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0345003709
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note
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In over 1000 observations of nest-founding queens, we have seen one instance of two queens in the same burrow. The two queens fought and both were found dead the next day.
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0345003710
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note
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We modified the method of Queller and Goodnight (3) to accommodate our data set.
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17
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0345434832
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note
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Nest cone volume [the natural logarithm of the product of the length (in centimeters) of the north-south axis, the length of the east-west axis, and the height + 1 cm] is highly correlated to the natural logarithm of the number of foragers in the colony (r = 0.89) (9). Colony size is estimated as In(workers) = 3.22 + 0.31(In nest size).
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18
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0345434831
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note
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Colonies classifed as fast growth had growth residuals of more than 0.5 size units, and slow-growth colonies had residuals of less than -0.5 for a given time interval. This corresponds to growing 1.6 times or 0.6 times faster than expected.
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19
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0004249246
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Boxwood, Pacific Grove, CA
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n where n is the number of matings by that female. Estimated relatedness, by the Queller-Goodnight method, can range from -1 to + 1. The correlation of actual with estimated relatedness was estimated from 1000 colonies, and replicated 1000 times to estimate the standard errors of the correlation coefficients (SE = 0.0315).
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Li, C.1
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L Keller, Ed. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford
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n where n is the number of matings by that female. Estimated relatedness, by the Queller-Goodnight method, can range from -1 to + 1. The correlation of actual with estimated relatedness was estimated from 1000 colonies, and replicated 1000 times to estimate the standard errors of the correlation coefficients (SE = 0.0315).
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(1993)
Queen Number and Sociality in Insects
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Queller, D.C.1
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n where n is the number of matings by that female. Estimated relatedness, by the Queller-Goodnight method, can range from -1 to + 1. The correlation of actual with estimated relatedness was estimated from 1000 colonies, and replicated 1000 times to estimate the standard errors of the correlation coefficients (SE = 0.0315).
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0344141193
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note
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We obtained three pairs of relatedness estimates from 1993-1994, and four each from 1994-1997 and 1997-1998. In 1993, only three cohorts were present. In 1994-1997 and 1997-1998, the 1992 cohort did not have enough colonies for a valid test, although they were both in the appropriate direction. Of 11 estimates, 2 show a reversed pattern (in 1997-1998 the 1994 cohort: r for slow-growth colonies = 0.25, r for fast-growth colonies = 0.307; in 1997 the colonies older than 1 year in 1992: r for slow growth = 0.360, r for fast growth = 0.362).
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R. Crozier, Am. Nat. 105, 399 (1971); J. Cook, Heredity 71, 431 (1993); K. Ross, E. Vargo, L. Keller, J. Trager, Genetics 135, 843 (1993).
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R. Crozier, Am. Nat. 105, 399 (1971); J. Cook, Heredity 71, 431 (1993); K. Ross, E. Vargo, L. Keller, J. Trager, Genetics 135, 843 (1993).
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0345003706
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note
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We assumed an inverse rank correlation between colony growth and the fraction of workers lost to diploid males. We assumed a zero-truncated Poisson distribution of matings per female (15), and that for any simulation that there were n sex-determining alleles that were each at the equilibrium frequency of 1/n in the population (17). The average sample size in our cohorts was 178 colonies with, on average, 60 slow-growing and 78 fast-growing colonies. We randomly assembled a population of 178 colonies, produced by queens that mated a variable number of times with males whose alleles at the sex-determining locus were randomly derived from the population; queens were necessarily heterozygous. For each colony, we calculated the proportion of diploid males produced and ranked the decrement in colony growth. After ranking the colonies by growth rate, we took that slowest growing and fastest growing subset (60 and 78 colonies, respectively) and calculated relatedness based on the number of matings by each queen. We calculated the difference in relatedness for each of 1000 replicates for populations that had from 3 to 20 sex-determining alleles in the population. We estimated the 95% confidence intervals of this difference from the simulated distribution of differences. Because all colonies are assumed to survive, even those that lose 50% of their worker force to diploid males (and they are more likely to have the highest relatedness), the differences that we obtain in simulations are likely to be larger than differences that will occur in nature. Colony mortality will censor the extreme data. The upper 95% confidence interval does not overlap the average relatedness difference.
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0345003701
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note
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Based on the average probability of reproducing as a function of size in experiments on reproduction of colonies in 1997.
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47
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0345003702
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note
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We thank X. Ren, C. Heymann, J. Vilinski, J. Yencharis, K. Miller, and the Bureau of Land Management in Grand Junction, CO, for assistance and J. Strassmann, D. Queller, I. Billick, and T. McGlynn for valuable comments. We acknowledge the support of NSF grants DEB-9509312 and IBN-9507470 (B.J.C. and D.C.W.), NSF grant BSR-9108034 (D.C.W.), the University of Houston Coastal Center, and a University of Houston Limited Grant-in-Aid of Research.
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