Hot horizontal-branch stars: The ubiquitous nature of the "jump" in strömgren u, low gravities, and the role of radiative levitation of metals

Astrophysical Journal

Volumn 524, Issue 1 PART 1, 1999, Pages 242-261

  Grundahl, F ^a,b   Catelan, M ^c   Landsman, W B ^c   Stetson, P B ^a   Andersen, M I ^d  

^a NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA   (Canada)

^c NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

^d NORDIC OPTICAL TELESCOPE   (Spain)

Author keywords

Diffusion; Stars : population II; Stars: abundances; Stars: atmospheres; Stars: evolution; Stars: horizontal branch

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033543927     PISSN: 0004637X     EISSN: 15384357     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/307807     Document Type: Article

References (194)

1. Abt, H. A., & Morrell, N. I. 1995, ApJS, 99, 135
2. Arp, H. C. 1955, AJ, 60, 317
3. Behr, B. B., Cohen, J. G., McCarthy, J. K., & Djorgovski, S. G. 1999, ApJ, 517, L135
4. Bell, R. A. 1991, in ASP Conf. Ser. 13, The Formation and Evolution of Star Clusters, ed. K. Janes (San Francisco: ASP), 485
5. Bell, R. A., Briley, M. M., & Norris, J. E. 1992, AJ, 104, 1127
6. Bell, R. A., Dickens, R. J, & Gustafsson, B. 1979, ApJ, 229, 604
7. Bell, R. A., Hesser, J. E., & Cannon, R. D. 1984, ApJ, 283, 615
8. Bergeron, P., Wesemael, F., Michaud, G., & Fontaine, G. 1988, ApJ, 332, 964
9. Bolte, M., & Hogan, C. J. 1995, Nature, 376, 399
10. Bonifacio, P., Castelli, F., & Hack, M. 1995, A&AS, 110, 441
11. Borissova, J., Catelan, M., Ferraro, F. R., Spassova, N., Buonanno, R., Iannicola, G., Richtler, T., & Sweigart, A. V. 1999, A&A, 343, 813
12. Borissova, J., Catelan, M., Spassova, N., & Sweigart, A. V. 1997, AJ, 113, 692
13. Bragaglia, A., Cacciari, C., Carretta, E., & Fusi Pecci, F. 1997, in The Third Conference on Faint Blue Stars, ed. A. G. D. Philip, J. W. Liebert, & R. A. Saffer (Schenectady: Davis), 449
14. Bressan, A., Chiosi, C., & Fagotto, F. 1994, ApJS, 94, 63
15. Brocato, E., Castellani, V., Ferraro, F. R., Piersimoni, A. M., & Testa, V. 1996, MNRAS, 282, 614
16. Brown, J. A., Wallerstein, G., & Oke, J. B. 1991, AJ, 101, 1693
17. Buonanno, R., Corsi, C. E., Bellazzini, M., Ferraro, F. R., & Fusi Pecci, F. 1997, AJ, 113, 706
18. Buonanno, R., Corsi, C. E., & Fusi Pecci, F. 1985, A&A, 145, 97
19. Buonanno, R., Corsi, C. E., Zinn, R., Fusi Pecci, F., Hardy, E., & Suntzeff, N.B. 1998, ApJ, 501, L33
20. Cacciari, C., Fusi Pecci, F., Bragaglia, A., & Buzzoni, A. 1995, A&A, 301, 684
21. Caldwell, S. P., & Dickens, R. J. 1988, MNRAS, 234, 87
22. Caloi, V. 1989, A&A, 221, 27
23. _. 1999, A&A, 343, 904
24. Caloi, V., Castellani, V., Danziger, J., Gilmozzi, R., Cannon, R. D., Hill, P. W., & Boksenberg, A. 1986, MNRAS, 222, 55
25. Caputo, F. 1998, A&A Rev., 9, 33
26. Carney, B. W. 1996, PASP, 108, 900
27. Carretta, E., & Gratton, R. 1996, in ASP Conf. Ser. 92, Formation of the Galactic Halo ... Inside and Out, ed. H. Morrison & A. Sarajedini (San Francisco: ASP), 359
28. Carretta, E., Gratton, R. G., Clementini, G., & Fusi Pecci, F. 1999a, ApJ, submitted (astro-ph/9902086)
29. Carretta, E., Gratton, R., Sneden, C., & Bragaglia, A. 1999b, in Galaxy Evolution: Connecting the Distant Universe with the Local Fossil Record (Dordrecht: Kluwer), in press
30. Cassisi, S., Castellani, V., Degl'Innocenti, S., & Weiss, A. 1999, A&AS, 134, 103
31. Casteffi, F., Parthasarathy, M., & Hack, M. 1997, A&A, 321, 254
32. Catelan, M. 1998, ApJ, 495, L81
33. Catelan, M., Borissova, J., Sweigart, A. V., & Spassova, N. 1998, ApJ, 494, 265
34. Catelan, M., & de Freitas Pacheco, J. 1995, A&A, 297, 345
35. Catelan, M., Sweigart, A. V., & Borissova, J. 1998, in ASP Conf. Ser. 135, A Half-Century of Stellar Pulsation Interpretations, ed. P. A. Bradley & J. A. Guzik (San Francisco: ASP), 41
36. Cavallo, R. M. 1997, BAAS, 29, 1253
37. Cavallo, R. M., Sweigart, A. V., & Bell, R. A. 1996, ApJ, 464, L79
38. _. 1998, ApJ, 492, 575
39. Chaboyer, B., Demarque, P., & Sarajedini, A. 1996, ApJ, 459, 558
40. Charpinet, S., Fontaine, G., Brassard, P., Chayer, P., Rogers, F. J., Iglesias, C. A., & Dorman, B. 1997, ApJ, 483, L123
41. Clement, C. M., & Shelton, I. 1999, ApJ, 515, L85
42. Code, A. D. 1969, PASP, 81, 475
43. Cohen, J. G., & McCarthy, J. K. 1997, AJ, 113, 1353
44. Cottrell, P. L., & Da Costa, G. S. 1981, ApJ, 245, L79
45. Crocker, D. A., Rood, R. T., & O'Connell R. W. 1988, ApJ, 332, 236
46. Croke, B. F. W. 1993, Ph.D. thesis, Univ. New South Wales
47. Croke, B. F. W., Cannon, R. D., Dickens, R. J., & Bell, R. A. 1999, in preparation
48. Da Costa, G. S., Armandroff, T. E., Caldwell, N., & Seitzer, P. 1996, AJ, 112, 2576
49. D'Cruz, N. L., Dorman, B., Rood, R. T., & O'Connell, R. 1996, ApJ, 466, 359
50. de Boer, K. S., Schmidt, J. H. K., & Heber, U. 1995, A&A, 303, 95
51. Denissenkov, P. A., Da Costa, G. S., Norris, J. E., & Weiss, A. 1998, A&A, 333, 926
52. De Santis, R., & Cassisi, R. 1999, MNRAS, in press
53. Dickens, R. J., Croke, B. F. W., Cannon, R. D., & Bell, R. A. 1991, Nature, 351, 212
54. Dorman, B., O'Connell, R. W., & Rood, R. T. 1995, ApJ, 442, 105
55. Dworetsky, M. M. 1993, in ASP Conf. Ser. 44, Peculiar versus Normal Phenomena in A-Type and Related Stars, ed. M. M. Dworetsky, F. Castelli, & R. Faraggiana (San Francisco: ASP), 1
56. Eggen, O. J., Lynden-Bell, D., & Sandage, A. 1962, ApJ, 136, 748
57. Ferraro, F. R., Paltrinieri, B., Fusi Pecci, F., Rood, R. T., & Dorman, B. 1998, ApJ, 500, 311
58. Fitzpatrick, E. 1999, PASP, 111, 63
59. Fontaine, G., & Chayer, P. 1997, in The Third Conference on Faint Blue Stars, ed. A. G. D. Philip, J. Liebert, & R. A. Saffer (Schenectady: Davis), 169
60. Geisler, D., Sarajedini, A., Armandroff, T. E., Da Costa, G., & Lee, M. G. 1998, in IAU Symp. 192, The Stellar Content of Local Group Galaxies, ed. P. Whitelock & R. Cannon (San Francisco: ASP), 14
61. Glaspey, J. W., Michaud, G., Moffat, A. F. J., & Demers, S. 1989, ApJ, 339, 926
62. Gratton, R. G. 1987, A&A, 177, 177
63. _. 1998, MNRAS, 296, 739
64. Gratton, R. G., Fusi Pecci, F., Carretta, E., Clementini, G., Corsi, C. E., & Lattanzi, M. 1997, ApJ, 491, 749
65. Gray, R. O., Corbally, C. J., & Philip, A. G. D. 1996, AJ, 112, 2291
66. Greggio, L., & Renzini, A. 1990, ApJ, 364, 35
67. Greenstein, J. L. 1971, in IAU Symp. 42, White Dwarfs, ed. W. J. Luyten (Dordrecht: Reidel), 46
68. Greenstein, J. L., & Sargent, A. I. 1974, ApJS, 28, 157
69. Grundahl, F., VandenBerg, D. A., & Andersen, M. I. 1998, ApJ, 500, L179
70. Hambly, N. C., Rolleston, W. R. J., Keenan, F. P., Dufton, P. L., & Saffer, R. A. 1997, ApJS, 111, 419
71. Hanson, R. B., Sneden, C., Kraft, R. P., & Fulbright, J. 1998, AJ, 116, 1286
72. Harris, W. E. 1974, ApJ, 192, L161
73. _. 1996, AJ, 112, 1487
74. Hatzes, A. P. 1987, PASP, 99, 369
75. Heber, U. 1991, in Evolution of Stars: The Photospheric Abundance Con-nection, ed. G. Michaud & A. Tutukov (Dordrecht: Kluwer), 363
76. Heber, U., Kudritzki, R. P., Caloi, V., Castellani, V., Danziger, J., & Gilmozzi, R. 1986, A&A, 162, 171 (erratum 166, 396)
77. Heber, U., Moehler, S., & Reid, I.N. 1997, in Proc. ESA Symp., Hipparcos-Venice 97 (ESA SP-402) (Noordwijk: ESA), 461
78. Hill, R. S., et al. 1996, AJ, 112, 601
79. Iben, I, Jr., & Renzini, A. 1984, Phys. Rep., 105, 329
80. Jørgensen, U. G., & Thejll, P. 1993, ApJ, 411, L67
81. Kilkenny, D., & Busse, J. 1992, MNRAS, 258, 57
82. Klochkova, V. G., & Mishenina, T. V. 1998, Astron. Rep., 42, 307
83. Koen, C., & Laney, D. 1998, MNRAS, 301, 582
84. Kraft, R. P. 1994, PASP, 106, 553
85. _. 1998, in Highlights of Astronomy 11A, International Astronomical Union, ed. J. Andersen (Dordrecht: Kluwer), 53
86. _. 1999, in Galaxy Evolution: Connecting the Distant Universe with the Local Fossil Record, preprint
87. Kraft, R. P., Sneden, C., Langer, G. E., & Prosser, C. F. 1992, AJ, 104, 645
88. Kraft, R. P., Sneden, C., Langer, G. E., Shetrone, M. D., & Bolte, M. 1995, AJ, 109, 2586
89. Kraft, R. P., Sneden, C., Smith, G. H., Shetrone, M. D., & Fulbright, J. 1998, AJ, 115, 1500
90. Kraft, R. P., Sneden, C., Smith, G. H., Shetrone, M. D., Langer, G. E., & Pilachowski, C. A. 1997, AJ, 113, 279
91. Kraft, R. P., Suntzeff, N. B., Langer, G. E., Trefzger, C. F., Friel, E., Stone, R. P. S., & Carbon, D. F. 1982, PASP, 94, 55
92. Kraft, R. P., Sneden, C., Langer, G. E., & Shetrone, M. D. 1993, AJ, 106, 1490
93. Kurucz, R. L. 1992, CD-ROM 19, Solar Abundance Model Atmospheres (Cambridge: Smithsonian Astrophys. Obs.)
94. _. 1993, in ASP Conf. Ser. 44, Peculiar versus Normal Phenomena in A-Type and Related Stars, ed. M. M. Dworetsky, F. Castelli, & R. Faraggiana (San Francisco: ASP), 87
95. Lambert, D. L., McWilliam, A., & Smith, V. V. 1992, ApJ, 386, 685
96. Landsman, W. B., Sweigart, A. V., Bohlin, R. C., Neff, S. G., O'Connell, R. W., Roberts, M. S., Smith, A. M., & Stecher, T. P. 1996, ApJ, 472, L93
97. Langer, G. E. 1991, PASP, 103, 177
98. Langer, G. E., & Hoffman, R. D. 1995, PASP, 107, 1177
99. Langer, G. E., Hoffman, R. D., & Sneden, C. 1993, PASP, 105, 301
100. Langer, G. E., Hoffman, R. D., & Zaidins, C. S. 1997, PASP, 109, 244
101. Lanz, T., Artru, M.-C., Le Dourneuf, M., & Hubeny, I. 1996, A&A, 309, 218
102. Layden, A. C., Ritter, L. A, Welch, D. L., & Webb, T. M. A. 1999, AJ, 117, 1313
103. Lee, S.-W., & Cannon, R. D. 1980, J. Korean Astron. Soc., 13, 15
104. Lejeune, Th., Cuisinier, F., & Buser, R. 1997, A&AS, 125, 229
105. Leone, F., & Manfrè, M. 1997, A&A, 320, 257
106. Markov, H., & Spassova, N. 1999, in preparation
107. Michaud, G., Vauclair, G., & Vauclair, S. 1983, ApJ, 267, 256
108. Minniti, D., Geisler, D., Peterson, R., & Clariá, J. J. 1996, ApJ, 470, 953
109. Mironov, A. V., & Samus, N. N. 1974, Perem. Zvezdy, 19, 337
110. Mitchell, K. J. 1998, ApJ, 494, 256
111. Mitchell, K. J., Saffer, R. A., Howell, S. B., & Brown, T. M. 1998, MNRAS, 295, 225
112. Moehler, S., Heber, U., & de Boer, K. S. 1995, A&A, 294, 65
113. Moehler, S., Heber, U., & Rupprecht, G. 1997, A&A, 319, 109
114. Moehler, S., Sweigart, A. V., & Catelan, M. 1999a, A&A, submitted
115. Moehler, S., Sweigart, A. V., Landsman, W. B., Heber, U., & Catelan, M. 1999b, A&A, 346, L1
116. Mould, J. 1998, Nature, 395A, 20
117. Newell, E. B. 1973, ApJS, 26, 37
118. Noms, J. E., & Da Costa, G. S. 1995a, ApJ, 441, L81
119. _. 1995b, ApJ, 447, 680
120. Norris, J. E., Freeman, K. C., & Mighell, K. J. 1996, ApJ, 462, 241
121. Olsen, E. H. 1983, A&AS, 54, 55
122. _. 1984, A&AS, 57, 443
123. Oosterhoff, P. Th. 1939, Observatory, 62, 104
124. Ortolani, S., Barbuy, B., & Bica, E. 1997, in Advances in Stellar Evolution, ed. R. T. Rood & A. Renzini (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press), 55
125. Parise, R. A., Bohlin, R. C., Neff, S. G., O'Connell, R. W., Roberts, M. S., Maran, S. P., Smith, A. M., & Stecher, T. P. 1998, ApJ, 501, L67
126. Peterson, R. C. 1983, ApJ, 275, 737
127. Peterson, R. C., Rood, R. T., & Crocker, D. A. 1995, ApJ, 453, 214
128. Pilachowski, C. A. 1988, ApJ, 326, L57
129. Pilachowski, C. A., & Sneden, C. 1983, PASP, 95, 229
130. Pilachowski, C. A., Sneden, C., Kraft, R. P, & Langer, G. E. 1996, AJ, 112, 545
131. Pilachowski, C. A., Wallerstein, G., & Leep, M. 1980, ApJ, 236, 508
132. Piotto, G., Zoccali, M., King, I. R., Djorgovski, S. G., Sosin, C., Rich, R. M., & Meylan, G. 1999, preprint
133. Reid, I.N. 1997, AJ, 114, 161
134. Reimers, D. 1975a, in Problems in Stellar Atmospheres and Envelopes, ed. B. Baschek, W. H. Kegel, & G. Traving (Berlin: Springer), 229
135. _. 1975b, in Problèmes D'Hydrodynamique Stellaire, Mémoires de la Societé Royale des Sciences de Liége, 6e serie, tome VIII, 369
136. Renzini, A. 1981, in Observational Tests of Cosmological Inflation, ed. T. Shanks, A. J. Banday, R. S. Ellis, C. S. Frenk, & A. W. Wolfendale (Dordrecht: Kluwer), 131
137. Richer, J., Michaud, G., Rogers, F., Iglesias, C., Turcotte, S., & LeBlanc, F. 1998, ApJ, 492, 833
138. Rood, R. T., & Crocker, D. A. 1989, in IAU Colloq. 111, The Use of Pulsating Stars in Fundamental Problems of Astronomy, ed. E. G. Schmidt (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press), 103
139. Rood, R. T., Dorman, B., Ferraro, F. R., Paltrinieri, B., & Fusi Pecci, F. 1998, in Ultraviolet Astrophysics - Beyond the IUE Final Archive, ed. R. González-Riestra, W. Wamsteker, & R. A. Harris (Noordwijk: ESA), 515
140. Rood, R. T., Whitney, J., & D'Cruz, N. 1997, in Advances in Stellar Evolution, ed. R. T. Rood & A. Renzini (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press), 74
141. Saffer, R. A., Bergeron, P., Koester, D., & Liebert, J. 1994, ApJ, 432, 351
142. Saffer, R. A., Keenan, F. P., Hambly, N. C, Dufton, P. L., & Liebert, J. 1997, ApJ, 491, 172
143. Saffer, R. A., & Liebert, J. 1995, in White Dwarfs, ed. D. Koester & K. Werner (Berlin: Springer), 221
144. Salaris, M., Degl'Innocenti, S., & Weiss, A. 1997, ApJ, 479, 665 (erratum, addendum 484, 986)
145. Sandage, A. 1981, ApJ, 248, 161
146. Sandage, A., & Wallerstein, G. 1960, ApJ, 131, 598
147. Sandage, A., & Wildey, R. 1967, ApJ, 150, 469
148. Schuster, W. J., & Nissen, P. E. 1988, A&AS, 73, 225
149. Searle, L., & Zinn, R. 1978, ApJ, 225, 357
150. Shetrone, M. D. 1996a, AJ, 112, 1517
151. _. 1996b, AJ, 112, 2639
152. _. 1996c, in ASP Conf. Ser. 92, Formation of the Galactic Halo ... Inside and Out, ed. H. Morrison & A. Sarajedini (San Francisco: ASP), 383
153. _. 1998a, BAAS, 30, 1345
154. _. 1998b, in IAU Symp. 189, Fundamental Stellar Properties: The Interaction between Observation and Theory, Poster Proc., ed. T. R. Bedding (Sydney: Univ. Sydney), 158
155. Smith, G. H., & Kraft, R. P. 1996, PASP, 108, 344
156. Smith, G. H., Shetrone, M. D., Briley, M. M., Churchill, C. W., & Bell, R. A. 1997, PASP, 109, 236
157. Smith, H. A. 1995, RR Lyrae Stars (Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press)
158. Sneden, C. 1999, in Galaxy Evolution: Connecting the Distant Universe with the Local Fossil Record, preprint
159. Sneden, C., Kraft, R. P., Presser, C. F., & Langer, G. E. 1991, AJ, 102, 2001
160. Sneden, C., Kraft, R. P., Shetrone, M. D., Smith, G. H., Langer, G. E., & Prosser, C. F. 1997, AJ, 114, 1964
161. Sosin, C., et al. 1997, ApJ, 480, L35
162. Stecher, T. P., et al. 1997, PASP, 109, 584
163. Stetson, P. B. 1987, PASP, 99, 191
164. _. 1990, PASP, 102, 932
165. _. 1994, PASP, 106, 250
166. Stetson, P. B., et al. 1998, ApJ, 508, 491
167. _. 1999, AJ, 117, 247
168. Stetson, P. B., VandenBerg, D. A., & Bolte, M. 1996, PASP, 108, 560
169. Suntzeff, N. B., & Kraft, R. P. 1996, AJ, 111, 1913
170. Suntzeff, N. B., & Smith, V. V. 1991, ApJ, 381, 160
171. _. 1997a, ApJ, 474, L23
172. _. 1997b, in The Third Conference on Faint Blue Stars, ed. A. G. D. Philip, J. Liebert, & R. A. Saffer (Schenectady: Davis), 3
173. Sweigart, A. V., & Catelan, M. 1998, ApJ, 501, L63
174. Sweigart, A. V., & Gross, P. G. 1976, ApJS, 32, 367
175. Sweigart, A. V., & Mengel, J. G. 1979, ApJ, 229, 624
176. Ulla, A., & Thejll, P. 1998, A&AS, 132, 1
177. van den Bergh, S. 1967, AJ, 72, 70
178. _. 1992, Science, 258, 421
179. VandenBerg, D. A. 1999, ApJ, submitted
180. VandenBerg, D. A., Bolte, M., & Stetson, P. B. 1996, ARA&A, 34, 461
181. VandenBerg, D. A., & Irwin, A. W. 1997, in Advances in Stellar Evolution, ed. R. T. Rood & A. Renzini (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press), 22
182. VandenBerg, D. A., & Smith, G. H. 1988, PASP, 100, 314
183. VandenBerg, D. A., Swenson, F. J., Rogers, F. J., Iglesias, C. A., & Alexander, D. R. 1999, ApJ, submitted
184. Villeneuve, B., Wesemael, G., Fontaine, G., & Carignan, C. 1995, ApJ, 446, 646
185. Vink, J. S., Heap, S. R., Sweigart, A. V., Lanz, T., & Hubeny, I. 1999, A&A, 345, 109
186. Wallerstein, G., Leep, E. M., & Oke, J. B. 1987, AJ, 93, 1137 (addendum 94, 523)
187. Watson, A. M., et al. 1994, ApJ, 435, L55
188. Whitmore, B., Heyer, I., & Baggett, S. 1996, WFPC2 Instrument Science Report 96-4
189. Whitney, J. H., et al. 1998, ApJ, 495, 284
190. Wolff, S. C., & Preston, G. W. 1978, ApJS, 37, 371
191. Yi, S., Demarque, P., & Oemler, A. 1998, ApJ, 492, 480
192. Zinn, R. 1980, ApJ, 241, 602
193. _. 1993, in ASP Conf. Ser. 48, The Globular Cluster-Galaxy Connection, ed. G. H. Smith & J. P. Brodie (San Francisco: ASP), 38
194. Zucker, D., Wallerstein, G., & Brown, J. A. 1996, PASP, 108, 911