Inferring causality from relational data and designs: Historical and contemporary lessons for research and clinical practice

Clinical Neuropsychologist

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 386-395

  Reynolds, Cecil R ^a  

^a TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLINICAL RESEARCH; CONFERENCE PAPER; CORRELATION FUNCTION; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; NEUROPSYCHOLOGY; SMOKING HABIT;

EID: 0033512079     PISSN: 13854046     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1076/1385-4046(199911)13:04;1-Y;FT386     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (19)

1. Baumrind, D. (1983). Specious causal attributions in the social sciences: The reformulated stepping-stone theory of heroin as exemplar. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 1289-1298.
2. Cliff, N. (1999). Review of McKim and Turner's Causality in crisis? Statistical methods in the search for causal knowledge in the social sciences. Psychometrika, 6, 253-258.
3. Griffiths, R.R., & Mumford, G.K. (1995). Caffeine: A drug of abuse? In F.E. Bloom & D.I. Kupfer (Eds.), Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress. New York: Raven Press.
4. Hempel, C.G. (1966). Philosophy of natural science. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
5. Hendel, C.W. (Ed.) (1955). Hume: Selections. New York: Charles Scribner & Sons.
6. Karmel, B.Z., & Gardner, J.M. (1996). Prenatal cocaine exposure effects on arousal-modulated attention during the neonatal period. Developmental Psychobiology, 29, 463-480.
7. Karmel, B.Z., Gardner, J.M., & Freedland, R.L. (1996). Arousal modulated attention in neonates is not affected by maternal tobacco smoking. Paper presented at the College on Problems of Drug Dependence, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
8. Larroque, B., Kaminski, M., Lelong, N., Subtil, D., & Dehaene, P. (1993). Effects on birthweight of alcohol and caffeine consumption during pregnancy. American Journal of Epidemiology, 137, 941-950.
9. Levin, E.D., Conners, C.K., Sparrow, E., Hinton, S.C., Erhardt, D., Meck, W.H., Rose, J.E., & March, J. (1996). Nicotine effects on adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychopharmacology, 123, 55-63.
10. Lewkowicz, D.J., Karmel, B.Z., & Gardner, J.M. (1998). Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on responsiveness to multimodal information in infants between 4 and 10 months of age. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 846, 408-411.
11. Needleman, H.L. (1995). Making models of real world events: The use and abuse of inference. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 17, 241-242.
12. NIDA (National Institute on Drug Abuse) (1993). Drug abuse and drug abuse research. Washington, DC: DHHS.
13. Nordentoft, M., Lou, H.C., Hansen, D., Nim, J., Pryds, O., Rubin, P., & Hemmingsen, R. (1996). Intrauterine growth retardation and premature delivery: The influence of maternal smoking and psychosocial factors. American Journal of Public Health, 86, 347-354.
14. Oster, G., Delea, T.E., & Cadiz, G. (1988). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and expenditures on neonatal health care. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 4, 216-219.
15. Pedhazur, E., & Schmelkin, L.P. (1991). Measurement, design, and analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.
16. Ramsay, M., & Reynolds, C.R. (in press). Does smoking by pregnant women influence birth weight, IQ, and developmental disabilities in their infants? A methodological review and multivariate analysis. Neuropsychology Review.
17. Reynolds, C.R. (1999). The inference of causality between smoking and low birth weight: Good science or good politics? Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 1, 55-86.
18. Sinclair, W.J. (1909). Semmelweis: His life and his doctrine. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press.
19. Streissguth, A.P., Barr, H.M., Sampson, D., Darby, B.L., & Martin, D.C. (1989). IQ at age 4 in relation to maternal alcohol use and smoking during pregnancy. Developmental Psychology, 25, 3-11.