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Volumn 283, Issue 5408, 1999, Pages 1727-1730

How strong is a covalent bond

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMYLOSE; CARBON; DEXTRAN; LIGAND; POLYSACCHARIDE; SILICON;

EID: 0033548611     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.283.5408.1727     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (930)

References (29)
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    • G. Binnig, C. F. Quate, Ch. Gerber, Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 930 (1986); S. P. Jarvis, H. Yamada, S.-I. Yamamoto, H. Tokumoto, J. B. Pethica, Nature 384, 247 (1996); M. Radmacher, M. Fritz, H. G. Hansma, P. K. Hansma, Science 265, 1577 (1994).
    • (1996) Nature , vol.384 , pp. 247
    • Jarvis, S.P.1    Yamada, H.2    Yamamoto, S.-I.3    Tokumoto, H.4    Pethica, J.B.5
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    • G. Binnig, C. F. Quate, Ch. Gerber, Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 930 (1986); S. P. Jarvis, H. Yamada, S.-I. Yamamoto, H. Tokumoto, J. B. Pethica, Nature 384, 247 (1996); M. Radmacher, M. Fritz, H. G. Hansma, P. K. Hansma, Science 265, 1577 (1994).
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    • Radmacher, M.1    Fritz, M.2    Hansma, H.G.3    Hansma, P.K.4
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    • All of the evaluated molecules show a transition at 275 pN, and the deformation traces scale linearly with the contour length. As has been previously shown (3, 8, 12), this is a strict criterion that applies to the stretching of a single polysaccharide
    • All of the evaluated molecules show a transition at 275 pN, and the deformation traces scale linearly with the contour length. As has been previously shown (3, 8, 12), this is a strict criterion that applies to the stretching of a single polysaccharide.
  • 18
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    • note
    • Microscope slides (Menzel Gläser, Braunschweig, Germany) and AFM tips (Park Scientific Instruments, Sunnyvale, CA) were incubated with N′-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propyl]-diethylentriamine (Aldrich) at 90°C for 15 min, rinsed in ethanol, and rinsed in water. The tips and the surfaces were then cured for 30 min at 120°C. The Au surfaces, which were functionalized with amino groups, were prepared by incubating a freshly evaporated Au surface for 30 min with a 100 mM aqueous solution of mercaptoethylamine (Sigma). Carboxymethylated amylose (1 mg/ml) was allowed to react with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) (20 mg/ml) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) (10 mg/ml) (all from Sigma) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.4 to introduce succinimide reactive groups along the polysaccharide chain (14). This activated polymer was then incubated for 5 min with the amino-silanized glass surface and thoroughly rinsed to remove noncovalently bound molecules. The AFM tip was approached and allowed to react with the amylose so that force versus elongation measurements of the polysaccharide could be recorded. All measurements were recorded in PBS at pH 7.4.
  • 19
    • 0344556860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • To minimize the attachment of multiple amylose strands, which typically occurred at the first approaches of the tip, we let the tip approach the surface step by step, retracting the tip partly after each approach until a binding event was observed upon pulling back. In this so-called "fly fishing mode" (8), undesirable multiple bonds can be efficiently avoided
    • To minimize the attachment of multiple amylose strands, which typically occurred at the first approaches of the tip, we let the tip approach the surface step by step, retracting the tip partly after each approach until a binding event was observed upon pulling back. In this so-called "fly fishing mode" (8), undesirable multiple bonds can be efficiently avoided.
  • 21
    • 0344556861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The histogram of the length increase of the amylose strand upon each of these multiple ruptures ranges from 6 to 600 Å. The lower limit of these values is comparable to the length of a stretched sugar ring. Hence, the attachment of a single glucose ring to the surface is capable of holding the entire load applied to the polymer. These steps would result in a plateau if the detachment would be an equilibrium reaction, for example, if the chemical bond could reform before the polymer is pulled away far enough from the surface. Because the detachment of the polymer from the surface is irreversible on the time scale of the experiment and because the AFM has this high spatial resolution, we still see all steps individually (even the small ones, as shown in the enlarged section of the curve in Fig. 2B). The larger steps in the histogram may reflect the unbinding of loops.
  • 22
    • 0345418995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • There are several possible contributions to the width of the distribution. One source is the intrinsic probability distribution for bond rupture. Different angles at which the bonds are loaded may contribute to the broadening of the recorded histogram as well. The rupture force is expected to depend on the loading rate as recently demonstrated for the biotin-streptavidin pair (22). This effect was not considered here
    • There are several possible contributions to the width of the distribution. One source is the intrinsic probability distribution for bond rupture. Different angles at which the bonds are loaded may contribute to the broadening of the recorded histogram as well. The rupture force is expected to depend on the loading rate as recently demonstrated for the biotin-streptavidin pair (22). This effect was not considered here.
  • 23
    • 0003863815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, ed. 3
    • Enthalpy of dissociation (in kilojoules per mole) and bond length (in picometers), respectively, are given for the following covalent bonds: Si-C, 318 and 185; Si-O, 452 and 166; C-C, 346 and 154; C-O, 356 and 143; and C-N, 305 and 147 [J. E. Huheey, Anorganische Chemie (Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, ed. 3)].
    • Anorganische Chemie
    • Huheey, J.E.1
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    • Computations were done with the B3LYP (23) density functional method in conjunction with the D95(d) basis set as implemented in the Gaussian 94 (24) program package on a DEC Alpha 500 workstation
    • Computations were done with the B3LYP (23) density functional method in conjunction with the D95(d) basis set as implemented in the Gaussian 94 (24) program package on a DEC Alpha 500 workstation.
  • 29
    • 0344556858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
    • This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.