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Volumn 121, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 669-685

C2-Symmetric Copper(II) complexes as chiral lewis acids. Scope and mechanism of catalytic enantioselective aldol additions of enolsilanes to (benzyloxy)acetaldehyde

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETALDEHYDE; BENZYLOXY ACETALDEHYDE; COPPER COMPLEX; ENOLSILANE; SILANE DERIVATIVE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 0033518561     PISSN: 00027863     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ja9829822     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (414)

References (101)
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    • These copper complexes are also effective enantioselective catalysts for the hetero Diels-Alder and carbonyl-ene reactions: (a) Evans, D. A.; Johnson, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 4895-4896. Evans, D. A.; Olhava, E. J.; Johnson, J. S.; Janey, J. M. Angew. Chem. 1998, 24, 3554-3557. (b) Evans, D. A.; Burgey, C. S.; Paras, N. A.; Vojkovslcy, T.; Tregay, S. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 5824-5825.
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    • These copper complexes are also effective enantioselective catalysts for the hetero Diels-Alder and carbonyl-ene reactions: (a) Evans, D. A.; Johnson, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 4895-4896. Evans, D. A.; Olhava, E. J.; Johnson, J. S.; Janey, J. M. Angew. Chem. 1998, 24, 3554-3557. (b) Evans, D. A.; Burgey, C. S.; Paras, N. A.; Vojkovslcy, T.; Tregay, S. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 5824-5825.
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    • These copper complexes are also effective enantioselective catalysts for the hetero Diels-Alder and carbonyl-ene reactions: (a) Evans, D. A.; Johnson, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 4895-4896. Evans, D. A.; Olhava, E. J.; Johnson, J. S.; Janey, J. M. Angew. Chem. 1998, 24, 3554-3557. (b) Evans, D. A.; Burgey, C. S.; Paras, N. A.; Vojkovslcy, T.; Tregay, S. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 5824-5825.
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    • (Benzyloxy)acetaldehyde is commercially available from Aldrich Chemical Co. Alternatively, an inexpensive two-step synthesis from 2-butene-1,4-diol is amenable to large-scale preparations via bis-benzylation (Garner, P.; Park, J. M. Synth. Commun. 1987, 17, 189-193), followed by ozonolysis (Danishefsky, S. J.; DeNinno, M. P. J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 2615-2617).
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    • (Benzyloxy)acetaldehyde is commercially available from Aldrich Chemical Co. Alternatively, an inexpensive two-step synthesis from 2-butene-1,4-diol is amenable to large-scale preparations via bis-benzylation (Garner, P.; Park, J. M. Synth. Commun. 1987, 17, 189-193), followed by ozonolysis (Danishefsky, S. J.; DeNinno, M. P. J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 2615-2617).
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    • note
    • Dry Celite, cotton, or a PTFE 0.45-μm filter gave the best results. Complete removal of the AgCl, as characterized by a clear solution, was essential for obtaining high enantioselectivity.
  • 42
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    • The catalytic enantioselective addition of this nucleophile to aldehydes has also recently been reported: Singer, R. A.; Carreira, E. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 12360-12361.
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    • note
    • (b) This diene was utilized to minimize overreduction to the triol which was observed during the syn reduction of the corresponding methyl ester.
  • 47
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    • The product is slightly soluble in water
    • The product is slightly soluble in water.
  • 49
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    • note
    • We have also carried out the same sequence of reactions (eqs 14-16) employing (4-methoxybenzyloxy)acetaldehyde with similar yields and selectivities.
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    • Anti diastereoselectivity was also observed with this nucleophile in the Cu(II) catalyzed pyruvate aldol reaction; see the following article in this issue Evans, D. A.; Burgey, C. S.; Kozlowski, M. C.; Tregay, S. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 686-699. The absolute and relative stereochemistry of this product were secured by X-ray analysis of the corresponding menthyl carbonate (see Supporting Information).
    • (1999) J. Am. Chem. Soc. , vol.121 , pp. 686-699
    • Evans, D.A.1    Burgey, C.S.2    Kozlowski, M.C.3    Tregay, S.W.4
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    • These thioester silylketene acetals can be stored at -20°C for extended periods of time. For their preparation, see the following. (a) Silylketene acetals of ethyl and tert-butyl thioacetate: Kobayashi, S.; Mukaiyama, T. Chem. Lett. 1989, 297-300. (b) (E)- and (Z)-silylketene acetals of ethyl and tert-butyl thiopropionate: Gennari, C.; Beretta, M. G.; Bernardi, A.; Moro, G.; Solastico, C.; Todeschini, R. Tetrahedron 1986, 42, 893-909.
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    • These thioester silylketene acetals can be stored at -20°C for extended periods of time. For their preparation, see the following. (a) Silylketene acetals of ethyl and tert-butyl thioacetate: Kobayashi, S.; Mukaiyama, T. Chem. Lett. 1989, 297-300. (b) (E)- and (Z)-silylketene acetals of ethyl and tert-butyl thiopropionate: Gennari, C.; Beretta, M. G.; Bernardi, A.; Moro, G.; Solastico, C.; Todeschini, R. Tetrahedron 1986, 42, 893-909.
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    • We have previously observed positive NLE in the Sm(III)-catalzyed Meerwein-Pondorf-Verley reduction and the Cu(II)-catalyzed Diels-Alder reaction: Evans, D. A.; Nelson, S. G.; Gagné, M.; Muci, A. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9800-9801.
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    • 2 as a white solid has been reported, to our knowledge its solubility in common organic solvents has not been studied: (a) Cader, M. S. R.; Aubke, F. Can. J. Chem. 1989, 67, 1700-1701. (b) Gantar, D.; Leban, I.; Frlec, B.; Holloway, J. H. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1987, 2379-2382.
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    • note
    • A dark blue precipitate (presumably the 2:1 complex) and a very pale blue solution were observed.
  • 71
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    • note
    • Solutions of 4c are blue and free of precipitate; thus, it appears that colorless solution contain very little or no copper species.
  • 72
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    • note
    • A pale blue precipitate (presumably the 2:1 complex) and a blue solution were observed (eq 28).
  • 73
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    • note
    • 6 counterions are presumed to not associate directly with the Cu(II) center. Considerable structural data support this assertion (vide infra).
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    • Wilkinson, G., Ed.; Pergamon Press: New York, Chapter 53
    • (a) For a discussion of five-coordinate Cu(II) complexes, see: Hathaway, B. J. In Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry; Wilkinson, G., Ed.; Pergamon Press: New York, 1987; Vol. 5, Chapter 53.
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    • The energy difference between trigonal bipyramidal and square pyramidal geometries has been calculated to be low, see: (a) Wilcox, D. E.; Porras, A. G.; Hwang, Y. T.; Lerch, K.; Winkler, M. E.; Solomon, E. I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 4015-4027. (b) Solomon, E. I. Comments Inorg. Chem. 1984, 3, 227-320.
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    • The energy difference between trigonal bipyramidal and square pyramidal geometries has been calculated to be low, see: (a) Wilcox, D. E.; Porras, A. G.; Hwang, Y. T.; Lerch, K.; Winkler, M. E.; Solomon, E. I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 4015-4027. (b) Solomon, E. I. Comments Inorg. Chem. 1984, 3, 227-320.
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    • For examples where n-n interactions in enantioselective catalyst systems have been characterized by X-ray crystallography, see: (a) Hawkins, J. M.; Loren, S.; Nambu, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 1657-1660. (b) Quan, R. W.; Li, Z.; Jacobsen, E. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 8156-8157.
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    • For examples where n-n interactions in enantioselective catalyst systems have been characterized by X-ray crystallography, see: (a) Hawkins, J. M.; Loren, S.; Nambu, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 1657-1660. (b) Quan, R. W.; Li, Z.; Jacobsen, E. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 8156-8157.
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    • Reference 42a, p 662
    • 2 spectrum was verified by comparison with the EPR spectra of compounds known to possess square pyramidal copper centers: (a) Reference 42a, p 662. (b) Batra, G.; Mathur, P. Transition Met. Chem. 1995, 20, 26-29.
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    • 2 spectrum was verified by comparison with the EPR spectra of compounds known to possess square pyramidal copper centers: (a) Reference 42a, p 662. (b) Batra, G.; Mathur, P. Transition Met. Chem. 1995, 20, 26-29.
    • (1995) Transition Met. Chem. , vol.20 , pp. 26-29
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    • note
    • 3 = 2.3300; A = 152.92 G, LB = 100 G.
  • 90
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    • 4-mediated aldol reactions of benzyloxyacetaldehyde with propiophenone enolsilanes: Reetz, M. T.; Kesseler, K.; Jung, A. Tetrahedron 1984, 21, 4327-4336.
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    • See ref 25
    • (b) See ref 25.
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    • note
    • Since completion of this study, other chiral chelating Lewis acid complexes that could well be good catalysts for this family of reactions have been reported: see ref 35.
  • 94
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    • note
    • General information is provided in the Supporting Information.
  • 95
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    • Ireland, R. E.; Mueller, R. H.; Willard, A. K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1976, 98, 2868-2877. We have also occasionally used the Fukuzumi-Otera protocol: Otera, J.; Fujita, Y.; Fukuzumi, S. Synlett 1994, 213-214.
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    • Careful distillation is required in order to minimize thermal isomerization to the undesired isomer (bp 50°C at 0.1 mmHg, bath temp ≤ 65°C). See: Anderson, G.; Cameron, D. W.; Feutrill, G. I.; Read, R. W. Tetrahedron Lett. 1981, 22, 4347-4348.
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