Endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract

New England Journal of Medicine

Volumn 341, Issue 23, 1999, Pages 1738-1748

  Van Dam, Jacques ^a,c   Brugge, William R ^b,c  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

SCLEROSING AGENT;

ARGON PLASMA COAGULATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DISEASE; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM HEMORRHAGE; ENDOSCOPIC ECHOGRAPHY; ENDOSCOPIC SURGERY; ENDOSCOPIC THERAPY; ESOPHAGUS CANCER; ESOPHAGUS PROSTHESIS; ESOPHAGUS VARICES BLEEDING; GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY; HEMOSTASIS; HUMAN; INTESTINE ENDOSCOPY; LASER COAGULATION; LEIOMYOMA; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCLEROTHERAPY; STENT; STOMACH CANCER; STOMACH LYMPHOMA; UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT;

ENDOSCOPY, GASTROINTESTINAL; ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES; ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; GASTROINTESTINAL NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; INTESTINE, SMALL; SCLEROTHERAPY; STOMACH DISEASES;

EID: 0033518236     PISSN: 00284793     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199912023412306     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Sperber AD, Fich A, Eidelman L, et al. Open access endoscopy for hospitalized patients. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92:1823-6.
2. Froehlich F, Pache I, Burnand B, et al. Underutilization of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastroenterology 1997;112:690-7.
3. Frochlich F, Burnand B, Pache I, et al. Overuse of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in a country with open-access endoscopy: a prospective study in primary care. Gastrointest Endosc 1997;45:13-9.
4. Craig A, Hanlon J, Dent J, Schoeman M. A comparison of transnasal and transoral endoscopy with small-diameter endoscopes in unsedated patients. Gastrointest Endosc 1999;49:292-6.
5. Dumortier J, Ponchon T, Scoazec J-Y, et al. Prospective evaluation of transnasal esophagogastroduodenoscopy: feasibility and study on performance and tolerance. Gastrointest Endosc 1999;49:285-91.
6. Gopal DV, Zaman A, Katon RM. A role for transnasal esophagogastroduodenoscopy in patients intolerant to the oral route: report of two cases. Gastrointest Endosc 1999;49:379-81.
7. Mulcahy HE, Fairclough PD. Ultrathin endoscopy in the assessment and treatment of upper and lower gastrointestinal tract strictures. Gastrointest Endosc 1998;48:618-20.
8. Sivak MV Jr. The nose: is this the route to improving esophagogastroduodenoscopy? Gastrointest Endosc 1999;49:395-8.
9. Zaman A, Hahn M, Hapke R, Knigge K, Fennerty MB, Katon RM. A randomized trial of peroral versus transnasal unsedated endoscopy using an ultrathin videoendoscope. Gastrointest Endosc 1999;49:279-84.
10. Zaman A, Hapke R, Sahagun G, Katon RM. Unsedated peroral endoscopy with a video ultrathin endoscope: patient acceptance, tolerance, and diagnostic accuracy. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:1260-3.
11. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Guidelines for training in patient monitoring and sedation and analgesia. Gastrointest Endosc 1998;48:669-71.
12. Gralnek IM, Jensen DM, Gornbein J, et al. Clinical and economic outcomes of individuals with severe peptic ulcer hemorrhage and nonbleeding visible vessel: an analysis of two prospective clinical trials. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:2047-56.
13. Jensen DM. Management of severe ulcer rebleeding. N Engl J Med 1999;340:799-801.
14. Ohta S, Yukioka T, Ohta S, Miyagatami Y, Matsuda H, Shimazaki S. Hemostasis with endoscopic hemoclipping for severe gastrointestinal bleeding in critically ill patients. Am J Gastroenterol 1996;91:701-4.
15. Wong RM, Ota S, Katoh A, et al. Endoscopic ligation for nonesophageal variceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Endoscopy 1998;30:774-7.
16. Van Stiegmann G, Goff JS. Endoscopic esophageal varix ligation: preliminary clinical experience. Gastrointest Endosc 1988;34:113-7
17. Cooper GS, Chak A, Way LE, Hammar PJ, Harper DL, Rosenthal GE. Early endoscopy in upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: associations with recurrent bleeding, surgery, and length of hospital stay. Gastrointest Endosc 1999;49:145-52.
18. Lau JYW, Sung JJY, Lam Y, et al. Endoscopic retreatment compared with surgery in patients with recurrent bleeding after initial endoscopic control of bleeding ulcers. N Engl J Med 1999;340:751-6.
19. Quirk DM, Barry MJ, Aserkoff B, Podolsky DK. Physician specialty and variations in the cost of treating patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterology 1997;113:1443-8.
20. Hsu P-I, Lai K-H, Lin X-Z, et al. When to discharge patients with bleeding peptic ulcers: a prospective study of residual risk of rebleeding. Gastrointest Endosc 1996;44:382-7.
21. Longstreth GF, Feitelberg SP. Successful outpatient management of acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: use of practice guidelines in a large patient series. Gastrointest Endosc 1998;47:219-22.
22. Gostout CJ. Outpatient management of upper gastrointestinal bleeding: has the time finally arrived? Gastrointest Endosc 1998;47:311-3.
23. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. The role of endoscopic therapy in the management of variceal hemorrhage. Gastrointest Endosc 1998;48:697-8.
24. Roberts LR, Karnath PS. Pathophysiology and treatment of variceal hemorrhage. Mayo Clin Proc 1996;71:973-83.
25. Wong RCK, Van Dam J. Endoscopic management of variceal hemorrhage. Pract Gastroenterol 1998;22:13-25.
26. Chau TN, Patch D, Chan YW, Nagral A, Dick R, Burroughs AK. "Salvage" transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: gastric fundal compared with esophageal variceal bleeding. Gastroenterology 1998;114: 981-7.
27. Laine L, Stein C, Sharma V. Randomized comparison of ligation versus ligation plus sclerotherapy in patients with bleeding esophageal varices. Gastroenterology 1996;110:529-33.
28. Ginmoeller KF, Date S, Soehendra N. Treatment of esophagogastric varices: endoscopic, radiological, and pharmacological options. Endoscopy 1998;30:105-13.
29. Bhargava DK, Pokharna R. Endoscopic variceal ligation versus endoscopic variceal ligation and endoscopic sclerotherapy: a prospective randomized study. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92:950-3.
30. Laine L, Cook D. Endoscopic ligation compared with sclerotherapy for treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding: a meta analysis. Ann Intern Med 1995;123:280-7.
31. Sarin SK, Lamba GS, Kumar M, Misra A, Murthy NS. Comparison of endoscopic ligation and propranolol for the primary prevention of variceal bleeding. N Engl J Med 1999;340:988-93.
32. Chong J, Tagle M, Barkin JS, Reiner DK. Small bowel push-type fiberoptic enteroscopy for patients with occult gastrointestinal bleeding or suspected small bowel pathology. Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89:2143-6.
33. Chak A, Cooper GS, Canto MI, Pollack BJ, Sivak MV Jr. Enteroscopy for the initial evaluation of iron deficiency. Gastrointest Endosc 1998;47: 144-8.
34. Vakil N, Huilgol V, Khan I. Effect of push enteroscopy on transfusion requirements and quality of life in patients with unexplained gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92:425-8.
35. Sleisenger MH, Fordtran JS, eds. Gastrointestinal disease: pathophysiology, diagnosis, management. 4th ed. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1989:766-7.
36. Postlewait RW. Benign tumors and cysts of the esophagus. Surg Clin North Am 1983;63:925-31.
37. Non-epithelial tumours. In: Morson BC, Dawson IMP, Day DW, Jass JR, Price AB, Williams GT. Morson & Dawson's gastrointestinal pathology. 3rd ed. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific, 1990:170-87.
38. Brugge WR. Endoscopic ultrasonography: the current status. Gastroenterology 1998;115:1577-83.
39. Motoo Y, Ohta H, Satomura Y, et al. Endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis of extraluminal compressions mimicking gastric submucosal tumors. Endoscopy 1994;26:239-42.
40. Inai M, Sakai M, Kajiyama T, et al. Endosonographic characterization of duodenal elevated lesions. Gastrointest Endosc 1996;44:714-9.
41. Buscarini E, Di Stasi M, Rossi S, et al. Endosonographic diagnosis of submucosal upper gastrointestinal tract lesions and large gastric fold gastropathies by catheter ultrasound probe. Gastrointest Endosc 1999;49: 184-91.
42. Lau C-F, Hui P-K, Mak K-L, et al. Gastric polypoid lesions -illustrative cases and literature review. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:2559-64.
43. Geller AJ, Nguyen CC, Axelrad AM, Fleischer DE, Al-Kawas FH, Lewis JH. The impact of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) on the management of patients with gastric lesions diagnosed by other methods. Gastrointest Endosc 1995;41:S321. abstract.
44. Sampliner RE, Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Practical guidelines on the diagnosis, surveillance, and therapy of Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93: 1028-32.
45. Nandurkar S, Talley NJ. Barrett's esophagus: the long and the short of it. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:30-40. [Erratum, Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:1719.]
46. Falk GW, Richter JE. Reflux disease and Barrett's esophagus. Endoscopy 1998;30:61-72.
47. Hirota WK, Loughney TM, Lazas DJ, Maydonovitch CL, Rholl V, Wong RKH. Specialized intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and cancer of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction: prevalence and clinical data. Gastroenterology 1999;116:277-85.
48. Blot WJ, Devesa SS, Kneller RW, Fraumeni JF Jr. Rising incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia. JAMA 1991;265: 1287-9.
49. Lagergren J, Bergström R, Lindgren A, Nyrén O. Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux as a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med 1999;340:825-31.
50. Katz D, Rothstein R, Schned A, Dunn J, Seaver K, Antonioli D. The development of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma during endoscopic surveillance of Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:536-41.
51. Ouatu-Lascar R, Triadafilopoulos G. Complete elimination of reflux symptoms does not guarantee normalization of intraesophageal acid reflux in patients with Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:711-6.
52. Morales TG, Sampliner RE. Barrett's esophagus: update on screening, surveillance, and treatment. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:1411-6.
53. Sharma P, Sampliner RE, Camargo E. Normalization of esophageal pH with high-dose proton pump inhibitor therapy does not result in regression of Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92:582-5.
54. Malesci A, Savarino V, Zentilin P, et al. Partial regression of Barrett's esophagus by long-term therapy with high-dose omeprazole. Gastrointest Endosc 1996;44:700-5.
55. Sampliner RE, Fennerty B, Garewal HS. Reversal of Barrett's esophagus with acid suppression and multipolar electrocoagulation: preliminary results. Gastrointest Endosc 1996;44:523-5.
56. Byrne JP, Armstrong GR, Attwood SEA. Restoration of the normal squamous lining in Barrett's esophagus by argon beam plasma coagulation. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:1810-5.
57. Dumoulin FL, Terjung B, Neubrand M, Scheurlen C, Fischer HP, Sauerbruch T. Treatment of Barrett's esophagus by endoscopic argon plasma coagulation. Endoscopy 1997;29:751-3.
58. Gossner L, May A, Stolte M, Seitz G, Hahn EG, Ell C. KTP laser destruction of dysplasia and early cancer in columnar-lined Barrett's esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc 1999;49:8-12.
59. Salo JA, Salminen JT, Kiviluoto TA, et al. Treatment of Barrett's esophagus by endoscopic laser ablation and antireflux surgery. Ann Surg 1998;227:40-4.
60. Gossner L, Stolte M, Sroka R, et al. Photodynamic ablation of high-grade dysplasia and early cancer in Barrett's esophagus by means of 5-aminolevulinic acid. Gastroenterology 1998;114:448-55.
61. Barr H, Shepherd NA, Dix A, Roberts DJH, Tan WC, Krasner N. Eradication of high-grade dysplasia in columnar-lined (Barretts) oesophagus by photodynamic therapy with endogenously generated protoporphyrin IX. Lancet 1996;348:584-5.
62. Overholt BF, Panjehpour M, Haydek JM. Photodynamic therapy for Barretts esophagus: follow-up in 100 patients. Gasnointest Endosc 1999; 49:1-7.
63. Lightdale CJ. Ablation therapy for Barretts esophagus: is it time to choose our weapons? Gastrointest Endosc 1999;49:122-5.
64. Sharma P, Morales TG, Bhattacharyya A, Garewal HS, Sampliner RE. Squamous islands in Barrett's esophagus: what lies underneath? Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:332-5.
65. Berenson MM. Ablation therapy of Barrett's esophagus: measures of success and failure. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:1794-5.
66. Pasricha PJ, Ravich WJ, Hendrix TR, Sostre S, Jones B, Kalloo AN. Treatment of achalasia with intrasphincteric injection of botulinum toxin: a pilot trial. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:590-1.
67. Idem. Intrasphincteric botulinum toxin for the treatment of achalasia. N Engl J Med 1995;332:774-8. [Erratum, N Engl J Med 1995;333: 75.]
68. Pasricha PJ, Rai R, Ravich WJ, Hendrix TR, Kalloo AN. Botulinum toxin for achalasia: long-term outcome and predictors of response. Gastroenterology 1996;100:1410-5.
69. Cuilliere C, Ducrotte P, Zerbib F, et al. Achalasia: outcome of patients treated with intrasphincteric injection of botulinum toxin. Gut 1997;41: 87-92.
70. Vaezi MF, Richter JE, Wilson CM, et al. Botulinum toxin versus pneumatic dilatation in the treatment of achalasia: a randomised trial. Gut 1999; 44:231-9.
71. Gordon JM, Eaker EY. Prospective study of esophageal botulinum toxin injection in high-risk achalasia patients. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92: 1812-7.
72. Lightdale CJ. Esophageal cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:20-9.
73. American Joint Committee on Cancer. AJCC cancer staging manual. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.
74. The new TNM classification in gastroenterology (1997). Endoscopy 1998;30:643-9.
75. Van Dam J. Endosonographic evaluation of the patient with esophageal cancer. Chest 1997;112:Suppl:184S-190S.
76. Brugge WR, Lee MJ, Carey RW, Mathisen DJ. Endoscopic ultrasound staging criteria for esophageal cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 1997;45:147-52.
77. Chak A, Canto M, Gerdes H, et al. Prognosis of esophageal cancers preoperatively staged to be locally invasive (T4) by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS): a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Gastrointest Endosc 1995;42:501-6.
78. Rice TW, Adelstein DJ. Precise clinical staging allows treatment modification of patients with esophageal carcinoma. Oncology (Huntingt) 1997;11:Suppl 9:58-62.
79. Krasna MJ, McLaughlin JS. Thoracoscopic lymph node staging for esophageal cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 1993;56:671-4.
80. Faigel DO, Deveney C, Phillips D, Fennerty MB. Biopsy-negative malignant esophageal stricture: diagnosis by endoscopic ultrasound. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:2257-60.
81. Catalano MF, Sivak MV Jr, Rice TW, Van Dam J. Postoperative screening for anastomotic recurrence of esophageal carcinoma by endoscopic ultrasonography. Gastrointest Endosc 1995;42:540-4.
82. Boyce HW. Endosonographic staging of esophageal cancer. Cancer Control 1999;6:28-35.
83. Kolve M, Fischbach W, Greiner A, Wilms K. Differences in endoscopic and clinicopathological features of primary and secondary gastric non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Gastrointest Endosc 1999;49:307-15.
84. Levy M, Hammel P, Lamarque D, et al. Endoscopic ultrasonography for the initial staging and follow-up in patients with low-grade gastric lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue treated medically. Gastrointest Endosc 1997;46:328-33.
85. Sackmann M, Morgner A, Rudolph B, et al. Regression of gastric MALT lymphoma after eradication of Helicobacter pylori is predicted by endosonographic staging. Gastroenterology 1997;113:1087-90.
86. Nobre-Leitāo C, Lage P, Cravo M, et al. Treatment of gastric MALT lymphoma by Helicobacter pylori eradication: a study controlled by endoscopic ultrasonography. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:732-6.
87. Van Dam J. The role of endoscopic ultrasonography in monitoring treatment: response to chemotherapy in lymphoma. Endoscopy 1994;26: 772-3.
88. Landis SH, Murray T, Bolden S, Wingo PA. Cancer statistics, 1998. CA Cancer J Clin 1998;48:6-29. [Errata, CA Cancer J Clin 1998;48:192, 329.]
89. Yoshida S, Saito D. Gastric premalignancy and cancer screening in high-risk patients. Am J Gastroenterol 1996;91:839-43.
90. Hosokawa O, Tsuda S, Kidani E, et al. Diagnosis of gastric cancer up to three years after negative upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Endoscopy 1998;30:669-74.
91. Adachi Y, Sakino I, Matsumata T, et al. Preoperative assessment of advanced gastric carcinoma using computed tomography. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92:872-5.
92. Massari M, Cioffi U, De Simone M, et al. Endoscopic ultrasonography for preoperative staging of gastric carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 1996;43:542-6.
93. Yanai H, Matsumoto Y, Harada T, et al. Endoscopic ultrasonography and endoscopy for staging depth of invasion in early gastric cancer: a pilot study. Gastrointest Endosc 1997;46:212-6.
94. Akahoshi K, Chijiiwa Y, Hamada S, et al. Pretreatment staging of endoscopically early gastric cancer with a 15 MHz ultrasound catheter probe. Gastrointest Endosc 1998;48:470-6.
95. Lorimier G, Binelli C, Burtin P, et al. Metastatic gastric cancer arising from breast carcinoma: endoscopic ultrasonographic aspects. Endoscopy 1998;30:800-4.
96. Nelson DB, Sanderson SJ, Azar MM. Bacteremia with esophageal dilation. Gastrointest Endosc 1998;48:563-7.
97. Lightdale CJ, Heier SK, Marcon NE, et al. Photodynamic therapy with porfimer sodium versus thermal ablation therapy with Nd:YAG laser for palliation of esophageal cancer: a multicenter randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc 1995;42:507-12.
98. Sibille A, Lambert R, Souquet J-C, Sabben G, Descos F. Long-term survival after photodynamic therapy for esophageal cancer. Gastroenterology 1995;108:337-44.
99. Ell C. Clinical photodynamic therapy: where is it heading? Endoscopy 1998;30:408-11.
100. Burt M, Diehl W, Martini N, et al. Malignant esophagorespiratory fistula: management options and survival. Ann Thorac Surg 1991;52:1222-8.
101. Knyrim K, Wagner H-J, Bethge N, Keymling M, Vakil N. A controlled trial of an expansile metal stent for palliation of esophageal obstruction due to inoperable cancer. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1302-7.
102. Segalin A, Bonavina L, Carazzone A, Ceriani C, Peracchia A. Improving results of esophageal stenting: a study on 160 consecutive unselected patients. Endoscopy 1997;29:701-9.
103. Raijman I, Lynch P. Coated expandable esophageal stents in the treatment of digestive-respiratory fistulas. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92: 2188-91.
104. Raijman I, Siddique I, Ajani J, Lynch P. Palliation of malignant dysphagia and fistulae with coated expandable metal stents: experience with 101 patients. Gastrointest Endosc 1998;48:172-9.
105. Raijman I. Endoscopic management of esophagorespiratory fistulas: expanding our options with expandable stents. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93:496-9.
106. Bethge N, Sommer A, Vakil N. Palliation of malignant esophageal obstruction due to intrinsic and extrinsic lesions with expandable metal stents. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:1829-32.
107. Wengrower D, Fiorini A, Valero J, et al. EsophaCoil: long-term results in 81 patients. Gastrointest Endosc 1998;48:376-82.
108. Dumonceau J-M, Cremer M, Lalmand B, Devière J. Esophageal fistula sealing: choice of stent, practical management, and cost. Gastrointest Endosc 1999;49:70-8.
109. Nelson DB, Silvis SE, Ansel HJ. Management of a tracheoesophageal fistula with a silicone-covered self-expanding metal stent. Gastrointest Endosc 1994;40:497-9.
110. Nelson DB, Axelrad AM, Fleischer DE, et al. Silicone-covered Wallstent prototypes for palliation of malignant esophageal obstruction and digestive-respiratory fistulas. Gastrointest Endosc 1997;45:31-7.
111. Siersema PD, Hop WCJ, Decs J, Tilanus HW, van Blankenstein M. Coated self-expanding metal stents versus latex prostheses for esophagogastric cancer with special reference to prior radiation and chemotherapy: a controlled, prospective study. Gastrointest Endosc 1998;47:113-20.
112. Gevers AM, Macken E, Hiele M, Rutgeerts P. A comparison of laser therapy, plastic stents, and expandable metal stents for palliation of malignant dysphagia in patients without a fistula. Gastrointest Endosc 1998;48: 383-8.
113. Fuchs CS, Mayer RJ. Gastric carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1995;333:32-41.
114. Suzuki Y, Hiraishi H, Kanke K, et al. Treatment of gastric tumors by endoscopic mucosal resection with a ligating device. Gastrointest Endosc 1999;49:192-9.
115. Akahoshi K, Chijiiwa Y, Hamada S, et al. Endoscopic ultrasonography: a promising method for assessing the prospects of endoscopic mucosal resection in early gastric cancer. Endoscopy 1997;29:614-9.
116. Burris HA III, Vogel CL, Castro D, et al. Intratumoral cisplatin/ epinephrine-injectable gel as a palliative treatment for accessible solid tumors: a multicenter pilot study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998,118: 496-503.
117. Monga SPS, Wadleigh R, Adib H, Harmon JW, Berlin M, Mishra L. Endoscopic treatment of gastric cancer with intratumoral cisplatin/epinephrine injectable gel: a case report. Gastrointest Endosc 1998;48:415-7.
118. Bethge N, Breitkrcutz C, Vakil N. Metal stents for the palliation of inoperable upper gastrointestinal stenoses. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93: 643-5.
119. Nevitt AW, Vida F, Kozarek RA, Traverse LW, Raltz SL. Expandable metallic prosthesis for malignant obstructions of gastric outlet and proximal small bowel. Gastrointest Endosc 1998;47:271-6.
120. Soetikno RM, Lichtenstein DR, Vandervoort J, et al. Palliation of malignant gastric outlet obstruction using an endoscopically placed Wallstent. Gastrointest Endosc 1998;47:267-70.
121. Wayman J, Bliss R, Richardson DL, Griffin SM. Self-expanding metal stents in the palliation of small bowel stenosis secondary to recurrent gastric cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 1998;47:286-90.
122. Yates MR III, Morgan DE, Baron TH. Palliation of malignant gastric and small intestinal strictures with self-expandable metal stents. Endoscopy 1998;30:266-72.