhouse, A. G. (1971) Change and Necessity (Knopf, New York), pp. 144-145.
74. Monod, J. (1970) Le Hazard et la Necessité (Editions de seuil, Paris); trans. Wainhouse, A. G. (1971) Change and Necessity (Knopf, New York), pp. 144-145.
75. Cairns-Smith, A. G. (1982) Genetic Takeover and the Mineral Origins of Life (Cambridge Univ. Press, New York).
76. Dyson, F. (1985) Origins of Life (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge).
77. Kauffman, S. (1993) The Origins of Order. Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution (Oxford Univ. Press, New York).
78. Wächtershäuser, G. (1992) Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 58, 85-201.