Coal, Control and Class Experience in South Africa's Rand Revolt of 1922

Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 31-45

  Alexander, Peter ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COAL MINE; LABOR RELATIONS; TRADE UNION;

SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 0033511876     PISSN: 1089201X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/1089201X-19-1-31     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Alabama, State of Annual Report of Coal Mines 1921, (Birmingham: Birmingham Advertising Co.).
2. Alexander, P. 1997. "'Not Miners, but Officials': South Africa's Highveld Coal Industry and the Rand Revolt of 1922." Paper presented to American Historical Association Conference, New York (Reference No. 10485).
3. Alexander, P. 1998. "Race, Class Loyalty and the Structure of Capitalism: Coal Miners in Alabama and the Transvaal 1918-1922." Paper presented to the Socialist Historians' Seminar, Institute of Historical Research, London.
4. Alexander, P. 2000. Workers, War and the Origins of Apartheid: Labour and Politics in South Africa, 1939-1948 (Oxford: James Currey).
5. Alexander, P. and Halpern, R. (eds.). 2000. Racializing Class, Classifying Race: Labour and Difference in Britain, the USA and Africa (Basingstoke: Macmillan).
6. Beall, J.D. and North-Coombes, M.D. 1983. "The 1913 Disturbances in Natal: the Social and Economic Background to 'Passive Resistance'," Journal of Natal and Zulu History 6.
7. Bunting, S.P. 1922. "Red Revolt": the Rand Strike, January-March, 1922 - the Workers' Story (Johannesburg: Communist Party).
8. Callinicos, A. 1987. "The 'New Middle Class' and Socialist Politics," in A. Callinicos and C. Harman, The Changing Working Class: Essays on Class Structure Today (London: Bookmarks).
9. Carchedi, G. 1975. "On the Economic Identification of the New Middle Class," Economy and Society, 4,1.
10. Census and Statistics, Office of (1920) Official Year Book of the Union 3 (Pretoria: Government Printer).
11. Census and Statistics, Office of (1924) Official Year Book of the Union 6 (Pretoria: Government Printer).
12. Census and Statistics, Office of (1936) Official Year Book of the Union 17 (Pretoria: Government Printer).
13. Coal Commission (1921) Report, UG 33 (Pretoria: Government Printer).
14. Collieries Committee (CC) (1920) Letter to A. Crawford, SAIF, dated Sept. 21, in MNW box 532 file MM 2550/20, State Archives.
15. Collieries Committee (CC) (1921) Letter to SAIF, dated Nov. 25, in Federation of Mining Unions Archive (A1334mfm), University of the Witwatersrand.
16. Christie, R. 1984. Electricity, Industry and Class in South Africa (London: Macmillan)
17. Cloyise, J. 1921. Letter to Witbank Inspector of Native Affairs, dated May 17, in GNLB box 324 file 107/20/110, State Archives.
18. Cope, R. K. 1948. Comrade Bill: The Life and Times of WH. Andrews, Workers' Leader (Cape Town: Stewart).
19. Coulter, T. 1930. "Coal and Other Fuels," in P. A. Wagner and L. Reinecke, Mineral Deposits of the Union of South Africa (n.p.: Third Triennial Empire Mining and Metallurgical Conference, South Africa).
20. Coulter, T. 1963. "The Coulter Family 1801 to 1935 (Including Some Personal Recollections by T. Coulter, Grandson of Thomas and Catherine Coulter)." Manuscript, in Anglo-American Corporation Library.
21. Coulter, T. (n.d.). "Recollections of Some Incidents, Experiences and Characters Encountered During My Lifetime and Particularly During My Career in the Mining Industry." Manuscript, in Anglo-American Corporation Library.
22. Crawford, A. 1915. Letter to Secretary for Mines, dated c. Sept. 30, in MNW box 302 file MM 3022/15, State Archives.
23. Daily Dispatch, published in East London.
24. Davies, R. H. 1979. Capital, State and White Labour in South Africa 1900-1960: An Historical Materialist Analysis of Class Formation and Class Relations (Brighton: Harvester Press).
25. Edgecombe, R. and Guest, B. 1987. "The Natal Coal Industry in the South African Economy 1910-1985," South African Journal of Economic History, 2,2.
26. Edgecombe, R. and Guest, B. 1985. "An Introduction to the Pre-Union Natal Coal Industry," in B. Guest and J. M. Sellers (eds.), Enterprise and Exploitation in a Victorian Colony: Aspects of the Economic and Social History of Colonial Natal (Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press).
27. Frankel, S. H. 1928. The Railway Policy of South Africa (Johannesburg: Hortors).
28. Fraser, M. and Jeeves, A. (eds.). 1987. All That Glittered: Selected Correspondence of Lionel Phillips, 1890-1924 (Cape Town: Oxford University Press).
29. Gemmill, W. 1918a. Letter to Collieries Committee from TCM Manager and Secretary, dated June 15, in TCM reel 2341 frame 8, Chamber of Mines Archives.
30. Gemmill, W. 1918b. Letter to A. Crawford, SAIF, dated Nov. 27, in Federation of Mining Unions Archive (A1334mfm), University of the Witwatersrand.
31. Gemmill, W. 1920. "Address by Mr. W Gemmill," dated c. June 15, in TCM reel 2327 frame 994, Chamber of Mines Archives.
32. Gemmill, W. 1921. Letter to A. Crawford, SAIF, Jan. 15, in Federation of Mining Unions Archive (A1334mfm), University of the Witwatersrand.
33. Gemmill, W. 1939. "Employment of Portuguese Natives on the Collieries," dated Nov. 24, in Wenela fila 2C Pad 1, TEBA Archives.
34. Graham, A. C. and Lategan, P. N. 1931. The Coals of the Witbank District (Johannesburg: Transvaal Chamber of Mines Collieries Committee).
35. Grout, R.W. and Lechmere-Oertel, R. L. 1958. "A Brief History of the Progress of Efficiency in South African Collieries in the Last Seventy Years," Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, May.
36. Guest, B. 1994. "An Introduction to the Post-Union Natal Coal Industry," in B. Guest, Receded Tides of Empire: Aspects of the Economic and Social History of Natal and Zululand Since 1910, (Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press).
37. Harries, P. 1994. Work, Culture, and Identity: Migrant Laborers in Mozambique and South Africa, c. 1860-1910 (Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann).
38. Herd, N. 1966. 1922: The Revolt on the Rand (Johannesburg: Blue Crane).
39. Heslop, W. T. 1924. "Coal in South Africa," Journal of the Chemical, Metallurgical and Mining Society, 25:6.
40. Hessian, B. 1957. "An Investigation Into the Causes of the Labour Agitation on the Witwatersrand, January to March, 1922." M.A. dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand.
41. Hirson, B. 1993. "The General Strike of 1922," Searchlight South Africa 3:3.
42. Johns, S. 1995. Raising the Red Flag: the International Socialist League and the Communist Party of South Africa, 1914-1932 (Bellville: Mayibuye Books).
43. Johnstone, F.A. 1976. Race, Class and Gold: a Study of Class Relations and Racial Discrimination in South Africa (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul).
44. Jourdan, C. J. N. 1922. "Monthly Report for the Pretoria Inspectorate, March 1922," in MNW box 613 file MM 811/22, State Archives.
45. Judicial Commission (1922). Report, UG 35 (Pretoria: Government Printer).
46. K4 (Martial Law Commission). 1922 Minutes of Evidence, State Archives.
47. K161 (Mining Industry Commission). 1922. Minutes of Evidence, State Archives.
48. Katz, E. 1994. The White Death: Silicosis on the Witwatersrand 1886-1910 (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press).
49. Katz, E. 1995. "The Underground Route to Mining: Afrikaners and the Witwatersrand Gold Mining Industry From 1902 to the 1907 Miners' Strike," Journal of African History 36, pp. 467-89.
50. Katznellenbogen, S. 1982. South Africa and Southern Mozambique: Labour, Railways and Trade in the Making of a Relationship (Manchester: Manchester University Press).
51. Kindersley, A.O.C. 1910. Letter to Native Affairs Director, dated March 17, in SNA box 461 file 792/10, State Archives.
52. Krikler, J. 1996. "Women, Violence and the Rand Revolt of 1922," Journal of Southern African Studies, 22,3.
53. Krikler, J. 1997. "The Inner Mechanisms of a South African Racial Massacre." Paper presented to Racializing Class Conference, St Antony's College, Oxford.
54. Lang, J. 1995. Power Base: Coal Mining in the Life of South Africa (Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball).
55. Marks, S. and Rathbone, R. (eds.). 1982. Industrialisation and Social Change in South Africa: African Class Formation, Culture and Consciousness 1870-1930 (Harlow: Longman).
56. Mendelsohn, R. 1989. "'The Country is Rotten With Coal': Sammy Marks and the Highveld Coal Industry, 1880-1910." Paper presented to South African Historical Society Twelfth National Conference, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg.
57. Mendelsohn, R. 1991. Sammy Marks, "The Uncrowned King of the Transvaal" (Cape Town: David Philip).
58. Middelburg Observer.
59. Miller, R. H. 1920. Letter to Chief Inspector of Labor, dated March 3, MNW box 524 file 1633, State Archives.
60. Mine Workers' Union (MWU). 1922a. "Statement by European Colliery Workers of the Transvaal & Orange Free State," in Federation of Mining Unions Archive (A1334mfm), University of the Witwatersrand.
61. Mine Workers' Union (MWU). 1922b. "Members of the [MWU] Working on the Various Collieries," in Federation of Mining Unions Archive (A1334mfm), University of the Witwatersrand.
62. Mines, Department of (1911) Annual Reports 1910, UG 34 (Pretoria: Government Printer).
63. Mines, Department of (1912) Annual Reports 1911, UG 49 (Pretoria: Government Printer).
64. Mines and Industries, Department of (1918-1920). Various documents relating to negotiations with colliers, in MNW box 461 file MM Conf. No. 1/69, MNW box 510 file 1351/20, MNW box 532 file MM 2550/20, all in State Archives.
65. Mines and Industries, Department of (1921) Annual Reports 1920, UG 40 (Pretoria: Government Printer).
66. Mines and Industries, Department of (1922) Annual Reports 1921, UG 31 (Pretoria: Government Printer).
67. Mining Industry Board (1922) Report (UG 39). (Pretoria: Government Printer).
68. Monthly Journal and Report, published by the Amalgamated Society of Engineers, London.
69. Monthly Labor Review, published by the US Department of Labor.
70. Moodie, T.D. 1994. Going for Gold: Men, Mines, and Migration (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press).
71. O'Brien, H.H. 1919. Letter to W Gemmill, dated May 10, Wenela file 20/17 Pad 4, TEBA Archives.
72. Perold, J. W. 1994-1995. "Coal," in Minerals Bureau, South Africa's Mineral Industry. (Braamfontein: Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs).
73. Poulantzas, N. 1973. "Marxism and Social Classes," New Left Review 78.
74. Rowe, J. W. F. 1923. Wages in the Coal Industry (London: P. S. King & Son).
75. SAIF. 1918. "Minutes of Ordinary Executive Meeting, Sept. 4," in Ba1.3, TUCSA Collection (AH646), University of the Witwatersrand.
76. SAIF. 1921a. "Conference Between Representatives of the Executive Committee of the Mining Department of the South African Industrial Federation and the Chamber of Mines on the Subject of the Demarcation of Officials," in Bd3.30, TUCSA Collection (AH646), University of the Witwatersrand.
77. SAIF. 1921b. "Minutes of Meeting of SAIF Executive With Joint Executives, Dec. 30," in Ba1.19, TUCSA Collection (AH646), University of the Witwatersrand.
78. SAIF. 1921c. "Minutes of Meeting of the Augmented Executive, Dec. 31," in Ba1. 20, TUCSA Collection (AH646), University of the Witwatersrand.
79. Ste. Croix, G. E. M. de 1981. The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World: from the Archaic Age to the Arab Conquests (London: Duckworth).
80. Simons, H. J. 1949. "Trade Unions," in E. Hellmann (ed.), Handbook of Race Relations in South Africa (Cape Town: Oxford University Press).
81. Simons, J. and R. 1983. Class and Colour in South Africa 1850-1950 (London: International Defense and Aid Fund).
82. Simson, H. 1973. "Fascism in South Africa," African Review, 3,3.
83. Simson, H. 1980. The Social Origins of Afrikaner Fascism and its Apartheid Policy (Uppsala: Uppsala University).
84. Stoner, J. C. 1994. "How Can We Make Them Work?: the Dilemma of Maintaining a Labor Supply in West Virginia and Natal Coal Mining, 1885-1930." M.A. dissertation, Columbia University.
85. Szymanski, A. 1983. Class Structure: A Critical Perspective, (New York: Praeger).
86. Taberer, H. M. 1913. "Statement by the General Superintendent of the Native Recruiting Corporation Ltd.," dated July 29, in NRC 6.2[viii], TEBA Archive.
87. Thompson, E. P. 1968. The Making of the English Working Class (Harmondsworth: Penguin). First published in 1963.
88. Transvaal Chamber of Mines (TCM). 1921. Report 1921 (Johannesburg: Argus Printing and Publishing Co.).
89. Transvaal Chamber of Mines (TCM). 1922. Chronological Note of the Dispute on the Transvaal Gold and Coal Mines, With Copies of Correspondence (Cape Town: Cape Times).
90. Transvaal Mines Department. 1904. Annual Report of the Government Mining Engineer 1904 (Pretoria: Government Printer).
91. Transvaal Legal Defense Committee. (c. 1922). The Story of a Crime (Johannesburg: Transvaal Legal Defense Committee).
92. Trevor, T. 1915. Letter to Government Mining Engineer, dated Nov. 27, in MNW box 302 file 3022/15, State Archives.
93. Trevor, T. 1921. Letter to MWU Colliery Section, dated June 24, in Federation of Mining Unions Archive (A1334mfm), University of the Witwatersrand.
94. Unsigned document 1920. In Governor Kilby Papers, Alabama State Archives SG22121.
95. Unsigned document 1922. "Witbank," in GNLB box 311 file 125/19/48, State Archives.
96. Walker, I. L. and Weinbren, B. 1961. 2000 Casualties: A History of the South African Labour Movement (Johannesburg: SATUC).
97. Witbank Advertiser and Middelburg News.
98. Witbank News.
99. Welgedacht Exploration Co. Ltd. 1919. "Mine Rates," in GNLB box 304 file 427/18, State Archives.
100. Witbank Colliery. 1898-1919. Minute Books, in Barlow Rand Archives, Johannesburg.
101. Witbank Colliery. 1935. "Report of the Directors, for the Year Ended Aug. 31, 1935," in 2001, J. C. N. Humphreys Papers (A1138), University of the Witwatersrand.
102. Wenela. 1913. "Unpopularity of Collieries," dated Sept. 29, in Wenela file 20/17 Pad 1, TEBA Archives.
103. Wenela. 1914. "Extract from Minutes of Meeting of Board of Management held on Nov. 12," in Wenela file 20/17 Pad 1, TEBA Archive.
104. Wenela. 1918. Various documents in Wenela file 20/17 Pad 3, TEBA Archives.
105. Wenela. 1945. "Note on the Preference Allowed the Collieries,dated June 7, in Wenela file 2A/1 Pad 19, TEBA Archives.
106. Wenela District Manager, Lourenco Marques (1913). Letter to Secretary, Wenela, dated Sept. 11, in Wenela file 20/17 Pad 1, TEBA Archives.
107. Wolpe, H. 1976. "The 'White Working Class' in South Africa," Economy and Society, 5.
108. Working Conditions, Enquiry on (1919). Untitled draft report on working conditions on collieries, dated c. June 11, in GNLB box 304 file 427/18, State Archives.
109. Yudelman, D. 1983. The Emergence of Modern South Africa: State, Capital and the Incorporation of Organised Labour on the South African Gold Fields, 1902-1939 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood).