Early Devonian echinoderms from South Africa

Memoirs of the Queensland Museum

Volumn 43, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 115-199

  Jell, Peter A ^a   Theron, Johannes N ^b  

^a QUEENSLAND MUSEUM   (Australia)

^b Geological Survey of South Africa   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Bokkeveld; Crinoids; Early Devonian; Ophiuroids; South Africa; Starfish

Indexed keywords

DEVONIAN;

SOUTH AFRICA;

ASTEROIDEA; CRINOIDEA; OPHIUROIDEA;

EID: 0033509044     PISSN: 00798835     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. AUSICH, W.I. 1986. Early Silurian Rhodocrinitacean crinoids (Brassfield Formation, Ohio). Journal of Paleontology 60: 84-106. 1987. Brassfield Compsocrinina (Lower Silurian crinoids) from Ohio. Journal of Paleontology 61: 552-562.
2. AUSICH, W.I. 1986. Early Silurian Rhodocrinitacean crinoids (Brassfield Formation, Ohio). Journal of Paleontology 60: 84-106. 1987. Brassfield Compsocrinina (Lower Silurian crinoids) from Ohio. Journal of Paleontology 61: 552-562.
3. BATHER, R.A. 1890. British fossil crinoids. II. The classification of the Inadunata Fistulata (cont'd). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 6, 5: 373-388.
4. BECKER, G., BLESS, J.M. & THERON, J.N. 1994. Malvinokaffric ostracods from South Africa (Southern Cape; Bokkeveld Group, Devonian). Courier Forschungs-institut Senckenberg 169: 239-259.
5. BILLINGS, E. 1858. On the Asteriadae of the Lower Silurian rocks of Canada. Geological Survey of Canada, Figures and Descriptions of Canadian Organic Remains, decade 3: 75-85.
6. BJORK, P.R., GOLDBERG P.S. & KESLING, R.V. 1968. Mouth frame of the ophiuroid Onychaster. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 22: 45-60.
7. BLAKE, D.B. & GUENSBURG T.E. 1989. Two new multiarmed Paleozoic (Mississippian) asterids (Echinodermata) and some paleobiologic implications. Journal of Paleontology 63: 331-340.
8. BOUCOT, A.J. 1971. Malvinokaffric Devonian marine community distribution and implications for Gondwana. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 43 (supplement): 23-49.
9. BOUCOT, A.J., JOHNSON, J.G. & TALENT, J.A. 1969. Early Devonian brachiopod zoogeography. Special Papers of the Geological Society of America 119: 1-106.
10. BREIMER, A. 1962. A monograph on Spanish Palaeozoic Crinoidea. Overdruk uit Leidse Geologische Mededelingen 27: 1-189.
11. BREIMER, A. & MACURDA, D.B. 1972. The phylogeny of the fissiculate blastoids. Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afd. Natuurkunde, Eerste Reeks 26(3): 1-390.
12. BRONN, H.G. 1848. Index palaeontologies oder Ubersicht der bis jetztbekannten fossilen Organismen, unter Mitwirkung der Herren Professor H.R. Göppert und H. von Meyer: Handbuch einer Geschichteder Natur 3, Abt. 1 (1,2), part 3, A. Nomenclator palaeontologicus. 1381p. (Schweizerbart: Stuttgart).
13. CLARKE, J.M. 1913. Fosseis devonianos do Paraná. Monographias do Servico Geologico e Mineralogico do Brasil 1: 1-353.
14. CORSTORPHINE, G.S. 1897. Report of the Acting Geologist for the year 1897. Report of the Geological Commission of the Cape of Good Hope 1897: 3-43.
15. DONOVAN, S.K. & CLARK, N.D.L. 1992. An unusual crinoid columnal morphospecies from the Llandovery of Scotland and Wales. Palaeontology 35: 27-35.
16. FOLLMANN, O. 1887. Unterdevonische Crinoiden. Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereines der preussischen Rheinlande, Westfalens und des Reg.-Bezirks Osnabrück 44: 113-138.
17. FREST, T.J. & STRIMPLE, H.L. 1981. New camerate crinoids from the Silurian of North America. Journal of Paleontology 55:639-655.
18. GOLDFUSS, G.A. 1848. Ein Seestern aus der Grauwacke. Verhandlungen des naturhistorischen Vereines der preussischen Rheinlande 5: 145-146, 5pl.
19. GOLDRING, W. 1923. The Devonian crinoids of the State of New York. Memoirs of the New York State Museum 16: 1-670. 1954. Devonian crinoids: new and old, II. New York State Museum Circular 37: 1-51.
20. GOLDRING, W. 1923. The Devonian crinoids of the State of New York. Memoirs of the New York State Museum 16: 1-670. 1954. Devonian crinoids: new and old, II. New York State Museum Circular 37: 1-51.
21. HAECKEL, E.H. 1866. Allgemeine Entwicklungsgeschichte der Organismen. In Haekel, E. General Morphologie der Organismen. Vol. 2. 160p. (Berlin).
22. HALL, J. 1858. Report of the Geological Survey of Iowa, embracing the results of investigations made during portions of the years 1855, 1856, and 1857. Palaeontology of Iowa 1(2): 473-724. (Geological Survey of Iowa). 1879. The fauna of the Niagara Group in central Indiana. Annual Report of the New York State Museum of Natural History 28: 99-199.
23. HALL, J. 1858. Report of the Geological Survey of Iowa, embracing the results of investigations made during portions of the years 1855, 1856, and 1857. Palaeontology of Iowa 1(2): 473-724. (Geological Survey of Iowa). 1879. The fauna of the Niagara Group in central Indiana. Annual Report of the New York State Museum of Natural History 28: 99-199.
24. HARPER, J.A. 1985. Anew look atEugasterella logani (Hall, 1868) (Stellaroidea:Ophiuroidea) from the Middle Devonian of New York State. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 54: 357-373.
25. HAUDE, R. 1995. Lower Devonian echinoderms from the Precordillera (Argentina). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 197: 37-86. 1999. Der - verzögerte - Ersatz eines Homonyms: Marginaster Haude, 1995. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie and Paläontologie Monatschefte 1999: 3p.
26. HAUDE, R. 1995. Lower Devonian echinoderms from the Precordillera (Argentina). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 197: 37-86. 1999. Der - verzögerte - Ersatz eines Homonyms: Marginaster Haude, 1995. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie and Paläontologie Monatschefte 1999: 3p.
27. HILLER, N. & THERON, J.N. 1988. Benthic communities in the South African Devonian. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 14: 229-242.
28. HINDE, G.J. 1885. Description of a new species of crinoids with articulating spines. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 5, 15: 157-173.
29. HOTCHKISS, F.H.C. 1970. North American Ordovician Ophiuroidea, the genus Taeniaster Billings, 1858 (Protasteridae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 83: 59-76. 1976. Devonian ophiuroids from New York State: reclassification of Klasmura, Antiquaster, and Stenaster into the suborder Scalarina nov., Order Stenurida. Bulletins of the New York State Museum 425: 1-39. 1993. A new Devonian ophiuroid (Echinodermata: Oegophiurida) from New York State and its bearing on the origin of ophiuroid upper arm plates. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 106: 63-84. 1995. Loven's Law and adult ray homologies in echinoids, ophiuroids, edrioasteroids, and an ophiocistioid (Echinodermata: Eleutherozoa). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 108: 401-435.
30. HOTCHKISS, F.H.C. 1970. North American Ordovician Ophiuroidea, the genus Taeniaster Billings, 1858 (Protasteridae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 83: 59-76. 1976. Devonian ophiuroids from New York State: reclassification of Klasmura, Antiquaster, and Stenaster into the suborder Scalarina nov., Order Stenurida. Bulletins of the New York State Museum 425: 1-39. 1993. A new Devonian ophiuroid (Echinodermata: Oegophiurida) from New York State and its bearing on the origin of ophiuroid upper arm plates. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 106: 63-84. 1995. Loven's Law and adult ray homologies in echinoids, ophiuroids, edrioasteroids, and an ophiocistioid (Echinodermata: Eleutherozoa). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 108: 401-435.
31. HOTCHKISS, F.H.C. 1970. North American Ordovician Ophiuroidea, the genus Taeniaster Billings, 1858 (Protasteridae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 83: 59-76. 1976. Devonian ophiuroids from New York State: reclassification of Klasmura, Antiquaster, and Stenaster into the suborder Scalarina nov., Order Stenurida. Bulletins of the New York State Museum 425: 1-39. 1993. A new Devonian ophiuroid (Echinodermata: Oegophiurida) from New York State and its bearing on the origin of ophiuroid upper arm plates. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 106: 63-84. 1995. Loven's Law and adult ray homologies in echinoids, ophiuroids, edrioasteroids, and an ophiocistioid (Echinodermata: Eleutherozoa). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 108: 401-435.
32. HOTCHKISS, F.H.C. 1970. North American Ordovician Ophiuroidea, the genus Taeniaster Billings, 1858 (Protasteridae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 83: 59-76. 1976. Devonian ophiuroids from New York State: reclassification of Klasmura, Antiquaster, and Stenaster into the suborder Scalarina nov., Order Stenurida. Bulletins of the New York State Museum 425: 1-39. 1993. A new Devonian ophiuroid (Echinodermata: Oegophiurida) from New York State and its bearing on the origin of ophiuroid upper arm plates. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 106: 63-84. 1995. Loven's Law and adult ray homologies in echinoids, ophiuroids, edrioasteroids, and an ophiocistioid (Echinodermata: Eleutherozoa). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 108: 401-435.
33. JAEKEL, O. 1918. Phylogenie und System der Pelmatozoen. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 3(1): 1-128.
34. JELL, P.A. 1997. Early Carboniferous ophiuroids from Crawfordsville, Indiana. Journal of Paleontology 71: 306-316. 1999. Silurian and Devonian crinoids from central Victoria. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 43: 1-114.
35. JELL, P.A. 1997. Early Carboniferous ophiuroids from Crawfordsville, Indiana. Journal of Paleontology 71: 306-316. 1999. Silurian and Devonian crinoids from central Victoria. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 43: 1-114.
36. KESLING, R.V. 1972. Strataster devonicus, a new brittle-star with unusual preservation from the Middle Devonian Silica Formation of Ohio. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 24: 9-15.
37. KESLING, R.V. & LE VASSEUR, D. 1971. Strataster ohioensis, a new early Mississippian brittle-star, and the paleoecology of its community. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 23: 305-341.
38. KESLING, R.V. & CHILMAN, R.B., 1975. Strata and megafossils of the Middle Devonian Silica Formation. Papers in Paleontology from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 8: 5-123, 153-172.
39. KIER, P.M., 1952. Echinoderms of the Middle Devonian Silica Formation of Ohio. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 10: 59-81. 1958. Infrabasals in the crinoid Opsiocrinus Kier. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 13: 201-206.
40. KIER, P.M., 1952. Echinoderms of the Middle Devonian Silica Formation of Ohio. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 10: 59-81. 1958. Infrabasals in the crinoid Opsiocrinus Kier. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 13: 201-206.
41. KIRK, E. 1934. Corynecrinus, a new Devonian crinoid genus. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum 83(2972): 1-7.
42. KNOD, R. 1908. Devonische Faunen Boliviens. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Beil. Band 25: 493-600.
43. KOZLOWSKI, R. 1923. Faune dévonienne de Bolivie. Annales de Paléontologie 12: 1-112.
44. LEHMANN, W.M. 1957. Die Asterozoen in den Dachschiefern des rheinischen Unterdevons. Abhandlungen des Hessischen Landesamtes für Bodenforschung 21: 1-160, 55 pls.
45. LYON, S.S. 1857. Palaeontological Report. Geological Report of Kentucky 3: 467-497.
46. MACURDA, D.B. 1979. The Devonian blastoids of Bolivia. Journal of Paleontology 53: 1361-1373. 1983. Systematics of the fissiculate Blastoidea. Papers in Paleontology from the Museum of Paleontology at the University of Michigan 22: 1-291.
47. MACURDA, D.B. 1979. The Devonian blastoids of Bolivia. Journal of Paleontology 53: 1361-1373. 1983. Systematics of the fissiculate Blastoidea. Papers in Paleontology from the Museum of Paleontology at the University of Michigan 22: 1-291.
48. McINTOSH, G.C. 1979. Abnormal specimens of the Middle Devonian crinoid Bactrocrinites and their effect on the taxonomy of the genus. Journal of Paleontology 53: 18-28. 1983. Review of the Devonian cladid inadunate crinoids: Suborder Dendrocrinina. PhD Thesis, University of Michigan. 1986. Phylogeny of the dicyclic inadunate crinoid Order Cladida. Abstr. 4th North American Palaeontological Convention.
49. McINTOSH, G.C. 1979. Abnormal specimens of the Middle Devonian crinoid Bactrocrinites and their effect on the taxonomy of the genus. Journal of Paleontology 53: 18-28. 1983. Review of the Devonian cladid inadunate crinoids: Suborder Dendrocrinina. PhD Thesis, University of Michigan. 1986. Phylogeny of the dicyclic inadunate crinoid Order Cladida. Abstr. 4th North American Palaeontological Convention.
50. McINTOSH, G.C. 1979. Abnormal specimens of the Middle Devonian crinoid Bactrocrinites and their effect on the taxonomy of the genus. Journal of Paleontology 53: 18-28. 1983. Review of the Devonian cladid inadunate crinoids: Suborder Dendrocrinina. PhD Thesis, University of Michigan. 1986. Phylogeny of the dicyclic inadunate crinoid Order Cladida. Abstr. 4th North American Palaeontological Convention.
51. McINTOSH, G.C. & BRETT, C.E., 1988. Occurrence of the cladid inadunate crinoid Thalamocrinus in the Silurian (Wenlockian) of New York and Ontario. Contributions to the Life Sciences from the Royal Ontario Museum 149: 1-17.
52. MILLER, S.A. 1889. North American geology and paleontology. (Western Methodist Book Concern: Cincinnati).
53. MILLER, S.A. & GURLEY, W.F.E. 1895. Description of new species of Palaeozoic Echinodetmata. Illinois State Museum Bulletin 6: 1-62.
54. MOORE, R.C. 1962. Ray structures of some inadunate crinoids. University of Kansas, Paleontological Contributions, Echinodermata, Article 5: 1-47.
55. MOORE, R.C. & JEFFORDS, R.W., 1968. Classification and nomenclature of fossil crinoids based on studies of their columns. University of Kansas, Paleontological Contributions, Echinodermata. Article 9(46): 1-86.
56. MOORE, R.C., LANE, N.G. & STRIMPLE, H.L., 1978. Order Cladida Moore & Laudon, 1943. Pp. T578-T759. In Moore, R.C. & Teichert, C. (eds) Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, Part T, Echinodermata 2 (Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press: Boulder, Colorado & Lawrence, Kansas).
57. MOORE, R.C. & LAUDON, L.R., 1943. Evolution and classification of Paleozoic crinoids. Geological Society of America Special Paper 46: 1-153.
58. MOORE, R.C. & TEICHERT, C. (eds) 1978. Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, Part T, Echinodermata 2, Crinoidea. 3 vols. (Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press: Boulder, Colorado & Lawrence, Kansas).
59. OOSTHUIZEN, R.D.F. 1984. Preliminary catalogue and report on the biostratigraphy and palaeogeographic distribution of the Bokkeveld fauna. Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 87: 125-140.
60. PERRIER, E. 1881. Description sommaire des espèces nouvelles d'astérias. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University 9: 1-31.
61. REED, F.R.C. 1904. Mollusca from the Bokkeveld Beds. Annals of the South African Museum 4: 239-274. 1906. New fossils from the Bokkeveld Beds. Geological Magazine, Decade 5, 3: 301-310. 1907. Fauna of the Bokkeveld beds. Geological Magazine, Decade 5, 4: 166-171, 222-232. 1925. Revision of the fauna of the Bokkeveld Beds. Annals of the South African Museum 22: 27-225.
62. REED, F.R.C. 1904. Mollusca from the Bokkeveld Beds. Annals of the South African Museum 4: 239-274. 1906. New fossils from the Bokkeveld Beds. Geological Magazine, Decade 5, 3: 301-310. 1907. Fauna of the Bokkeveld beds. Geological Magazine, Decade 5, 4: 166-171, 222-232. 1925. Revision of the fauna of the Bokkeveld Beds. Annals of the South African Museum 22: 27-225.
63. REED, F.R.C. 1904. Mollusca from the Bokkeveld Beds. Annals of the South African Museum 4: 239-274. 1906. New fossils from the Bokkeveld Beds. Geological Magazine, Decade 5, 3: 301-310. 1907. Fauna of the Bokkeveld beds. Geological Magazine, Decade 5, 4: 166-171, 222-232. 1925. Revision of the fauna of the Bokkeveld Beds. Annals of the South African Museum 22: 27-225.
64. REED, F.R.C. 1904. Mollusca from the Bokkeveld Beds. Annals of the South African Museum 4: 239-274. 1906. New fossils from the Bokkeveld Beds. Geological Magazine, Decade 5, 3: 301-310. 1907. Fauna of the Bokkeveld beds. Geological Magazine, Decade 5, 4: 166-171, 222-232. 1925. Revision of the fauna of the Bokkeveld Beds. Annals of the South African Museum 22: 27-225.
65. REIMANN, I.G. 1935. New species and some new occurrences of Middle Devonian blasloids. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural History 17: 23-45. 1945. New Devonian blastoids. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences 19(2): 22-42.
66. REIMANN, I.G. 1935. New species and some new occurrences of Middle Devonian blasloids. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural History 17: 23-45. 1945. New Devonian blastoids. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences 19(2): 22-42.
67. RENNIE, J.V.L. 1936. On Placocystella, a new genus of cystids from the Lower Devonian of South Africa Annals of the South African Museum 31: 269-275.
68. RILETT, M.H.P. 1971. Two new fossil ophiuroid species from the Bokkeveld Series, near Ceres, Cape Province. Annales of the Natal Museum 21: 29-35.
69. ROEMER, F. 1863. Neue Asteriden und Crinoiden aus devonischem Dachschiefer von Bundenbach bei Birkenfeld. Palaeontographica 9:143-152, pls 23-29.
70. ROSSOUW, P.J., 1933. On the geology of Weltevreden, Prince Albert district, with a diagnosis of an ophiuroid. Ophiurites sp. Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 36: 73-76.
71. RUEDEMANN, R. 1916. Palaeontologic contributions from the New York State Museum. New York State Museum Bulletin 189: 1-225.
72. RUST, I.C. 1973. The evolution of the Palaeozoic Cape Basin, southern margin of Africa. Pp. 247-276. In Nairn, A.E.M. & Stehli, F.G. (eds) The ocean basins and margins, 1. The South Atlantic. (Plenum: New York).
73. RUTA, M. & THERON, J.N. 1997. Two Devonian mitrates from South Africa. Palaeontology 40: 201-243.
74. SALTER, J.W. 1856. Description of Palaeozoic Crustacea and Radiata from South Africa. Transactions of the Geological Society of London 7: 215-224.
75. SANUBERGER, F. 1852. Über einige paläozoische Versteinerungen des Cap-Landes. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefactin-Kunde. Abhandlungen A 1852: 581-585.
76. SCHMIDT, W.E. 1934. Die Crinoideen des Rheinischen Devons. Teil 1: Die Crinoideen des Hunsrückschiefers. Abhandlungen der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt 163: 1-149. 1941. Die Crinoideen des Rheinischen Devons. Abhandlungen der Reichsstelle für Bodenforschung, Neue Folge 182: 1-253, pls 1-26.
77. SCHMIDT, W.E. 1934. Die Crinoideen des Rheinischen Devons. Teil 1: Die Crinoideen des Hunsrückschiefers. Abhandlungen der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt 163: 1-149. 1941. Die Crinoideen des Rheinischen Devons. Abhandlungen der Reichsstelle für Bodenforschung, Neue Folge 182: 1-253, pls 1-26.
78. SCHÖNDORF, F. 1910. Paläozoische Seesterne Deutschlands. 2. Die Aspidosomatiden des deutschen Unterdevon. Palaeontographica 57: 1-66.
79. SCHUCHERT, C. 1914. Stellaroidea palaeozoica. Pp. 1-53. In Frech, F. (ed.) Fossilium Catalogus 1: Animalia Part 3. (W. Junk: Berlin). 1915. Revision of Paleozoic Stelleroidea with special reference to North American Asteroidea. United States National Museum Bulletin 88:1-311, pls 1-38.
80. SCHUCHERT, C. 1914. Stellaroidea palaeozoica. Pp. 1-53. In Frech, F. (ed.) Fossilium Catalogus 1: Animalia Part 3. (W. Junk: Berlin). 1915. Revision of Paleozoic Stelleroidea with special reference to North American Asteroidea. United States National Museum Bulletin 88:1-311, pls 1-38.
81. SCHWARZ, E.H.L. 1906. South African Palaeozoic fossils Records of the Albany Museum 1: 347-404.
82. SHARPE, D. & SALTER, J.W. 1856. Description ot Palaeozoic fossils from South Africa. Transactions of the Geological Society of London 7: 203-206.
83. SIMON, E. 1884. Note sur le groupe des Microbothria. Bulletin de la Societé du Zoologique 9: 313-317.
84. SMITH, A.B. & JELL, P.A. 1990. Cambrian edrioasteroids from Australia and the origin of starfishes. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 28: 715-778.
85. SPENCER, W.K., 1914. British Palaeozoic Asterozoa. Part 1. Palaeontographical Society Monographs 1913: 1-56 1930. British Palaeozoic Asterozoa. Part 8. Palaeontographical Society Monographs 1928: 389-436. 1934. British Palaeozoic Asterozoa. Part 9. Palaeontographical Society Monographs 1933: 437-494. 1950a. A new brittlestar and an eurypterid from the Bokkeveld Strata. South African Journal of Science 46: 300-301. 1950b. Asterozoa and the study of Palaeozoic faunas. Geological Magazine 87:393-408.
86. SPENCER, W.K., 1914. British Palaeozoic Asterozoa. Part 1. Palaeontographical Society Monographs 1913: 1-56 1930. British Palaeozoic Asterozoa. Part 8. Palaeontographical Society Monographs 1928: 389-436. 1934. British Palaeozoic Asterozoa. Part 9. Palaeontographical Society Monographs 1933: 437-494. 1950a. A new brittlestar and an eurypterid from the Bokkeveld Strata. South African Journal of Science 46: 300-301. 1950b. Asterozoa and the study of Palaeozoic faunas. Geological Magazine 87:393-408.
87. SPENCER, W.K., 1914. British Palaeozoic Asterozoa. Part 1. Palaeontographical Society Monographs 1913: 1-56 1930. British Palaeozoic Asterozoa. Part 8. Palaeontographical Society Monographs 1928: 389-436. 1934. British Palaeozoic Asterozoa. Part 9. Palaeontographical Society Monographs 1933: 437-494. 1950a. A new brittlestar and an eurypterid from the Bokkeveld Strata. South African Journal of Science 46: 300-301. 1950b. Asterozoa and the study of Palaeozoic faunas. Geological Magazine 87:393-408.
88. SPENCER, W.K., 1914. British Palaeozoic Asterozoa. Part 1. Palaeontographical Society Monographs 1913: 1-56 1930. British Palaeozoic Asterozoa. Part 8. Palaeontographical Society Monographs 1928: 389-436. 1934. British Palaeozoic Asterozoa. Part 9. Palaeontographical Society Monographs 1933: 437-494. 1950a. A new brittlestar and an eurypterid from the Bokkeveld Strata. South African Journal of Science 46: 300-301. 1950b. Asterozoa and the study of Palaeozoic faunas. Geological Magazine 87:393-408.
89. SPENCER, W.K., 1914. British Palaeozoic Asterozoa. Part 1. Palaeontographical Society Monographs 1913: 1-56 1930. British Palaeozoic Asterozoa. Part 8. Palaeontographical Society Monographs 1928: 389-436. 1934. British Palaeozoic Asterozoa. Part 9. Palaeontographical Society Monographs 1933: 437-494. 1950a. A new brittlestar and an eurypterid from the Bokkeveld Strata. South African Journal of Science 46: 300-301. 1950b. Asterozoa and the study of Palaeozoic faunas. Geological Magazine 87:393-408.
90. SPENCER, W.K. & WRIGHT, C.W. 1966. Asterozoans. Pp. U4-U107. In Moore, R.C. (ed.). Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Part U. Echinodennata 3(1). (Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press: New York).
91. STEWART, G.A., 1940. Crinoids from the Silica Shale, Devonian, of Ohio. Ohio Journal of Science 40: 53-61.
92. STUKALINA, G.A., 1978. Cystoidea and crinoids. Trudy Institut Geologii i Geofiziki 397: 145-164.
93. TANKARD, A.J. & BARWIS, J.H. 1982. Wave-dominated deltaic sedimentation in the Devonian Bokkeveld basin of South Africa. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 52: 959-974.
94. THERON, J.N. 1970. A stratigraphical study of the Bokkeveld Group (Series). Pp. 197-204. In Haughton, E.H. (ed.) Second International Gondwana Symposium, Proceedings and Papers (Council for Scientific and Industrial Research: Pretoria). 1972. The stratigraphy and sedimentation of the Bokkeveld Group. DSc Thesis, University of Stellenbosch.
95. THERON, J.N. & JOHNSON, M.R. 1991. Bokkeveld Group (including the Ceres, Bidouw and Traka Subgroups). Pp. 3-3 to 3-6. In Johnson, M.R. (ed.) Catalogue of South African Lithostratigraphic units. (South African Committee for Stratigraphy: Pretoria).
96. THERON, J.N. & LOOCK, J.C. 1988. Devonian deltas of the Cape Supergroup, South Africa. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 14: 729-740.
97. THERON, J.N., BASSON, W.A. & HILL, R.S. 1995. Lithostratigraphy of the Gamka Formation (Bokkeveld Group). Lithostratigraphic series, South African Committee for Stratigraphy 29: 1-13.
98. THOM, G. 1830. Remarks on the geology of South Africa. South African Quarterly Journal 1: 269-271.
99. UBAGHS, G. 1978. Camerata. Pp. T408-T519. In Moore, R.C. & Teichert, C. (eds) Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, Part T, Echinodermata 2, Crinoidea. (Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press: Boulder, Colorado & Lawrence, Kansas).
100. WACHSMUTH, C. & SPRINGER, F. 1880. Revision of the Palaeocrinoidea. Part 1, the families Ichthyocrinidae and Cyathocrinidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1880: 226-378. 1886. Revision of the Palaeocrinoidea. Part 3, Section 2. Discussion of the classification and relations of the brachiate crinoids, and conclusion of the generic descriptions. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1886: 64-226. 1897. The North American Crinoidea Camerata. Harvard College Museum of Comparative Zoology Memoir 20: 1-897, pis 1-83 (3 vols).
101. WACHSMUTH, C. & SPRINGER, F. 1880. Revision of the Palaeocrinoidea. Part 1, the families Ichthyocrinidae and Cyathocrinidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1880: 226-378. 1886. Revision of the Palaeocrinoidea. Part 3, Section 2. Discussion of the classification and relations of the brachiate crinoids, and conclusion of the generic descriptions. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1886: 64-226. 1897. The North American Crinoidea Camerata. Harvard College Museum of Comparative Zoology Memoir 20: 1-897, pis 1-83 (3 vols).
102. WACHSMUTH, C. & SPRINGER, F. 1880. Revision of the Palaeocrinoidea. Part 1, the families Ichthyocrinidae and Cyathocrinidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1880: 226-378. 1886. Revision of the Palaeocrinoidea. Part 3, Section 2. Discussion of the classification and relations of the brachiate crinoids, and conclusion of the generic descriptions. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1886: 64-226. 1897. The North American Crinoidea Camerata. Harvard College Museum of Comparative Zoology Memoir 20: 1-897, pis 1-83 (3 vols).
103. WANNER, J. 1940. Neue Blastoideen aus dem Perm von Timor (mit einem Beitrag zur Systematik der Blastoideen). Geological Expedition to the Lesser Sunda Islands under the leadership of H.A. Brouwer 1: 217-277.
104. WILLIAMS, H.S. 1883. On a crinoid with movable spines (Arthroacantha ithacensis). American Philosophical Society Proceedings 21: 81-88.
105. WITHERS, R.B. & KEBLE, R.A. 1934. The Palaeozoic starfish of Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, new series 46: 220-249.