For whose benefit? Limits to sharing in the bioprospecting 'Regime'

Environmental Politics

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 35-65

  Mulligan, Shane P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; GENETIC RESOURCE; POLICY MAKING;

EID: 0033509297     PISSN: 09644016     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09644019908414493     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Anon. (1999), 'Ethnobotany: Shaman Loses its Magic', The Economist, 20 Feb., p.77.
2. Anuradha, R.V. (1998), 'Sharing With the Kanis: A Case Study from Kerala, India', case study submitted to the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
3. Aylward, Bruce A. (1993), The Economic Value of Pharmaceutical Prospecting and its Role in Biodiversity Conservation, LEEC Paper DP 93-05, London: International Institute for Environment and Development.
4. Barbier, E.B., Burgess, J.C. and C. Folke (1995), Paradise Lost? The Ecological Economics of Biodiversity, London: Earthscan.
5. Brockway, Lucille (1992), 'Plant Imperialism', History Today, Vol.33 (1983), reprinted in Charles K. Wilber and Kenneth P. Jameson (eds.), The Political Economy of Development and Under-development, Fifth Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 151-60.
6. Caporale, L.H. and M.F. Dermody (1996), 'Drug Discovery and Biodiversity: Collaboration and Risks in the Discovery of New Pharmaceuticals', in PAHO [1996: 79-94].
7. Chapela, I.H. (1996), 'Bioprospecting in the Information Age: A Critical Analysis of Consen'ation Linked Pharmaceutical Searches through Biodiversity', in PAHO [1996: 27-46].
8. Clark, Ann Marie (1995), 'Non-Governmental Organizations and their Influence on International Society', Journal of International Affairs, Vol.48, No.2, Winter, pp.507-25.
9. Cockburn, I. and R. Henderson (1997), 'Public-Private Interaction and the Productivity of Pharmaceutical Research', NBER Working Paper 6018, Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
10. Conservation International (1997), '1997 Financial Report', published online at http://www. conservation.org/web/aboutci/fy97.htm, retrieved 12 Aug. 1998.
11. Correa, Carlos M. (1994), Sovereign and Property Rights over Plant Genetic Resources, Rome: FAO Commission on Plant Genetic Resources, Background Study Paper No.2.
12. Correa, Carlos M. (1997), 'Access to Genetic Resources', World Competition: Law and Economics Review, Vol.20, No.3.
13. Cragg, Gordon M., Newman, David J. and Kenneth M. Snader (1997), 'Natural Products in Drug Discovery and Development', Journal of Natural Products, Vol.60, No.1, pp.52-60.
14. Cragg, Gordon M., James E. Simon, Johnson G. Jato and Kenneth M. Snader (1996), 'Drug Discovery and Development at the National Cancer Institute: Potential for New Crops', in J. Janick (ed.), Progress in New Crops, Arlington, VA: ASHS Press, pp.554-60.
15. Crosby, Alfred W. (1972), The Columbian Exchange; Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492, Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing.
16. Crosby, Alfred W. (1986), Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900, New York: Cambridge University Press.
17. Crucible Group (1994), People, Plants, and Patents, Ottawa: International Development Research Centre.
18. Davis, M. (1997), Indigenous Peoples and Intellectual Property Rights, Australian Parliamentary Library Research Paper 20.
19. Echandi, C.M.R. (1996), 'Legal Issues: Contracts, Intellectual Property Rights, and Other Property Rights', in PAHO (1996), pp.183-90.
20. Farnsworth, Norman R. and Djaja Doel Seojarto (1985), 'Potential Consequence of Plant Extinction in the United States on the Current and Future Availability of Prescription Drugs', Economic Botany Vol.39, No.3, pp.231-40.
21. Forest Peoples Program (1997), 'Suriname Information Update', World Rainforest Movement, 1 November. Published in the Gaia Forest Archives, at http://forests.org/recent/surberya.txt, retrieved 29 July 1998.
22. Greaves, T. (ed.) (1994), Intellectual Property Rights for Indigenous Peoples: A Source Book, Oklahoma City: Society for Applied Anthropology.
23. Guérin-McManus, Marianne, Famolare, Lisa M., Bowles, ian A., Malone, Stanley A.J., Mittermeier, Russell A. and Amy B. Rosenfeld (1998), 'Bioprospecting in Practice: A Case Study of the Suriname ICBG Project and Benefits Sharing under the Convention on Biological Diversity',
24. Heller, M.A. and R.S. Eisenberg (1998), 'Can Patents Deter Innovation? The Anticommons in Biomedical Research', Science, Vol.280, 1 May, pp.698-701.
25. USD (1998), 'Summary of the Fourth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, 4-15 May 1998 'Earth Negotiations Bulletin, Vol.9, No.96, 18 May, online at http://www.iisd.ca/biodiv/cop4/, retrieved 20 July 1998.
26. INBio (1998), 'INBio-Merck Research Agreement Renewal: Questions and Answers', received via email, 18 Feb. 1998.
27. Iwu, Maurice M. (1993), Handbook of African Medicinal Plants, Boca Raton: CRC Press.
28. Iwu, Maurice M. and Sarah A. Laird (1998), 'The International Cooperative Biodiversity Group
29. Jakobeit, Cord (1996), 'Nonstate Actors Leading the Way: Debt-for-Nature Swaps', in Robert O. Keohane, and Mark A. Levy (eds.), Institutions for Environmental Aid, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 127-66.
30. Katz-Miller, S. (1993), 'High Hopes Hanging on a "Useless" Vine', New Scientist, 16 Jan. 1993.
31. Kloppenburg, Jack Ralph, (1988), First the Seed: The Political Economy of Plant Biotechnology, 1492-2000, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
32. Kreeger, Karen Young (1996), 'Industry Investors Show Increased Interest in Denizens of the Deep', The Scientist, Vol.10, No.7, 1 April, pp.1, 8-9.
33. Laird, Sarah, and Estherine Lisinge (1998), 'Benefit-Sharing Case Studies: Ancistrocladus korupensis and Primus Africana', case study submitted to the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity by the United Nations Environment Program.
34. Lélé, Sharachchandra M. (1991), 'Sustainable Development: A Critical Review', World Development, Vol.19, No.6, June, pp.607-21.
35. Leskein, David and Michael Flitner (1997), Intellectual Property Rights and Plant Genetic Resources: Options for a Sui Generis System, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute Issues in Genetic Resources No.6, Rome: IPGRI.
36. Lesser, W. (1998), Sustainable Use of Genetic Resources under the Convention on Biological Diversity: Exploring Access and Benefits Sharing Issues, Oxon, UK: CAB International.
37. Mataatua Declaration on Cultural and Intellectual Property Rights of Indigenous Peoples (1993), reprinted as Appendix 7 in Posey and Outfield [1994].
38. Masood, E. (1998), 'Old Scores Surface as African States Face New Opportunities', Nature, Vol.392, p.540.
39. Mendelsohn, Robert and Michael J. Balick (1995), 'The Value of Undiscovered Pharmaceuticals in Tropical Forests', Economic Botany, Vol.49, No.2, pp.223-8.
40. Meyer, Carrie A. (1995), 'Opportunism and NGOs: Entrepreneurship and Green North-South Transfers', World Development, Vol.23, No.8, pp.1277-89.
41. Moran, Katy (1998), 'Mechanism for Benefit Sharing: Nigerian Case Study for the Convention on Biological Diversity', case study submitted to the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
42. Nietzsche, Friedrich (1995), The Gay Science, excerpted in Charles Guignon and Derk Pereboom (eds.), Existentialism: Basic Writings, Indianapolis, IN and Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company.
43. OECD (1997), Issues in the Sharing of Benefits Arising Out of The Utilisation of Genetic Resources, OCDE/GD(97)193, Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
44. PAHO (1996), Biodiversity, Biotechnology, and Sustainable Development in Health and Agriculture: Emerging Connections, Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization.
45. Patro, B.B. (1997), 'INDIA-TRADE: Bio-Piracy Campaign Exposes Holes in U.S Patent Laws', IPS, 4 Sept.
46. Peterson, Tarla Rai (1997), Sharing the Earth: The Rhetoric of Sustainable Development, Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.
47. Pinheiro, Claudio Urbano B. (1997), 'Jaborandi (Pilocarpus sp., Rutaceae): A Wild Species and its Rapid Transformation into a Crop', Economic Botany, Vol.51, No.1, pp.49-58.
48. Posey, Darrell A. and Graham Outfield (1994), Beyond Intellectual Property: Toward Traditional Resource Rights for Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities, Ottawa: International Development Research Centre.
49. RAFI (Nov./Dec. 1994), 'RAFI Communiqué: Bioprospecting/Biopiracy and Indigenous Peoples', published on the worldwide web at http://www.rafi.ca/by the Rural Advancement Foundation International, retrieved 28 Jan. 1998.
50. RAFI (Sept./Oct. 1995), 'RAFI Communiqué: Biopiracy Update: A Global Pandemic', retrieved 9 Feb. 1998.
51. RAFI (Sept./Oct. 1997), 'RAFI Communiqué: Biopiracy Update: The Inequitable Sharing of Benefits', retrieved 9 Feb. 1998.
52. RAFI (Nov./Dec. 1997), 'RAFI Communiqué: The Life Industry 1997', retrieved 14 July 1998.
53. Reid, W.A., Laird, S.A., Meyer, CA., Gamez, R., Sittenfeld, A., Janzen, D.H., Gollin, M.A. and C. Juma (eds.) (1993), Biodiversity Prospecting: Using Genetic Resources for Sustainable Development, Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.
54. Rosenthal, Joshua P. (1996), 'Equitable Sharing of Biodiversity Benefits: The International :
55. Rosenthal, Joshua P. (1998), 'The International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups (ICBG) j
56. Rouhi, A.M. (1997), 'Seeking Drugs in Natural Products', Chemical and Engineering News, 7 April 1997.
57. Schultes, Richard Evans, and Siri von Reis (eds.) (1995), Ethnobotany: Evolution of a Discipline, Portland, OR: Dioscordes Press.
58. Securities and Exchange Commission (1998), 'Shaman Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Annual Report', retrieved from http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/891933/000089161898-002654.txt, 5 July 1998.
59. Shiva, V., Anderson, P., Schücking, H., Gray, A., Lohmann, L. and D. Cooper (1991), Biodiversity: Social and Ecological Perspectives, London: Zed Books.
60. Shiva, Vandana (1997), Biopiracy: the Plunder of Nature and Knowledge, Toronto: Between the Lines.
61. Stopford, John, and Susan Strange (1991), Rival States, Rival Finns: Competition for World Market Shares, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
62. Sullivan, Robert R. (1989), Political Hermeneutics, University Park, PA and London: Pennsylvania State University Press.
63. Swanson, T.M. and R.A. Luxmoore (1997), Industrial Reliance on Biodiversity, WCMC Biodiversity Series No.7, World Conservation Press.
64. ten Kate, Kerry and Adrian Wells (1998), 'The Access and benefit-sharing policies of the United States National Cancer Institute: A Comparative Account of the Discovery and Development of the Drugs Calanolide and Topotccan', case study submitted to the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
65. Thomas, D. et al. (1994), 'Sustainable Harvest of Ancistrocladus korupensis (Ancistrocladaceae) Leaf Litter for Research on HIV, Economic Botany, Vol.48, No.4, pp.413-14.
66. UNDP (1996), 'Indigenous Knowledge Program: Draft Project Proposal', quoted in UNEP, 'Knowledge, Innovations and Practices of Indigenous and Local Communities: Implementation of Article 8(j)', UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/2/7 (10 Aug.).
67. UNEP (1996a), 'Access to Genetic Resources', UNEP/CBD/COP/3/20 (5 Oct.).
68. UNEP (1996b), "The Impact of Intellectual Property Rights Systems on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biological Diversity and on the Equitable Sharing of Benefits from its Use: A Preliminary Study', UNEP/CBD/COP/3/22 (22 Sept.).
69. UNEP (1996c), 'The Convention on Biological Diversity and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS): Relationships and Synergies', UNEP/CBD/COP/3/23 (5 Oct.).
70. UNEP (1997), 'Report of the Workshop on Traditional Knowledge and Biological Diversity', UNEP/CBD/TKBD/I/3 (15 Dec.).
71. UNEP (1998a), 'Report of the GEF to the Fourth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity', UNEP/CBD/COP/4/15 (27 Feb.).
72. UNEP (1998b), 'Review of National, Regional and Sectoral Guidelines for the Implementation of Article 15', UNEP/CBD/COP/4/23 (19 February).
73. UNEP (1998c), 'Synthesis of Case-Studies on Benefit Sharing', UNEP/CBD/COP/4/Inf.7 (4 May).
74. UNEP(1998d), 'Report of the International Workshop: "Best Practices" for Access to Genetic Resources, Cordoba, 16-17 January 1998', submission by the European Commission and the Government of Germany, UNEP/CBD/COP/4/Inf.10 (2 April).
75. Vogel, Joseph H. (1994), Genes for Sale: Privatization as a Conservation Policy, New York: Oxford University Press.
76. Vogel, Joseph H. (1997), 'The Successful Use of Economic Instruments to Foster Sustainable Use of Biodiversity: Six Case Studies from Latin America and the Caribbean: Case Study 6: Bioprospecting', from a White Paper Commissioned by the Biodiversity Support Program on behalf of the Inter-American Commission on Biodiversity and Sustainable Development in
77. WRI (1997), World Resources 1996-97, World Resources Institute, United Nations Environment Programme, United Nations Development Programme, the World Bank, published on the WRI website at http://www.wri.org/, retrieved 22 July 1998.
78. WWF (1998), Annual Report 1997. Published on the WWF website at http://www.panda.org/, retrieved 29 July 1998.