Small-scale hydrodynamics as a framework for plankton evolution

Japanese Journal of Limnology

Volumn 60, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 469-494

  Catalan, Jordi ^a  

^a Department of Ecology   (Spain)

Author keywords

Encounter rates; Life forms; Nutrient uptake; Turbulence

Indexed keywords

HYDRODYNAMICS; PLANKTON; PREDATION; TURBULENCE;

EID: 0033508496     PISSN: 00215104     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3739/rikusui.60.469     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. ALCARAZ, M., G. A. PAFFENHOFER, and J. R. STRICKLER (1980) : Catching the algae: a first account of visual observations on filter-feeding calanoids. In Evolution and ecology of zooplankton communities. W. C. KERFOOT (ed.) 241-248. The University Press of New England. Hanover, NH.
2. ALCARAZ, M., E. SAIZ and A. CALBET (1994) : Small-scale turbulence and zooplankton metabolism : effects of turbulence on heartbeat rates of planktonic crustaceans. Limnol. Oceanogr., 39 : 1465-1470.
3. ALLDREDGE, A. L. and G. A. JACKSON (eds.) (1995) : Topical studies in oceanography. Aggregation in marine systems. Deep-Sea Res. II, 42 : 1-273.
4. ANDREWS, J. C. (1983) : Deformation of the active space in the low Reynolds number feeding current of calanoid copepods, Can. J. Fish. Aquat Sci., 40 : 1293-1302.
5. BANSE, K. (1982) : Cell volumes, maximal growth rates of unicellular algae and ciliates, and the role of ciliates in the marine pelagial. Limnol. Oceanogr., 27 : 1059-1071.
6. BATCHELOR, G. K. and A. A. TOWNSEND (1949) : The nature of turbulent motion at large wave numbers. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A, 199 : 238-255.
7. BATCHELOR, G. K. (1959) : Small scale variation of convected quantities like temperature in turbulent fluid. J. Fluid Mech., 5 : 113-133.
8. BERDALET, E. (1992) : Effects of turbulence on the marine dinoflagellate Gymnodinium nelsonii. J. Phycol., 28 : 267-272.
9. BOWEN, J. D., K. D. STOLZENBACH and S. W. CHISHOLM (1993) : Simulating bacterial clustering around phytoplankton cells in a turbulent ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr., 38 : 36-51.
10. BRAINERD, K. E. and M. C. GREGG (1993) : Diurnal restratification and turbulence in the oceanic surface mixed layer. 1. Observations. J. Geophys. Res., 98 : 22645-22656
11. CAPBLANCQ, J. and J. CATALAN (1994) : Phytoplankton : which, and how much ? In Limnology Now : A Paradigm of Planetary Problems. R. Margalef (ed.) 9-36 Elsevier, Amsterdam.
12. CATALAN, J. and E. J. FEE (1994) : Interannual variability in limnic ecosystems : origin, patterns, and predictability. In Limnology now. A pardigm of planetary problems. R. Margalef (ed.) : 81-98. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
13. COMTE-BELLOT, G. and S. CORSIN (1971) : Simple Eulerian time correlation of full and narrow-band velocity signals in grid generated "isotropic" turbulence. J. Fluid Mech., 48 : 273-337.
14. DAVIS, C. S., G. R. FLIERL, P. H. WIEBE and P. J. S. FRANKS (1991) : Micropatchiness, turbulence and recruitment in plankton. J. Mar. Res., 46 : 77-103.
15. DEMOTT, W. R. and M. D. WATSON (1991) : Remote detection of algae by copepods:responses to algal size, odors and motility. J. Plankton Res., 13 : 1203-1222.
16. DEWEY, R. K. and J. N. MOUN (1990) : Enhancement of fronts by vertical mixing. J. Geophys. Res., 95 : 9433-9445.
17. DILLON, T. M. and D. R. CALDWELL (1980) : The Bachelor spectrum and dissipation in the upper ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 85 : 1910-1916.
18. DILLON, T. M. (1982) : Vertical overturns: a comparison of Thorpe and Ozmidov length scales. J. Geophy. Res., 87 : 9601-9613.
19. ETEMAD-SHAHIDI, A. and J. IMBERGER (submitted) : Anatomy of turbulence in thermally stratificied lakes.
20. FENCHEL, T. and B. J. FINLAY (1983) : Respiration rates in heterotrophic, free-living protozoa. Microb. Ecol., 9 : 99-122.
21. FENCHEL, T. (1986) : Protozoan filter feeding. Prog. Protistol., 1 : 65-113.
22. FENCHEL, T. and P. R. JONSSON (1988) : The functional biology of Strombidium sulcatum, a marine oligotrich ciliate (Ciliophora, Oligotrichina). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 48 : 1-15.
23. FRISCH, U., P. L. SULEM and N. NELKIN (1978) : A simple dynamical model of intermittent fully developed turbulence. J. Fluid Mech., 87 : 719-736.
24. GAVIS, L. (1976) : Munk and Riley revisited : nutrient diffusion transport and rates of phytoplankton growth. J. Mar. Res., 34 : 161-179.
25. GERRITSEN, J. and J. R. STRICKLER (1977) : Encounter probabilities and community structure in zooplankton: a mathematical model. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can., 34 : 73-82.
26. GOOL, E. v. and J. RINGELBERG (1996) : Daphnids respond to algae-associated odours. J. Plantkon Res., 18 : 197-202.
27. GRANT, H. L., R. W. STEWART and A. MOILLIET (1962) : Turbulence spectra from a tidal channel. J. Fluid Mech., 12 : 241-268.
28. GREGG, M. C. (1987) : Diapycnal mixing in the thermocline : a review. J. Geophys. Res., 92 : 5249-5286.
29. GREGG, M. C., H. E. SEIM and D. B. PERCIVAL (1993) : Statistics of shear and turbulent dissipation profiles in random internal wave fields. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23 : 1777-1799.
30. HANSEN, P. J., P. K. BIORNSEN and B. W. HANSEN (1997) : Zooplankton grazing and growth: scaling within 2-2,000 μm body size range. Limnol. Oceanogr., 42 : 687-704.
31. HEMMINGSEN, A. M. (1960) : Energy metabolism as related to body size and respiratory surfaces, and its evolution. Rep. Steno Mem. Hosp. Nord. Insulin Lab., 8 : 1-110.
32. HILL, P. S. (1992) : Reconciling aggregation theory with observed vertical fluxes following phytoplankton blooms. J. Geophys. Res., 97 : 2295-2308.
33. HORNE, A. J. and C. R. GOLDMAN (1994) : Limnology, McGraw-Hill, New York.
34. HUTCHINSON, G. E. (1961) : The paradox of the plankton. American Naturalist, 95 : 137-146.
35. IMBERGER, J. (1985) : Thermal characteristics of standing waters : an illustration of dynamics processes. Hydrobiologia, 125 : 7-29.
36. IMBERGER, J. and J. C. PATTERSON (1990) : Physical Limnology. Advances in Applied Mechanics, 27 : 303-471.
37. IMBERGER, J. and G. N. IVEY (1991) : On the nature of turbulence in a stratified fluid. Part II: application to lakes. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21 : 659-680.
38. IMBERGER, J. (1994) : Transport processes in lakes : A review. In Limnology now : a paradigm of planetary problems. R. MARGALEF (ed.) : 99-193. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
39. IVEY, G. N. and J. IMBERGER (1991) : On the nature of turbulence in a stratified fluid. Part I : the energetics of mixing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21 : 650-658.
40. JACKSON, G. A. (1993) : Flux feeding as a mechanism for zooplankton grazing and its implications for vertical particulate flux. Limnol. Oceanogrl., 38 : 1328-1331.
41. JIMÉNEZ, J., A. A. WRAY, P. G. SAFMANN and R. S. ROGALLO (1993) : The structure of intense vorticity in isotropic turbulence. J. Fluid Mech., 255 : 65-90.
42. JIMÉNEZ, J. and A. A. WRAY (1994) : Columnar vortices in isotropic turbulence. Meccanica, 29 : 453-464.
43. JIMÉNEZ, J. (1997) : Oceanic turbulence at millimeter scale. Sci. Mar., 61 Supl. 1 : 47-56.
44. JOHNSON, B. D. and P. E. KEPKAY (1992) : Colloid transport and bacterial utilization of oceanic DOC. Deep-Sea Res., 39 : 855-869.
45. JUMARS, P. A., J. W. DEMING, P. S. HILL, L. KARP-BOSS, P. L. YAGER and W. B. DADE (1993) : Physical constraints on marine osmotrophy in an optimal foraging context. Marine Microbial Food Webs, 7 : 121-159.
46. KIØRBOE, T. and E. SAIZ (1995) : Planktivorous feeding in calm and turbulent environments with emphasis on copepods. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 122 : 135-145.
47. KIØRBOE, T. (1997) : Small-scale turbulence, marine snow formation, and planktivorous feeding. Sci. Mar., 61 (Suppl. 1) : 141-158.
48. KLAFTER, J., M. F. SHLESINGER and G. ZUMOFEN (1996) : Beyond Brownian motion. Physics today, 49 : 33-39.
49. KOLMOGOROV, A. N. (1941) : The local structure of turbulence in incompressible viscous fluids at very large numbers. Dokl. Nauk. SSSR, 30 : 301-305.
50. KRANCK, K. and T. G. MILLIGAN (1988) : Macroflocs from diatioms : in situ photography of particles in Bedford Basin, Nova Scotia. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 44 : 183-189.
51. KUNZE, E., A. J. WILLIAMS III and M. G. BRISCOE (1990) : Observations of shear and vertical stability from a neutrally buoyant float. J. Geophys. Res., 95 : 18127-18142.
52. LAZIER, J. R. N. and K. H. MANN (1989) : Turbulence and the diffusive layers around organisms. Deep-Sea Res., 36 : 1721-1733.
53. LEGENDRE, L. and S. DEMERS (1984) : Towards dynamic biological oceanography and limnology. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 41 : 2-19.
54. LEVANDOWSKY, M., J KLAFTER and B. S. WHITE (1988) : Feeding and swimming behavior in grazing microzooplankton. J. Protozool., 35 : 243-246.
55. LEWIS, W. M. JR (1989) : Further evidence for anomalous size scaling of respiration in phytoplankton. J. Phycol., 25 : 395-397.
56. LI, M., K. ZAHARIEV and C. GARRET (1995) : Role of Langmuir circulation in the deepening of the ocean surface mixed layer. Science, 270 : 1955-1957.
57. LI, X. and B. E. LOGAN (1995) : Size distributions and fractal properties of particles during a simulated phytoplankton bloom in a mesocosm. Deep-Sea Res., 42 :
58. MACINTYRE, S. (1993) : Vertical mixing in a shallow, eutrophic lake : Possible consequences for the light climate of phytoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr., 38 : 798-817.
59. MANN, K. H. and J. R. N. LAZIER (1991) : Dynamics of marine ecosystems. Biological-physical interactions in the oceans, Blackwell scientific publications, Boston.
60. MARGALEF, R. (1978) : Life-forms of phytoplankton as survival alternatives in an unstable environment. Oceanologia Acta. 1 : 493-509.
61. MARGALEF, R. (1997) : Our Biosphere, Ecology Institute, Oldendorf/Luhe.
62. MEGARD, R. O., M. M. KUNS, M. C. WHITESIDE and J. A. DOWNING (1997) : Spatial distributions of zooplankton during coastal upwelling in western Lake Superior. Limnol. Oceanogr., 42 : 827-840.
63. MITCHELL, J. G., A. OKUBO and J. A. FUHRMAN (1985) : Microzones surrounding phytoplankton form the basis for a stratified marine microbial ecosystem. Nature, 316 : 58-59.
64. MOUM, J. N. and D. R. CALDWELL (1994) : Experiment explores the dynamics of ocean mixing. EOS, 75 : 489-495.
65. MUNK, W. H. and G. RILEY (1952) : Absorption of nutrients by aquatic plants. J. Mar. Res., 11 : 215-240.
66. MURRRAY, A. G. and G. A. JACKSON (1992) : Viral dynamics : a model of the effects of size, shape, motion and abundance of single-celled planktonic organisms and other particles. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 89 : 103-116.
67. OSBORN, T. (1996) : The role of turbulent diffusion for copepods with feeding currents. J. Plankton Res., 18 : 185-195.
68. PETERS, F. and T. GROSS (1994) : Increased grazing rates of microplankton in response to small-scale turbulence. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 115 : 299-307.
69. PETERS, R. H., E. DEMERS, M. KOELLE and B. R. MACKENZIE (1994) : The allometry of swimming speed and predation. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol., 25 : 2316-2323.
70. PETERS, F. and J. M. REDONDO (1997) : Turbulence generation and measurement : application to studies on plankton. Sci. Mar., 61 (Supl. 1) : 205-228.
71. POLLINGER, U. and E. ZEMEL (1981) : In situ experimental evidence of the influence of turbulence on cell division processes of Peridinium cinctum forma westii (LEMM.). Br. Phycol. J., 16 : 281-287.
72. POLZIN, K. (1996) : Statistics of the Richardson number: mixing models and finestructure. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26 : 1409-1425.
73. REYNOLDS, C. S. (1984) : The ecology of freshwater phytoplankton, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
74. RICHERSON, P. J., R. ARMSTRONG and C. R. GOLDMAN (1970) : Contemporaneous disequilibrium, a new hipothesis to explain the paradox of the plankton. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 67 : 1710-1714.
75. ROBINSON, W. R., R. H. PETERS and J. ZIMMERMANN (1983) : The effects of body size and temperature on metabolic rate of organisms. Can. J. Zool., 61 : 281-288.
76. ROSENZWEIG, M. L. (1995) : Species diversity in space and time, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
77. ROTHSCHILD, B. J. and T. R. OSBORN (1988) : Small-scale turbulence and plankton contact rates. J. Plankton Res., 10 : 465-474.
78. SADDOUGHI, S. G. and S. V. VEERAVALI (1994) : Local isotropy in turbulence boundary layers at high Reynolds numbers. J. Fluid Mech., 268 : 333-372.
79. SAIZ, E. (1994) : Observations on the free-swimming behaviour of the copepod Acartia tonsa : Effects of food concentration and turbulent water. Limnol. Oceanogr., 39: 1566-1578.
80. SEIM, H. E. and M. C. GREGG (1994) : Detailed observations of a naturally occurring shear instability. J. Geophys. Res., 99 : 10049-10073.
81. SHIMETA, J. (1993) : Diffusional encounter of submicrometer particles and small cells by suspension feeders. Limnol. Oceanogr., 38 : 456-465.
82. SHUTER, B. J. (1978) : Size dependence of phosphorus and nitrogen subsistence quotas in unicellular microorganisms. Limnol. Oceanogr., 23 : 1248-1255.
83. SIGGIA, E. D. (1981) : Numerical study of small scale intermittency in three dimensional turbulence. J. Fluid Mech., 107 : 375-406.
84. SIMPSON, G. G. (1953) : The major features of evolution, Columbia University Press.,
85. SOLOVIEV, A. V., N. V. VERSHINSKY and V. A. BEZVERCHINI (1988) : Small-scale turbulence measurements in the thin surface layer of the ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 35 : 1859-1874.
86. SREENIVASAN, K. R. (1991) : Fractals and multifractals in fluid turbulence. Ann. Rev. Fluid. Mech., 23 : 539-600.
87. STEPHENS, D. W. and J. R. KEBS (1986) : Foraging theory, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
88. STOLOVITZKY, G., K. R. SREENIVASAN and A. JUNEJA (1993) : Scaling functions and scaling exponents in turbulence. Phys. Rev. E, 48 : 3217-3220.
89. STOLZENBACH, K. D. and M. ELIMELECH (1994) : The effect of particle density on collisions between sinking particles : Implications for particle aggregation in the ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 41 : 469-483.
90. SUNDBY, S. and P. FOSSUM (1990) : Feeding conditions of Arcto-Norwegian cod larvae compared to the Rothshild-Osborn theory on small-scale turbulence and plankton contact rates. J. Plankton Res., 12 : 1153-1162.
91. TENNEKES, H. and J. L. LUMLEY (1972) : A first course in turbuylence. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachussetts.
92. THOMAS, W. H. and C. H. GIBSON (1990) : Quantified small-scale turbulence inhibits a red tide dinoflagellate, Gonyaulax polyedra Stein. Deep-Sea Res., 37 : 1583-1593.
93. THORPE, S. A. (1969) : Neutral eigensolutions of the stability equation for stratified shear flow. J. Fluid. Mech., 36 : 673-683.
94. THORPE, S. A. (1977) : Turbulence and mixing in a Scottish Loch. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A, 28, 6 : 125-181.
95. VERZICCO, R., J. JIMENEZ and P. ORLANDI (1995) : Steady columnar vortices under local compression. J. Fluid Mech., 299 : 367-388.
96. WEILENMANN, U., C. R. O'MELIA and W. STUMM (1989) : Particle transport in lakes: models and measurements. Limnol. Oceanogr., 34 : 1-18.
97. WOODS, J. D. (1968) : Wave-induced shear instability in the summer thermocline. J. Fluid. Mech., 32 : 791-800.
98. YAMAZAKI, H. and T. OSBORN (1993) : Direct estimation of heat flux in seasonal thermocline, T. Phys, Oceanogr., 23 : 503-516.