Empowering the “victim”? gender, development, and women in china under reform

Journal of Geography

Volumn 98, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 283-294

  Cartier, Carolyn ^a   Rothenberg Aalami, Jessica ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OREGON   (United States)

Author keywords

China; Development victim; Gender; Geography

Indexed keywords

DEVELOPMENT DISCOURSE; FEMINISM; GENDER ROLE; WOMENS EMPLOYMENT; WOMENS STATUS;

CHINA;

EID: 0033503829     PISSN: 00221341     EISSN: 17526868     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00221349908978942     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. All-China Women's Federation. 1993. The Impact of Economic Development on Rural Women in China, Tokyo:United Nations University.
2. Boserup, E., 1970. Women's Role in Economic Development, London:George Allen and Unwin.
3. Bray, F., 1997. Technology and Gender:Fabrics of Power in Late Imperial China, Berkeley:University of California Press.
4. Buvinic, M., 1986. Projects for women in the Third World:Explaining their misbehavior. World Development, 14:653–664.
5. Carino, T. C., 1995. Women of Henan. China Currents, 6:35–39.
6. Clinton, H. R., Remarks to the United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women. Beijing, China. http://www.whitehouse.gov/WH/EOP/First_Lady/html/generalspeeches/1995/plenary.htmlAvailable from
7. Cornia, G., Jolly, R., and Stewart, F., 1987. Adjustment with a Human Face:Protecting the Vulnerable and Promoting Growth, New York:Oxford University Press.
8. Croll, E., 1978. Feminism and Socialism in China, London:Routledge and Keegan Paul.
9. Croll, E., 1983. Chinese Women Since Mao, London:Zed Books.
10. Croll, E., 1994. From Heaven to Earth:Images and Experiences of Development in China, London and New York:Routledge.
11. Davin, D., 1991. “ Women, work and property in the Chinese peasant household of the 1980s ”. In Male Bias in the Development Process, Edited by:Elson, D., 29–50. Manchester:Manchester University Press.
12. Davin, D., 1996a. Gender and rural-urban migration in China. Gender and Development, 4:24–30.
13. Davin, D., 1996b. Migration and rural women in China:A look at the gendered impact of large scale migration. Journal of International Development, 8:655–665.
14. Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era. Securing our gains and moving forward in the 21st century. Position Paper by DAWN for the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing. Barbados:University of the West Indies.
15. El Sadawi, N., Mernissi, F., and Vajarathon, M., 1978. A critical look at the Wellesley conference. Quest, 4:101–107.
16. Elson, D., 1991. Male Bias in the Development Process, Manchester:Manchester University Press.
17. Elson, D., 1998. “ Talking to the boys:Gender and economic growth models ”. In Feminist Visions of Development:Gender Analysis and Policy, Edited by:Jackson, C., and Pearson, R., 155–170. London:Routledge.
18. Gilmartin, C. K., Hershatter, G., Rofel, L., and White, T., 1996. Engendering China:Women, Culture, and the State, Cambridge, Massachusetts:Harvard University Press.
19. Ho, S. P. S., 1995. Rural Non-agricultural development in post-reform China:Growth, development, patterns, and issues. Pacific Affairs, 68:360–391.
20. Hsing, Y., 1998. Making Capitalism in China:The Taiwan Connection, Oxford:Oxford University Press.
21. Jahan, R., 1995. The Elusive Agenda:Mainstreaming Women in Development, Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey:Zed Books.
22. Judd, E. R., 1994. Gender and Power in Rural North China, Stanford, California:Stanford University Press.
23. Kelkar, G., and Wang, Y., 1997. Farmers, women, and economic reform in China. Bulletin of Concerned Asia Scholars, 29:69–77.
24. Lau, K. C., 1995. Women pay for the economic miracle in China and Hong Kong. Asian Exchange, 11:35–78.
25. Lee, C. K., 1995. Engendering the worlds of labor:Women workers, labor markets, and production politics in the South China economic miracle. American Sociological Review, 60:378–397.
26. Lim, L., 1983. “ Capitalism, imperialism and patriarchy:The dilemma of Third-World women workers in multinational factories ”. In Women, Men and the International Division of Labor, Edited by:Nash, J., and Fernandez-Kelly, M., 70–91. Albany:State University of New York Press.
27. Lin, J., 1995. Women and rural development in China. Canadian Journal of Development Studies, 16:229–240.
28. Liu, W., and Zhang, R., 1997. “ Chinese women face discrimination in job search ”. In China Daily http://www.cnd.org/CND-Global/CND-Global.97.4th/CND-Global.97–12–21.htmlDec. 22. Available from
29. MacLeod, L., 1998. The dying fields:Economic pressures have spawned a tragedy in rural China:Women are killing themselves at an alarming rate. Far Eastern Economic Review, 161 (17):62–63.
30. Massey, D., 1994. Space, Place, and Gender, Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press.
31. Meng, X., and Miller, P., 1995. Occupational segregation and its impact on gender wage discrimination in China's rural industrial sector. Oxford Economic Papers, 47:136–155.
32. Mohanty, C. T., 1984. Under Western eyes:Feminist scholarship and colonial discourses. Boundary Two, 12 (3):333–358. 13(l)
33. Mohanty, C. T., 1991. “ Cartographies of struggle:Third World women and the politics of feminism ”. In Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism, Edited by:Mohanty, C. T., Russo, A., and Torres, L., 1–47. Bloomington:Indiana University Press.
34. Momsen, J., 1991. Women and Development in the Third World, New York:Routledge.
35. Momsen, J. H., and Kinnaird, V., 1993. Different Places, Different Voices:Gender and Development in Africa, Asia and Latin America, New York:Routledge.
36. Momsen, J., and Townsend, J., 1987. Geography of Gender in the Third World, Albany:State University of New York Press.
37. Rai, S. M., 1994a. Gender issues in China:A survey. China Report, 30 (4):407–420.
38. Rai, S. M., 1994b. Modernisation and gender:Education and employment in post-Mao China. Gender and Education, 6 (2):119–129.
39. Rathgeber, E., 1990. WID, WAD, GAD:Trends in research and practice. Journal of Developing Areas, 24:489–582.
40. Rofel, L., 1993. Where feminism lies:Field encounters in China. Frontiers, 13 (3):33–52.
41. Shen, S., and Wan, G., 1997. “ 10 million children drop out of schools due to financial problems ”. In China News Digest http://www.cnd.org/CND-Global/Apr. 25 Available from
42. Singh, N., 1997. Of victim women and surplus peoples:Reproductive technologies and the representation of “Third World” women. Studies in Political Economy, 52:155–173.
43. Sparr, P., 1994. Mortgaging Women's Lives:Feminist Critiques of Structural Adjustment, Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey:Zed Books.
44. Spring Bud Plan. 1997. http://www.chinaplaza.com/springbud/
45. Stacey, J., 1983. Patriarchy and Socialist Revolution in China, Berkeley:University of California Press.
46. Stockman, N., 1994. Gender inequality and social structure in urban China. Sociology, 28 (3):759–777.
47. Summerfield, G., 1994a. “ Chinese women and the post-Mao economic reforms ”. In Women in the Age of Economic Transformation:Gender Impact of Reforms in Post-Socialist and Developing Countries, Edited by:Aslanbeigui, N., Pressman, S., and Summerfield, G., 113–128. London and New York:Routledge.
48. Summerfield, G., 1994b. Economic reform and the employment c Chinese women. Journal of Economic Issues, 28:715–732.
49. Summerfield, G., 1997. Economic transition in China and Vietnam:Crossing the poverty line is just the first step for women and their families. Review of Social Economy, 55:201–214.
50. UNIFEM. 1996. “ UNIFEM ”. In Beijing and Beyond:Celebrating the Fourth World Conference on Women, 26–28. New York:UNIFEM.
51. World M. Bank. 1996. Implementing the World Bank's Gender Policies, Washington, D.C.:The World Bank. http://www.worldbank.org/html/hcovp.gender.contents.htmlProgress Report No. 1, Available from
52. World Bank. 1997a. At China's Table:Food Security Options.
53. Washington, D. C. World Bank. 1997b. China Engaged:Integration with the Global Economy.
54. Washington, D. C., Wu, L., and Xiang, B., 1998. “ Women's federation warns government against forced maternity leave ”. In China News Digest http://www.cnd.org/CND-Global/Mar. 6. Available from
55. Wu, E., and Mok, C., 1998. “ High suicide rates in China ”. In China News Digest http://www.cnd.org/CND-Global/Jan. 26.
56. Zhang, J., 1994. Development in a Chinese reality:Rural women's organizations in China. Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 10 (4):71–91.