Death of a president

New England Journal of Medicine

Volumn 341, Issue 24, 1999, Pages 1845-1849

  Morens, David M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; DEATH; EPIGLOTTITIS; HISTORY; HUMAN; MALE; PHLEBOTOMY; PUBLIC FIGURE; TRACHEOTOMY;

BLOODLETTING; DEATH; EPIGLOTTITIS; FAMOUS PERSONS; HISTORY, 18TH CENTURY; HUMANS; MALE; TRACHEOTOMY;

EID: 0033539977     PISSN: 00284793     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1056/nejm199912093412413     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Lear T. Tobias Lear's narrarivc accounts of the death of George Washington. In: Twohig D, Chase PD, Runge BH, et al., eds. The papers of George Washington. Retirement series 4: April-December 1799. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999:542-55.
2. A comparative critique of Washington's last illness. In: Carroll JA, Ashworth MW. George Washington. Vol. 7 First in peace. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1957:637-53. (Appendix VII-2.)
3. Wilson W. George Washington. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1897: (plate illustration follows page 304).
4. Harding WG II. Oral surgery and the presidents -a century of contrast. J Oral Surg 1974;32:490-3.
5. (Taken in shorthand by T. Carpenter.) A report of an action for a libel, brought by Dr. Benjamin Rush, against William Cobbett, in the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, December term, 1799, for certain defamatory publications in a news-paper, entitled Porcupine's Gazette, of which the said William Cobbett was editor. Philadelphia: W.W. Woodward, 1800.
6. George Washington's invisible corpse and the beaver hat. In: Laderman G. The sacred remains: American attitudes toward death, 1799-1883. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1996:15-21, 180.
7. Fontanes L-J-P. Eloge funèbre de Washington, prononcé dans le temple de Mars, le 20 pluviôse, an 8. Paris: H. Agasse, 1800.
8. Craik J, Dick EC. From The Times [and District of Columbia Advertiser], a newspaper printed in Alexandria (Virginia), dated in December, 1799. Med Repos 1800;3:311-2.
9. Boyd TM. Death of a hero, death of a friend: George Washington's last hours. Virginia Cavalcade 1984;33:136-43.
10. Brickell I. Observations on the medical treatment of General Washington, in his last illness, addressed to his physicians Messrs. Craik and Dick. In: Porcupine P. The Rush-Light. No. II. New York: William Cobbett, February 28, 1800:81-5.
11. Reid I. Observations on the medical treatment of General Washington's last illness. Med Phys ] 1800;3(Ianuary-June):473-5.
12. A note to Dr. Dick. In: Porcupine P. The Rush-Light. No. II. New York: William Cobbett, February 28, 1800:85-6.
13. Porcupine P. The American Rush-Light; by the help of which, wayward and disaffected Britons may see a complete specimen of the baseness, dishonesty, ingratitude, and perfidy of Republicans, and of the profligacy, injustice, and tyranny of Republican governments. London: J. Wright, 1800.
14. Lloyd JU. Who killed George Washington? Eclectic Med J 1923;83: 353-6, 403-8, 453-6.
15. Marx R. A medical profile of George Washington. American Heritage 1955;6:43-7, 106 7.
16. Pirrucello F. How the doctors killed George Washington. Chicago Tribune Magazine. February 20, 1977.
17. Jackson J. Memoir on the last sickness of General Washington and its treatment by the attendant physicians. (Privately printed), 1860.
18. Solis-Cohen S. Washington's death and the doctors. Lippincott's Monthly Magazine 1899;64:945-52.
19. Reflections on blood-letting. In: King LS. Medical thinking: a histor ical preface. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982:227 44, 327.
20. Therapeutic change. In: Warner JH. The therapeutic perspective: medical practice, knowledge, and identity in America, 1820-1885. Cam bridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1986:83 161.
21. Nydegger JA. The last illness of George Washington. Med Rec 1917; 92:1128.
22. Of the quinsy, or cynanche. In: Cullen W. First lines of the practice of physic. Vol. 1. Chapter 5. Edinburgh, Scotland: C. Elliott, 1784:278 306.
23. Brown G. Disputatio medica inauguralis de cynanche phlogistica. Ed inburgi, Scotland: Balfour, Auld, et Smellic, 1770.
24. Rush B. (Unfound newspaper article on cynanche trachialis [sic]). In: Corner GW, ed. The autobiography of Benjamin Rush: his Travels through Life together with his Commonplace Book for 1789 1813. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1948:82.
25. Observations on the cynanche trachealis. In: Rush B. Medical inquiries and observations. Vol. 2. 3rd cd. Philadelphia: Thomas and William Bradford et al., 1809:373-81.
26. Washington's physicians, diseases and death. In: Blanton WB. Medicine in Virginia in the 18th century. Richmond, Va.: Garrett & Massie, 1931: 297-312.
27. Marsh H. Cases of acute inflammation confined to the epiglottis. Dublin J Med Sei 1838;13:1 23.
28. Wells WA. Last illness and death of Washington. Virginia Medical Monthly 1927;53:629-42.
29. Estes JW. George Washington and the doctors: treating America's first superhero. Med Heritage 1985;l:44-57.
30. Frantz TD, Rasgon BM, Qucsenberry CP Jr. Acute epiglottitis in adults: analysis of 129 cases. JAMA 1994-272:1358-60.
31. Berg S, Trollfors B, Nylén O, Hugosson S, Prellner K, Carcnfelt C. Incidence, aetiology, and prognosis of acute epiglottitis in children and adults in Sweden. Scand J Infect Dis 1996;28:261-4.
32. Trollfors B, Nylén O, Carenfelt C, et al. Aetiology of acute epiglottitis in adults. Seand J Infect Dis 1998;30:49-51.
33. Of the death, funeral, and family. In: Prussing KE. The estate of George Washington, deceased. Boston: Little, Brown, 1927:17-23.
34. Katz AR, Morens DM. Severe streptococcal infections in historical perspective. Clin Infect Dis 1992;14:298-307.
35. Willius FA, Keys TE. The medical history of George Washington (1732 1799). II. Proceedings of Staff Meetings of the Mayo Clinic 1942; 17:107 12.
36. Brown MW. The famous controversy about Washington's last illness. Med I Rec 1932;135:39-41.
37. Barker C. A case report. Yale I Biol Med 1936/1937;9:185-7.
38. George Washington: 1732-1799. In: Wold KC. Mr. President -how is your health? St. Paul, Minn.: Bruce Publishing, 1948:1-17.
39. Dick EC. Facts and observations relative to the disease of cynanche trachealis, or croup. Philadelphia Med Physical J 1809(May, Suppl 3):242-55.
40. Recce RL. George Washington: his death and his doctors. Minnesota Med 1966;49:1185-90.
41. Desault PJ. Mémoire sur la bronchotomie & sur les moyens d'y suppléer en certains cas. In: Bichat M-F-X, éd. Oeuvres chirurgicales de P.J. Dcsault, chirurgien en chef du grand Hospice d'Humanité, ci-devant HôtelDieu de Paris; ou tableau de sa doctrine & de sa pratique dans le traitement des maladies externes. Seconde Partie. Maladies des parties molles. Paris: C.V. Desault, 1798:212-53.
42. Scheidemandel HH. Did George Washington die of quinsy? Arch Otolaryngol 1976;102:519-21.
43. Thornton W. (Untitled manuscript catalogued as Miscellaneous writ ing on sleep.) Library of Congress, The Papers of William Thornton, document page 3057.
44. Idem. (Untitled letter to John Marshall, dated from the City of Wash ington, January 2, 1800.) Library of Congress, The Papers of William Thornton, document pages 378-9.
45. Fairfax B. (Untitled letter, probably to the Earl of Buchan, dated from Mount Eagle, near Alexandria, Virginia, 18 January 1800.) Original in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, England. Accession no. RM-100. Catalog no. PS-2261. (Photostat copy at the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union, Mount Vernon, Va.)
46. Brown GR. (Letter designated Dr. Brown to Dr. Craik, January 2, 1800.) In: Ford WC, ed. Last illness and death: the writings of George Washington. Vol. 14. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1893:243-67[257f].
47. Smith TW. Observations on the medical treatment of the croup. Phil adelphia Medical Museum 1808;4:31 5.
48. Sparks J. The life of George Washington. Boston: Ferdinand Andrews, 1839.
49. The C'.ustis family. In: Powell MG. The history of old Alexandria, Virginia, from July 13, 1749 to May 24, 1861. Book II. Richmond, Va.: Wil Ham Byrd Press, 1928:241-9.
50. Corner GW, ed. The autobiography of Benjamin Rush: his Travels through Life together with his Commonplace Book for 1789 1813. West port, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1948:245-9.