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Evans, D.A.1
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26
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0001443088
-
-
These copper complexes are also effective enantioselective catalysts for the hetero Diels-Alder and carbonyl-ene reactions: (a) Evans, D. A.; Johnson, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 4895-4896. Evans, D. A.; Olhava, E. J.; Johnson, J. S.; Janey, J. M. Angew. Chem. 1998, 24, 3554-3557. (b) Evans, D. A.; Burgey, C. S.; Paras, N. A.; Vojkovslcy, T.; Tregay, S. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 5824-5825.
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0001443088
-
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These copper complexes are also effective enantioselective catalysts for the hetero Diels-Alder and carbonyl-ene reactions: (a) Evans, D. A.; Johnson, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 4895-4896. Evans, D. A.; Olhava, E. J.; Johnson, J. S.; Janey, J. M. Angew. Chem. 1998, 24, 3554-3557. (b) Evans, D. A.; Burgey, C. S.; Paras, N. A.; Vojkovslcy, T.; Tregay, S. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 5824-5825.
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Evans, D.A.1
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Chem, A.5
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28
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0032540647
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These copper complexes are also effective enantioselective catalysts for the hetero Diels-Alder and carbonyl-ene reactions: (a) Evans, D. A.; Johnson, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 4895-4896. Evans, D. A.; Olhava, E. J.; Johnson, J. S.; Janey, J. M. Angew. Chem. 1998, 24, 3554-3557. (b) Evans, D. A.; Burgey, C. S.; Paras, N. A.; Vojkovslcy, T.; Tregay, S. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 5824-5825.
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29
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13044274824
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Evans, D. A.; Clark, J. S.; Novack, V. J.; Sheppard, G. S.; Metternich, R.; Ng, H. P.; Le, A.; Ennis, M. D.; Kim, A. S.; Ripin, D. H. B. J. Am. Chem Soc., in press.
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30
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0039697372
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(Benzyloxy)acetaldehyde is commercially available from Aldrich Chemical Co. Alternatively, an inexpensive two-step synthesis from 2-butene-1,4-diol is amenable to large-scale preparations via bis-benzylation (Garner, P.; Park, J. M. Synth. Commun. 1987, 17, 189-193), followed by ozonolysis (Danishefsky, S. J.; DeNinno, M. P. J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 2615-2617).
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Garner, P.1
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31
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3142632523
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(Benzyloxy)acetaldehyde is commercially available from Aldrich Chemical Co. Alternatively, an inexpensive two-step synthesis from 2-butene-1,4-diol is amenable to large-scale preparations via bis-benzylation (Garner, P.; Park, J. M. Synth. Commun. 1987, 17, 189-193), followed by ozonolysis (Danishefsky, S. J.; DeNinno, M. P. J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 2615-2617).
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A preliminary account of this work has appeared: Evans, D. A.; Murry, J. A.; Kozlowski, M. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 5814-5815.
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(e) Evans, D. A.; Peterson, G. S.; Johnson, J. S.; Barnes, D. M.; Campos, K. R.; Woerpel, K. A. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 65, 4541-4544.
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40
-
-
13044270266
-
-
note
-
Dry Celite, cotton, or a PTFE 0.45-μm filter gave the best results. Complete removal of the AgCl, as characterized by a clear solution, was essential for obtaining high enantioselectivity.
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41
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Sato, M.; Sunami, S.; Sugita, Y.; Kaneko, C. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1994, 42, 839-845.
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0001151356
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The catalytic enantioselective addition of this nucleophile to aldehydes has also recently been reported: Singer, R. A.; Carreira, E. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 12360-12361.
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(a) Molander, G. A.; Cameron, K. O. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 5, 830-846.
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46
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13044259514
-
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note
-
(b) This diene was utilized to minimize overreduction to the triol which was observed during the syn reduction of the corresponding methyl ester.
-
-
-
-
47
-
-
13044273501
-
-
The product is slightly soluble in water
-
The product is slightly soluble in water.
-
-
-
-
49
-
-
13044251131
-
-
note
-
We have also carried out the same sequence of reactions (eqs 14-16) employing (4-methoxybenzyloxy)acetaldehyde with similar yields and selectivities.
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50
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0033518571
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Anti diastereoselectivity was also observed with this nucleophile in the Cu(II) catalyzed pyruvate aldol reaction; see the following article in this issue Evans, D. A.; Burgey, C. S.; Kozlowski, M. C.; Tregay, S. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 686-699. The absolute and relative stereochemistry of this product were secured by X-ray analysis of the corresponding menthyl carbonate (see Supporting Information).
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0001331967
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These thioester silylketene acetals can be stored at -20°C for extended periods of time. For their preparation, see the following. (a) Silylketene acetals of ethyl and tert-butyl thioacetate: Kobayashi, S.; Mukaiyama, T. Chem. Lett. 1989, 297-300. (b) (E)- and (Z)-silylketene acetals of ethyl and tert-butyl thiopropionate: Gennari, C.; Beretta, M. G.; Bernardi, A.; Moro, G.; Solastico, C.; Todeschini, R. Tetrahedron 1986, 42, 893-909.
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0000735290
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These thioester silylketene acetals can be stored at -20°C for extended periods of time. For their preparation, see the following. (a) Silylketene acetals of ethyl and tert-butyl thioacetate: Kobayashi, S.; Mukaiyama, T. Chem. Lett. 1989, 297-300. (b) (E)- and (Z)-silylketene acetals of ethyl and tert-butyl thiopropionate: Gennari, C.; Beretta, M. G.; Bernardi, A.; Moro, G.; Solastico, C.; Todeschini, R. Tetrahedron 1986, 42, 893-909.
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2 catalyst system appeared during the preparation of this manuscript: Kanemasa, S.; Oderaotoshi, Y.; Sakaguchi, S.; Yamamoto, H.; Tanaka, J.; Wada, E.; Curran, D. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3074-3088.
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We have previously observed positive NLE in the Sm(III)-catalzyed Meerwein-Pondorf-Verley reduction and the Cu(II)-catalyzed Diels-Alder reaction: Evans, D. A.; Nelson, S. G.; Gagné, M.; Muci, A. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9800-9801.
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2 as a white solid has been reported, to our knowledge its solubility in common organic solvents has not been studied: (a) Cader, M. S. R.; Aubke, F. Can. J. Chem. 1989, 67, 1700-1701. (b) Gantar, D.; Leban, I.; Frlec, B.; Holloway, J. H. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1987, 2379-2382.
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Can. J. Chem.
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-
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Cader, M.S.R.1
Aubke, F.2
-
69
-
-
37049087239
-
-
2 as a white solid has been reported, to our knowledge its solubility in common organic solvents has not been studied: (a) Cader, M. S. R.; Aubke, F. Can. J. Chem. 1989, 67, 1700-1701. (b) Gantar, D.; Leban, I.; Frlec, B.; Holloway, J. H. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1987, 2379-2382.
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(1987)
J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans.
, pp. 2379-2382
-
-
Gantar, D.1
Leban, I.2
Frlec, B.3
Holloway, J.H.4
-
70
-
-
13044293281
-
-
note
-
A dark blue precipitate (presumably the 2:1 complex) and a very pale blue solution were observed.
-
-
-
-
71
-
-
13044291940
-
-
note
-
Solutions of 4c are blue and free of precipitate; thus, it appears that colorless solution contain very little or no copper species.
-
-
-
-
72
-
-
13044252740
-
-
note
-
A pale blue precipitate (presumably the 2:1 complex) and a blue solution were observed (eq 28).
-
-
-
-
73
-
-
13044278202
-
-
note
-
6 counterions are presumed to not associate directly with the Cu(II) center. Considerable structural data support this assertion (vide infra).
-
-
-
-
74
-
-
0000684712
-
-
Wilkinson, G., Ed.; Pergamon Press: New York, Chapter 53
-
(a) For a discussion of five-coordinate Cu(II) complexes, see: Hathaway, B. J. In Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry; Wilkinson, G., Ed.; Pergamon Press: New York, 1987; Vol. 5, Chapter 53.
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(1987)
Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry
, vol.5
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Hathaway, B.J.1
-
75
-
-
13044317372
-
-
(b) Cambridge Structural Database survey: 51 square pyramidal structures; 9 trigonal bipyramidal structures (http://sulfur.scs.uiuc.edu/gifs/cuii.htm).
-
-
-
-
76
-
-
33845378952
-
-
The energy difference between trigonal bipyramidal and square pyramidal geometries has been calculated to be low, see: (a) Wilcox, D. E.; Porras, A. G.; Hwang, Y. T.; Lerch, K.; Winkler, M. E.; Solomon, E. I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 4015-4027. (b) Solomon, E. I. Comments Inorg. Chem. 1984, 3, 227-320.
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J. Am. Chem. Soc.
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, pp. 4015-4027
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-
Wilcox, D.E.1
Porras, A.G.2
Hwang, Y.T.3
Lerch, K.4
Winkler, M.E.5
Solomon, E.I.6
-
77
-
-
84948313892
-
-
The energy difference between trigonal bipyramidal and square pyramidal geometries has been calculated to be low, see: (a) Wilcox, D. E.; Porras, A. G.; Hwang, Y. T.; Lerch, K.; Winkler, M. E.; Solomon, E. I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 4015-4027. (b) Solomon, E. I. Comments Inorg. Chem. 1984, 3, 227-320.
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(1984)
Comments Inorg. Chem.
, vol.3
, pp. 227-320
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-
Solomon, E.I.1
-
79
-
-
0001660034
-
-
For examples where n-n interactions in enantioselective catalyst systems have been characterized by X-ray crystallography, see: (a) Hawkins, J. M.; Loren, S.; Nambu, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 1657-1660. (b) Quan, R. W.; Li, Z.; Jacobsen, E. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 8156-8157.
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, pp. 1657-1660
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Hawkins, J.M.1
Loren, S.2
Nambu, M.3
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80
-
-
0029836179
-
-
For examples where n-n interactions in enantioselective catalyst systems have been characterized by X-ray crystallography, see: (a) Hawkins, J. M.; Loren, S.; Nambu, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 1657-1660. (b) Quan, R. W.; Li, Z.; Jacobsen, E. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 8156-8157.
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Quan, R.W.1
Li, Z.2
Jacobsen, E.N.3
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82
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0000312898
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(b) Kahn, S. D.; Keck, G. E.; Hehre, W. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1987, 28, 279-280.
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(1987)
Tetrahedron Lett.
, vol.28
, pp. 279-280
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Kahn, S.D.1
Keck, G.E.2
Hehre, W.J.3
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84
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0001370202
-
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(d) Keck, G. E.; Andrus, M. B.; Castellino, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 8136-8141.
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Keck, G.E.1
Andrus, M.B.2
Castellino, S.3
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85
-
-
0001332620
-
-
For evidence supporting chelation of an OTBS group, see: (e) Chen, X.; Hortelano, R. R.; Eliel, E. L.; Frye, S. V. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 1778-1784.
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J. Am. Chem. Soc.
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Chen, X.1
Hortelano, R.R.2
Eliel, E.L.3
Frye, S.V.4
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87
-
-
0040883451
-
-
Reference 42a, p 662
-
2 spectrum was verified by comparison with the EPR spectra of compounds known to possess square pyramidal copper centers: (a) Reference 42a, p 662. (b) Batra, G.; Mathur, P. Transition Met. Chem. 1995, 20, 26-29.
-
-
-
-
88
-
-
0040883451
-
-
2 spectrum was verified by comparison with the EPR spectra of compounds known to possess square pyramidal copper centers: (a) Reference 42a, p 662. (b) Batra, G.; Mathur, P. Transition Met. Chem. 1995, 20, 26-29.
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(1995)
Transition Met. Chem.
, vol.20
, pp. 26-29
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Batra, G.1
Mathur, P.2
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89
-
-
13044281463
-
-
note
-
3 = 2.3300; A = 152.92 G, LB = 100 G.
-
-
-
-
90
-
-
0001752812
-
-
4-mediated aldol reactions of benzyloxyacetaldehyde with propiophenone enolsilanes: Reetz, M. T.; Kesseler, K.; Jung, A. Tetrahedron 1984, 21, 4327-4336.
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(1984)
Tetrahedron
, vol.21
, pp. 4327-4336
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Reetz, M.T.1
Kesseler, K.2
Jung, A.3
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91
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0030952586
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(a) Evans, D. A.; Kozlowski, M. C.; Burgey, C. S.; MacMillan, D. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 7893-7894.
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Evans, D.A.1
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MacMillan, D.W.C.4
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92
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13044270265
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See ref 25
-
(b) See ref 25.
-
-
-
-
93
-
-
13044305180
-
-
note
-
Since completion of this study, other chiral chelating Lewis acid complexes that could well be good catalysts for this family of reactions have been reported: see ref 35.
-
-
-
-
94
-
-
13044257005
-
-
note
-
General information is provided in the Supporting Information.
-
-
-
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96
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0000094425
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Hall, P. L.; Gilchrist, J. H.; Collum, D. B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 9571-9574.
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Hall, P.L.1
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33847799798
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Ireland, R. E.; Mueller, R. H.; Willard, A. K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1976, 98, 2868-2877. We have also occasionally used the Fukuzumi-Otera protocol: Otera, J.; Fujita, Y.; Fukuzumi, S. Synlett 1994, 213-214.
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Ireland, R.E.1
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98
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85033807673
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Ireland, R. E.; Mueller, R. H.; Willard, A. K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1976, 98, 2868-2877. We have also occasionally used the Fukuzumi-Otera protocol: Otera, J.; Fujita, Y.; Fukuzumi, S. Synlett 1994, 213-214.
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Synlett
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Otera, J.1
Fujita, Y.2
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Evans, D. A.; Gauchet-Prunet, J. A.; Carreira, E. M.; Charette, A. B. J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 741-750.
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Charette, A.B.4
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100
-
-
0001635920
-
-
Careful distillation is required in order to minimize thermal isomerization to the undesired isomer (bp 50°C at 0.1 mmHg, bath temp ≤ 65°C). See: Anderson, G.; Cameron, D. W.; Feutrill, G. I.; Read, R. W. Tetrahedron Lett. 1981, 22, 4347-4348.
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Anderson, G.1
Cameron, D.W.2
Feutrill, G.I.3
Read, R.W.4
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