The Keweenaw Current and ice rafting: Use of satellite imagery to investigate copper-rich particle dispersal

Journal of Great Lakes Research

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 642-662

  Budd, Judith ^a   Kerfoot, W Charles ^a   Pilant, Andrew ^a,b   Jipping, Lisa M ^a,c  

^a MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

^c US Army Corps of Engineers Detroit District   (United States)

Author keywords

AVHRR; Copper; Ice rafting; Keweenaw Current; Lake Superior; Water temperature

Indexed keywords

AVHRR; COPPER; CURRENT; ICE RAFTING; SATELLITE IMAGERY;

GREAT LAKES(LAKE SUPERIOR); NORTH AMERICA;

RANGIFER TARANDUS;

EID: 0033503173     PISSN: 03801330     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0380-1330(99)70768-9     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Adams, C.E. Jr. 1970. Summer circulation in western Lake Superior. In Proc. 13th Conf. Great Lakes Res., pp. 862-879. Intern. Assoc. Great Lakes Res.
2. Assel, R.A. 1985. Lake Superior cooling season temperature climatology. NOAA TM ERL GLERL-58. Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, 2300 Washtenaw, Ann Arbor, MI 48104.
3. _. 1986. Fall and winter thermal structure of Lake Superior. J. Great Lakes Res. 12(4):251-262.
4. Barnes, P.W., Kempema, E.W., Reimnitz, E., and McCormick, M. 1994. The influence of ice on southern Lake Michigan coastal erosion. J. Great Lakes Res. 20(1):179-195.
5. Barton, I.J., Zavody, A.M., O'Brien, D.M., Cutten, D.R., Saunders, R.W., and Lluwellyn-Jones, D.T. 1989. Theoretical algorithms for satellite-derived sea surface temperatures. J. Geophys. Res. 94:3365-3375.
6. Beeton, A.M., Johnson, J.H., and Smith, S.H. 1959. Lake Superior limnological data 1951-1957. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report, Fisheries No. 297.
7. Bennett, E.B. 1978. Characteristics of the thermal regime of Lake Superior. J. Great Lakes Res. 4:310-319.
8. Bernstein, R.L. 1982. Sea surface temperature estimation using the NOAA-6 satellite advanced very high resolution radiometer. J. Geophys. Res. 87: 9455-9465.
9. Bhargava, D.S., and Mariam, D.W. 1991. Effects of suspended particle size and concentration on reflectance measurements. Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. 57(5):519-529.
10. Environment Canada and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EC & USEPA). 1987. The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book. Chicago USEPA Great Lakes National Program Office, and Toronto: Environment Canada, Ontario Region.
11. Feit, D.M., and Goldenberg, D.S. 1976. Climatology of surface temperatures of Lakes Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario. TDL Office Note 76-16, National Weather Service, Systems DEvelopment Office, Techniques Development Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD 20233.
12. Grassl, H. 1976. The dependence of the measured cool skin of the ocean on wind stress and total heat flux. Boundary Layer Meteorol. 10:465-474.
13. Green, T., and Terrell, R. E. 1980. The surface temperature structure associated with the Keweenaw Current in Lake Superior. J. Geophys. Res. 83:419-426.
14. Harrington, M. S. 1895. Currents in the Great Lakes. U.S. Weather Bur., Bull. B, Washington, D.C.
15. Huang, J.C.K. 1972. The thermal bar. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics 3:83-107.
16. International Joint Commission (IJC). 1977. Waters of Lake Huron and Lake Superior, vol. III part B: Lake Superior, ed. Upper Lakes Reference Group, pp. 249-275. Windsor, Ontario.
17. Irbe, J.G. 1972a. Aerial surveys of Great Lakes water temperatures, April 1968 to March 1970. Climatology Division, Atmospheric Environment Service, Downsview, ON.
18. _. 1972b. An operational program for measuring surface water temperature by airborn radiation thermometer [ART] survey. In Proceedings, First Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing, pp. 183-200. Atmospheric Environment Service, Department of the Environment, Downsview, Ontario.
19. Jipping, L. M. 1991. Advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) imagery applied to Lake Superior thermal structure. Ms. thesis, Michigan Technological University,
20. Kemp, A.L., Williams, J.D.H., Thomas, R.L., and Gregory, M.L. 1978. Impact of man's activities on the chemical composition of the sediments of Lakes Superior and Huron. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 10:381-402.
21. Kerfoot, W.C., and Robbins, J.A. 1999. Nearshore regions of Lake Superior: Multi-element signatures of mining discharges and a test of Pb-210 deposition under conditions of variable sediment mass flux. J. Great Lakes Res. 25:697-720.
22. _, Lauster, G., and Robbins, J.A. 1994. Paleolimnological study of copper mining around Lake Superior: Artificial varves from Portage Lake provide a high resolution record. Limnol. Oceanogr. 39(3):649-669.
23. Kidwell, K.B. 1986. NOAA Polar Orbiter Data Users Guide. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, D.C.
24. _. 1991. NOAA Polar Orbiter Data Users Guide. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, D.C.
25. Kraft, K.J. 1979. Pontoporeia distribution along the Keweenaw shore of Lake Superior affected by copper tailings. J. Great Lakes Res. 5:28-35.
26. Lathrop, R.G., and Lillesand, T.M. 1986. Use of Thematic Mapper Data to assess water quality in Green Bay and Central Lake Michigan. Photogrammet. Eng. Rem. Sens. 52 (5):671-680.
27. _, and Lillesand, T. M. 1987. Calibration of thematic mapper thermal data for water surface temperature mapping: case study on the Great Lakes. Remote Sensing Environ. 22:297-307.
28. _, Vande Castle, J.R., and Lillesand, T.M. 1990. Monitoring river plume transport and mesoscale circulation in Green Bay, Lake Michigan through satellite remote sensing. J. Great Lakes Res. 16:471-484.
29. LeDrew, E.F., and Franklin, S.E. 1985. The use of thermal infrared imagery in surface current analysis of a small lake. Photogrammet. Eng. Rem. Sens. 51(5): 565-573.
30. Leshkevich, G.A., Schwab, D.J., and Muhr, G.C. 1993. Satellite environmental monitoring of the Great Lakes: A review of NOAA's Great Lakes CoastWatch program. Photogrammet. Eng. Rem. Sens. 59(3) 371-380.
31. Marsh, W.M., Marsh, B.D., and Dozier, J. 1973. Formation, structure, and geomorphic influence of Lake Superior icefoots. Amer. J. Sci. 273:38-64.
32. McClain, E. P., Pichel, W.G., and Walton, C.C. 1985a. Comparative performance of AVHRR-based multi-channel sea surface temperature. J. Geophys. Res. 90:11,587-11,601.
33. _, Pichel, W.G., and Walton, C.C., 1985b. Multiple atmospheric-window techniques for satellite-derived sea surface temperatures. J. Geophys. Res (90)C6: 11,587-11,601.
34. McMillin, L.M. 1975. Estimation of sea surface temperatures from two infrared window measurements with different absorption. J. Geophys. Res. 80(36): 5113-5517.
35. _, and Crosby, D.S. 1984. Theory and validation of the multiple window sea surface temperature technique. J. Geophys. Res. 89(C3):3655-3661.
36. Minnett, P.J. 1990. The regional optimization of infrared measurements of sea surface temperature from space. J. Geophys. Res. 95:13,497-13,510.
37. Mortimer, C.H. 1988. Discoveries and testable hypotheses arising from Coastal Zone Color Scanner imagery of southern Lake Michigan. Limnol. Oceanogr. 33:203-226.
38. Murthy, C.R., and Dunbar, D.S. 1981. Structure of the flow within the Coastal Boundary Layer of the Great Lakes. J. Great Lakes Res. 11:1567-1577.
39. Niebauer, H.J. 1976. Wind driven coastal upwelling in Lake Superior. Ph.D. thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
40. O'Hara, N.M., and Ayers, J.C. 1972. Stages of shore ice development. In Proc. 15th Conf. Great Lakes Res., pp. 521-535. Internat. Assoc. Great Lakes Res.
41. Paulson, C.A., and J.J. Simpson. 1981. The temperature difference across the cool skin of the ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 86(C11):11,044-11,054
42. Phillips, D.W. 1978. Environmental climatology of Lake Superior. J. Great Lakes Res. 4(3-4):288-309.
43. Pichel, W., Clemente-Colon, P., Sapper, J., Duda, C., and Krasnopolsky,V. 1995. Validation and quality control of CoastWatch satellite-derived water-surface-temperature imagery. In Proceedings of the Third Thematic Conference on Remote Sensing for Marine and Coastal Environments. Seattle WA, ERIM, September 18-20.
44. Pickett, R.L. 1980. Observed and predicted Great Lakes winter circulations. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 10:1140-1145.
45. Planet, W.G. 1988. Data Extraction and Calibration of TIROS-N/NOAA Radiometers. NOAA Tech. Memo NESS 107-Rev. 1, Washington, D.C.
46. Ragotzkie, R.A. 1966. The Keweenaw Current, a regular feature of summer circulation of Lake Superior. Tech. Rept. No. 29. Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, Dept. of Meteorology.
47. _. 1974. Vertical motions along the northern shore of Lake Superior. In Proc. 17th Conf. Great Lakes Res., pp. 456-461. Internat. Assoc. Great Lakes Res.
48. _, and Bratnick, M. 1965. Infrared temperature patterns on Lake Superior and inferred vertical motions. In Proc. Eighth Conf. Great Lakes Res., pp. 349-357. Internat. Assoc. Great Lakes Res.
49. Sabatinti, R.R. 1971. The feasibility of using Nimbus HRIR and THIR measurements for obtaining surface temperatures of Lake Michigan. In Proc. 14th Conf. Great Lakes Res., pp. 487-494. Internat. Assoc. Great Lakes Res.
50. Saunders, P.M. 1967. The temperature at the ocean-air interface. J. Atmos. Sci. 24:269-273.
51. Schluessel, P., Shin, H.Y., Emery, W.J., and Grassl, H. 1987. Comparison of satellite-derived sea surface temperature with in situ skin measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 92:2859-2874.
52. _, Emery W.J., Grassl, H., and Mummen, T. 1990. On the bulk-skin temperature difference and its impact on satellite remote sensing of sea surface temperature. J. Geophys. Res. 95:13,341-13,356.
53. Sloss, P.W., and Saylor, J. H. 1976. Large-scale current measurements in Lake Superior. Techn. Rep. N.O.A.A. ERL 363-GLERL 8.
54. Smith, N. 1972. Summertime temperatures and circulation patterns in Lake Superior. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison.
55. _. 1973. The fall overturn and winter cooling in Lake Superior. Limnol. Oceanogr. 18(3):483-187.
56. _. 1974. A note on spring warming in Lake Superior. Water Res. Bull. American Water Resources Assoc. Vol. 10. No. 5.
57. _, and Ragotzkie, R.A., 1970. A comparison of computed and measured currents in Lake Superior. In Proc. 13 Conf. Great Lakes Res., pp. 670-675. Internat. Assoc. Great Lakes Res.
58. Spain, J.D., Wernert, G.M., and Hubbard, D.W. 1975. The structure of the spring thermal bar in Lake Superior, II. 18 Conf. Great Lakes Res., Albany.
59. Strong, A.E. 1974. Great Lakes temperature maps by satellite (IFYGL). In Proc. 17th Conf. Great Lakes Res., pp. 321-333. Internat. Assoc. Great Lakes Res.
60. _, and Eadie, B.J. 1978. Satellite observations of calcium carbonate precipitations in the Great Lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 23(5):877-887.
61. Strong, M.L. 1995. Use of HIS transformation with LANDSAT Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery for detection of suspended sediments and sediment loading in freshwater systems. Ms. thesis, Forestry and Wood Products, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI.
62. Stumpf, R.P. 1992. Remote sensing of water clarity and suspended sediments in coastal waters. In Proc. 1st Thematic Conf. on Rem. Sens. for Marine and Coastal Environ., pp. 293-305. New Orleans, LA.
63. Townsley, B., and Stumpf, R.P. 1996. DECCON Software to Decompress NOAA IMGMAP Compressed Imagery and Convert to Common Image File Formats. U.S. Geological Survey, Center for Coastal Geology, St. Petersburg, FL.
64. Ullman, D., Brown, J., Cornillion, P., and Mavor, T. 1998. Surface temperature fronts in the Great Lakes. J. Great Lakes Res. 24(4):753-775.
65. Vande Castle, J.R., Lathrop Jr., R.G., and Lillesand, T.M. 1988. The significance of GIS and remote sensing technology in Great Lakes monitoring and resource management. In The Great Lakes: Living with North America's Inland Waters, ed. D.H. Hickcox, pp. 155-161. American Water Resources Association. Bethesda, Maryland.
66. Verity, C.M. 1988. Coastal-marine automated network (C-MAN) users guide. National Data Buoy Center, Stennis Space Center, MS.
67. Viekman, B.E., and Wimbush, M. 1993. Observations of the vertical structure of the Keweenaw Current, Lake Superior. J. Great Lakes Res. 19:470-479.
68. Walton, C.C., McClain, E.P., and Sapper, J.F. 1990. Recent changes in satellite-based multi-channel sea surface temperature algorithms. Presented at Science and Technology for and New Ocean Decade. MTS 90. Mar. Technol. Soc., Washington, D.C.
69. _, Sullivan, J.T., Rao, C.R.N., and Weinreb. 1998. Corrections for detector nonlinearities and calibration inconsistencies of the infrared channels of the advanced very high resolution radiometer. J. Geophys. Res. 103(C2):3323-3337.
70. Webb, M.S. 1975. A surface water temperature climatology of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Climatological Studies No. 27, Atmospheric Environment Service.
71. Wick, G.A., and Emery, W.J. 1992. A comprehensive comparison between satellite-measured skin and multichannel sea surface temperature. J. Geophys. Res. 97 (C4):5569-5595.