Historical genetics: The parentage of Chardonnay, Gamay, and other wine grapes of northeastern France

Science

Volumn 285, Issue 5433, 1999, Pages 1562-1565

  Bowers, John ^a,d   Boursiquot, Jean Michel ^b   This, Patrice ^c   Chu, Kieu ^a   Johansson, Henrik ^a   Meredith, Carole ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b MONTPELLIER SUPAGRO   (France)

^c CEMAGREF   (France)

^d UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MICROSATELLITE DNA;

ALLELE; ARTICLE; CULTIVAR; FRANCE; GENE LOCUS; GENE MAPPING; GENETIC DISTANCE; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOTYPE; GRAPE; INBREEDING; INHERITANCE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGENY; WINE;

CUCUMIS; EMBRYOPHYTA; VITACEAE; VITIS SP.; VITIS VINIFERA;

EID: 0033520332     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.285.5433.1562     Document Type: Article

References (23)

1. The third variety used in Champagne, 'Meunier', is considered a separate variety by winemakers but is actually a chimeric mutant of 'Pinot'. 'Pinot noir', 'Pinot gris', and 'Pinot blanc' are all treated as separate varieties by winemakers, by virtue of their different fruit colors, but they are simply color mutants of the same variety and all have the same microsatellite genotype, indicating that they have originated from a single individual seedling. 'Pinot' is the name used to encompass all of these forms. 'Pinot fin teinturier', a form of 'Pinot' with colored juice, also has the same microsatellite genotype except for one adele at locus VVS2.
2. L. Levadoux, Ann. Amelior. Plant. 6, 59 (1956).
3. J. E. Bowers and C. P. Meredith, Nature Genet. 16, 84 (1997).
4. We began with 351 cultivars but eliminated 29 that have duplicate microsatellite genotypes because they are either mutants (for example, the color forms of 'Pinot' and other varieties) or synonymous cultivars. The 322 cultivars analyzed are listed in a supplementary table available at www.sciencemag.org/feature/ data/1042157.shl.
5. Young leaves and shoot tips were collected from actively growing vines at the University of California at Davis and the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique collection at Domaine de Vassal near Montpellier, France. Genomic DNA was isolated by a modified cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide method [J. E. Bowers, E. B. Sandman, C. P. Meredith, Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 44, 266 (1993)]. Microsatellite loci were amplified as described (17), separated on denaturing 6% polyacrylamide sequencing gels, and visualized by silver staining with a commercial kit (Promega). Allele sizes were initially determined by visual comparison to a sequencing reaction and in subsequent analyses by visual comparison to reference cultivars included in the same gel.
6. Microsatellite genotypes were compared in all possible groups of three by means of a BASIC program written for this purpose.
7. The 17 microsatellite loci analyzed for all cultivars were VVMD5, VVMD6, VVMD7 (6); VVMD21, VVMD24, VVMD25, VVMD26, VVMD27, VVMD28, VVMD31, VVMD32, VVMD34, VVMD36 (18); VVS2 [M. R. Thomas and N. S. Scott, Theor. Appl. Genet. 86, 985 (1993)]; VVS29 (19); VrZAG83 and VrZAG 93 (20). The 15 additional loci analyzed on a subset of cultivars were VVMD14, VVMD17 (18); VVS4, VVS19 (19); VrZAG62, VrZAG64, VrZAG79 (20); VMC2C3, VMC2A5, VMC2H4 (N. Goto, personal communication); VMC5A1, VMC5G1.1, VMC5G6, VMC5H2, VMC5H5 (S. Riaz and C. Meredith, unpublished results)
8. We do not refer to 'Gouais blanc' as 'Gouais', to avoid confusion with 'Gouais noir', which is a synonym for a different variety, 'Enfariné'.
9. One of the putative progeny, 'Romorantin', does not share an allele with 'Pinot' at locus VVS2, exhibiting a 129-base pair (bp) allele instead. We have observed an allele of this size in 'Pinot fin teinturier', a red-juiced variant of 'Pinot', but not in any other cultivars. Another putative progeny, 'Dameron', does not share an allele with 'Gouais blanc' at locus VVMD36, requiring either a mutation of one of the 'Gouais blanc' alleles to a 254-bp allele or to a null allele.
10. A supplementary data table containing the genotypes of the putative parents and progeny is available at www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/1042157.shl
11. P. Viala and V. Vermorel, Ampélographie, Volumes I-VII (Masson, Paris, 1901-1910).
12. A. M. Negrul [C. R. Acad. Sci. URSS 18, 585 (1938)] placed the ancient wine grapes of France, with their small leaves and small fruit clusters, into his group prole occidentalis within which he identified a 'Pinot' sortotype (subgroup) including 'Pinot noir', 'Chardonnay', 'Meunier', and 'Aligoté'. Levadoux (2) categorized a number of similar varieties in northeastern France as the 'Noiriens', including 'Pinot', 'Gamay', 'Chardonnay', Tressot', and 'Savagnin'. More recently J. Bisson [J. Int. Sci. Vigne Vin 29, 63 (1995)] defined 12 "ecogeogroups." He included in the Noirien group 'Pinot noir', 'Chardonnay', 'Gamay', 'Meunier', 'Melon', 'Troyen', 'Auxerrois', and 'Gouget'.
13. We compared 'Gouais blanc' and 'Heunisch weiss' at 11 microsatellite loci and found them to be identical (J.-M. Boursiquot, C. Roux, P. This, unpublished results). H. Goethe [Handbuch der Ampelographie (P. Parey, Berlin, 1887)] indicates that 'Heunisch weiss' is of Croatian origin.
14. Grape cultivars are highly heterozygous. Although modern cultivars are hermaphroditic and naturally self-pollinate, the viability of selfed progeny declines beyond a few generations. Wild grapes and some primitive cultivars are dioecious and therefore obligate outcrossers.
15. We found 'Malaga II' to be the selfed progeny of 'Muscat of Alexandria'. It was selected as a seedling in the 1950s and is not cultivated.
16. The parents of 'Cabernet Sauvignon', 'Cabernet franc', and 'Sauvignon blanc' are also genetically dissimilar, sharing only 12 of 56 alleles at 28 loci.
17. J. E. Bowers, C. S. Dangl, R. Vignani, C. P. Meredith, Genome 39, 628 (1996).
18. J. E. Bowers, G. S. Dangl, C. P. Meredith, Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 50, 243 (1999).
19. M. Thomas, personal communication.
20. K. Sefc, F. Regner, E. Turetschek, J. Glössl, H. Steinkellner, Genome 42, 367 (1999).
21. E. Hagelberg, I. C. Gray, A. J. Jeffreys, Nature 352, 427 (1991); B. S. Weir, Genetic Data Analysis II (Sinauer, Sunderland, MA, 1996), pp. 209-215.
22. E. Hagelberg, I. C. Gray, A. J. Jeffreys, Nature 352, 427 (1991); B. S. Weir, Genetic Data Analysis II (Sinauer, Sunderland, MA, 1996), pp. 209-215.
23. Partially supported by the American Vineyard Foundation and the California Department of Agriculture Fruit Tree, Nut Tree, and Grapevine Improvement Advisory Board.