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The term antifreeze is colloquially used to describe these proteins. They are ice growth inhibition molecules which kinetically depress the freezing point, on a molal basis, 300-500 times more than equilibrium colligative effects predict.
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34
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0032479347
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A preliminary account of peptide VVVV2KE was presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Experimental Biology, York, England, March, 1998
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Haymet, A. D. J.; Ward, L. G.; Harding, M M.; Knight, C. A. FEBS Lett. 1998, 430, 301-306. A preliminary account of peptide VVVV2KE was presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Experimental Biology, York, England, March, 1998.
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35
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0345350958
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Unpublished results on TSST were cited in footnotes of ref 33
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Unpublished results on TSST were cited in footnotes of ref 33.
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36
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0032495778
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Dill, K.A.3
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39
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0344488584
-
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note
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The hemispherical container was suggested originally by Dr. Mike Kuiper (Swinburn University, Australia).
-
-
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-
41
-
-
0344488583
-
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Ph.D. Thesis, University of Sydney
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Ward, L. G., Ph.D. Thesis, University of Sydney, 1999.
-
(1999)
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Ward, L.G.1
-
42
-
-
0345350957
-
-
note
-
-1 and reported in ref 33.
-
-
-
-
43
-
-
0345350956
-
-
note
-
While the aqueous solubility of the series 2 peptides was not quantified, some qualitative comments on the solubility can be made. Somewhat surprisingly, of the three analogues shown in Figure 1, AAAA2KE was the most soluble as is indicated by the concentration range achieved in Figure 1a. At higher concentrations, gelling behavior of both TTTT2KE and VVVV2KE was observed, and accurate dilutions could not be made. Analytical ultracentrifuge experiments have shown that all peptides are monomeric at ∼1 mM (Mackay, J. P.; Ward, L. G.; Harding, M. M.; Haymet, A. D. J. H. unpublished results). It was expected that the four hydroxyl groups in TTTT2KE would improve aqueous solubility compared with VVVV2KE; however, in our hands this was not the case, and similar behavior was displayed by both peptides. Our original aim in incorporating the additional salt bridges was to improve aqueous solubility. Our results show that the major improvement in incorporation of these bridges was in the purification of the peptides and the overall yield of the solid-phase synthesis, which allowed amounts of 100-200 mg of material to be readily synthesized. For comparison, significantly reduced yields of SSSS were obtained on a comparable scale.
-
-
-
-
44
-
-
0344488581
-
-
note
-
Crystals in Figure 3a were grown from partially purified TTTT isolated from fish serum. The ice hemisphere was identical to that reported with pure protein and is included as a reference to compare the shape of the crystals obtained with mutants.
-
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45
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0029889725
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47
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0009735215
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Molecular Dynamics Simulation of a Fish "Antifreeze" polypeptide (AFP)
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Ithaca, New York, June 15
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Haymet, A. D. J.; Kay, P. A. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of a Fish "Antifreeze" polypeptide (AFP), Society for Cryobiology 29th Annual Meeting (CRYO '92), Ithaca, New York, June 15, 1992; page 17.
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