Complexity in natural landform patterns

Science

Volumn 284, Issue 5411, 1999, Pages 102-104

  Werner, B T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HIERARCHICAL SYSTEM; LANDFORM EVOLUTION;

GEOLOGY; MOTION; NONLINEAR SYSTEM; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RIVER; SAND;

EID: 0033515824     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5411.102     Document Type: Review

References (35)

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9. Beach cusps: R. T. Guza and D. L. Inman, J. Geophys. Res. 80, 2997 (1975); B. T. Werner and T. M. Fink, Science 260, 968 (1993). Sand bars: A. J. Bowen and D. L. Inman, J. Geophys. Res. 76, 8662 (1971); M. J. F. Stive, Proc. 20th Coast. Eng. Conf. (Am. Soc. Civ. Eng.), p. 1550. Patterned ground: K. J. Gleason et al., Science 232, 216 (1986); M. A. Kessler et al., Eos 78, 270 (1997).
10. Beach cusps: R. T. Guza and D. L. Inman, J. Geophys. Res. 80, 2997 (1975); B. T. Werner and T. M. Fink, Science 260, 968 (1993). Sand bars: A. J. Bowen and D. L. Inman, J. Geophys. Res. 76, 8662 (1971); M. J. F. Stive, Proc. 20th Coast. Eng. Conf. (Am. Soc. Civ. Eng.), p. 1550. Patterned ground: K. J. Gleason et al., Science 232, 216 (1986); M. A. Kessler et al., Eos 78, 270 (1997).
11. Beach cusps: R. T. Guza and D. L. Inman, J. Geophys. Res. 80, 2997 (1975); B. T. Werner and T. M. Fink, Science 260, 968 (1993). Sand bars: A. J. Bowen and D. L. Inman, J. Geophys. Res. 76, 8662 (1971); M. J. F. Stive, Proc. 20th Coast. Eng. Conf. (Am. Soc. Civ. Eng.), p. 1550. Patterned ground: K. J. Gleason et al., Science 232, 216 (1986); M. A. Kessler et al., Eos 78, 270 (1997).
12. Beach cusps: R. T. Guza and D. L. Inman, J. Geophys. Res. 80, 2997 (1975); B. T. Werner and T. M. Fink, Science 260, 968 (1993). Sand bars: A. J. Bowen and D. L. Inman, J. Geophys. Res. 76, 8662 (1971); M. J. F. Stive, Proc. 20th Coast. Eng. Conf. (Am. Soc. Civ. Eng.), p. 1550. Patterned ground: K. J. Gleason et al., Science 232, 216 (1986); M. A. Kessler et al., Eos 78, 270 (1997).
13. Beach cusps: R. T. Guza and D. L. Inman, J. Geophys. Res. 80, 2997 (1975); B. T. Werner and T. M. Fink, Science 260, 968 (1993). Sand bars: A. J. Bowen and D. L. Inman, J. Geophys. Res. 76, 8662 (1971); M. J. F. Stive, Proc. 20th Coast. Eng. Conf. (Am. Soc. Civ. Eng.), p. 1550. Patterned ground: K. J. Gleason et al., Science 232, 216 (1986); M. A. Kessler et al., Eos 78, 270 (1997).
14. Beach cusps: R. T. Guza and D. L. Inman, J. Geophys. Res. 80, 2997 (1975); B. T. Werner and T. M. Fink, Science 260, 968 (1993). Sand bars: A. J. Bowen and D. L. Inman, J. Geophys. Res. 76, 8662 (1971); M. J. F. Stive, Proc. 20th Coast. Eng. Conf. (Am. Soc. Civ. Eng.), p. 1550. Patterned ground: K. J. Gleason et al., Science 232, 216 (1986); M. A. Kessler et al., Eos 78, 270 (1997).
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17. B. T. Werner and G. Kocurek, Geology 25, 771 (1997); ibid., in preparation.
18. B. T. Werner and G. Kocurek, Geology 25, 771 (1997); ibid., in preparation.
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21. Universality in pattern formation: See, for example, M. C. Cross and P. C. Hohenberg, Rev. Mod. Phys. 65, 851 (1993).
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24. The separation of time scales required for slaving can be achieved if behavior on longer temporal and larger spatial scales is generated by self-organization (2) or by competitive interactions between emergent structures, permitting only similar or disparate scales, such as leads to uniform-sized sand dunes mantled by much smaller wind ripples.
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26. V. Ahl and T. F. H. Allen, Hierarchy Theory (Columbia Univ. Press, New York, 1996).
27. The hierarchical methodology presented here is objective, in that the levels and connections between levels are determined by dynamics and are testable, in contrast with a subjective, constructionist hierarchical framework previously proposed (17, 18).
28. K. R. Popper, Conjectures and Refutations (Routledge, London, ed. 5, 1989).
29. See, for example, A. B. Murray and C. Paola, Nature 371, 54 (1994); R. S. Anderson and K. L. Bunas, ibid. 365, 740 (1993); C. G. Chase, Geomorphology 5, 39 (1992); B. T. Werner and B. Hallet, Nature 361, 142 (1993).
30. See, for example, A. B. Murray and C. Paola, Nature 371, 54 (1994); R. S. Anderson and K. L. Bunas, ibid. 365, 740 (1993); C. G. Chase, Geomorphology 5, 39 (1992); B. T. Werner and B. Hallet, Nature 361, 142 (1993).
31. See, for example, A. B. Murray and C. Paola, Nature 371, 54 (1994); R. S. Anderson and K. L. Bunas, ibid. 365, 740 (1993); C. G. Chase, Geomorphology 5, 39 (1992); B. T. Werner and B. Hallet, Nature 361, 142 (1993).
32. See, for example, A. B. Murray and C. Paola, Nature 371, 54 (1994); R. S. Anderson and K. L. Bunas, ibid. 365, 740 (1993); C. G. Chase, Geomorphology 5, 39 (1992); B. T. Werner and B. Hallet, Nature 361, 142 (1993).
33. H. E. Clifzon, in Beach and Wearshore Sedimentation, R. A. Davis Jr. and R. L. Ethington, Eds., Society of Genomic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 24 (SEPM Press, Tulsa, OK, 1976), pp. 126-148.
34. L. B. Clarke and B. T. Werner, EOS 78, 352 (1997).
35. The top three images in Fig. 3 were acquired and processed by L. Clarke. Supported by a U.S. Navy-Office of Naval Research Scholar Award (N00014-97-1-0154) and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.