Sexual rights in Southern Africa: A Beijing discourse or a strategic necessity?

Health and Human Rights

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 145-173

  Klugman, Barbara ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HUMAN RIGHTS; SOUTHERN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY;

AFRICA; ARTICLE; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN RIGHTS; LEGAL ASPECT; MALE; RELIGION; SEXUALITY; SOCIAL JUSTICE; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; VIOLENCE;

AFRICA, SOUTHERN; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMAN RIGHTS; HUMANS; MALE; PREJUDICE; RELIGION; SEXUALITY; SOCIAL JUSTICE; VIOLENCE;

AFRICA;

EID: 0033499553     PISSN: 10790969     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/4065199     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Platform for Action of the Fourth World Conference on Women, September 1995, para. 96, UN Doc. A/CONF.177/20 (October 17, 1995).
2. The author was on the South African delegations to the ICPD, the FWCW, the Hague Forum, and the final Preparatory Committee and United Nations General Assembly review of the implementation of the ICPD.
3. The SADC member states are Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
4. K. Wood and R. Jewkes, "'Love Is a Dangerous Thing:' Micro-dynamics of Violence in Sexual Relationships of Young People in Umtata" (Pretoria: Medical Research Council, 1998).
5. T. P. Maphalala, "In and Out of School Youth Family Health Needs Assessment and Sexual Behaviors, Attitudes and Family Planning Practices: Manzini and Lubombo Regions" (Family Life Association of Swaziland, 1995), p. 20.
6. N. Fraser, Justice Interruptus: Critical Reflections on the "Postsocialist" Condition (New York: Routledge, 1997), p. 20.
7. Achievement of sexual rights requires access to sexual health services, as well as the processes of recognition and redistribution discussed here. The health services dimension of implementation, however, is beyond the scope of this article.
8. SADC did not operate as a tight caucus at the ICPD, since it had not prepared substantially beforehand. In Beijing, however, it did operate as a unit for much of the time, focusing particularly on issues pertaining to the girl child and inheritance rights for women. It also promoted the concept of sexual rights.
9. Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, Report of the International Conference on Population and Development, 5-13 September 1994, para. 7.3, UN Doc. A/CONF.171/13.
10. ICPD Programme of Action (see note 9), para. 4.9.
11. ICPD Programme of Action (see note 9), para. 7.37.
12. On the reproductive rights context, see L. Freedman, "Reflections on Emerging Frameworks of Health and Human Rights," Health and Human Rights 1995, 1(4): 314-48.
13. For the disclaimers, see ICPD Programme of Action (note 8), ch. II, para. 1.
14. FWCW Platform for Action (see note 1), para. 96.
15. Freedman (see note 12).
16. FWCW Platform for Action (see note 1), para. 96.
17. SADC Gender Unit, "Gender Mainstreaming at SADC: Policies, Plans and Activities" (Botswana, 1999).
18. SADC Gender Unit (see note 16), para. B.i.
19. SADC Gender Unit (see note 16), para. H.iii.
20. SADC Gender Unit (see note 16), para. H.ii and H.iv.
21. SADC Gender Unit (see note 16), para. H.ii and iv.
22. Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Strategic Planning Document 1998-2000 (The Kingdom of Swaziland National AIDS Programme/World Health Organization, 1998), p. 6, sec. 2.2.
23. Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (see note 21), p. 8, sec. 2.3.
24. For South Africa, see African National Congress, The Reconstruction and Development Programme (Johannesburg: Umanyano Publications, 1994), p. 9.
25. For Botswana, see Women Affairs Division, Policy on Women in Development (Gaborone: Department of Culture and Social Welfare, Ministry of Labour and Home Affairs, Government of Botswana, 1995).
26. Department of Health, "White Paper for the Transformation of the Health System in South Africa," General Notice 667, Government Gazette 17910, 16 April 1997, para. 9.2.1e;
27. AIDS/STD Unit, Botswana HIV and AIDS Second Medium Term Plan, MTP II, 1997-2002 (Ministry of Health, Republic of Botswana, 1997), p. 15.
28. Department of Women Affairs, Summary: National Gender Policy and National Plan of Action on Gender (Windhoek: Republic of Namibia, 1998), p. 9;
29. Republic of Namibia, The National Strategic Plan on HIV/AIDS (Medium Term Plan II) 1999-2004 (Windhoek: Republic of Namibia, 1999).
30. Republic of Botswana, National Action Plan for Youth, Draft 1999-2005 (abridged version) (Gaborone: Government Printer, 1999), p. 22.
31. Health Education Division of the Department of Health, "Women and AIDS" (Maseru: National AIDS Prevention and Control Programme), p. 2.
32. E. Kalondo and H. Rushwaya, "Heading the Churches: A Portrait of Nangula Kathindi," Sister Namibia 1999, 11(2): 4-6.
33. HIV/AIDS and STD Directorate, Partnership Against AIDS: The South African Declaration on AIDS (Pretoria: Department of Health, 1998).
34. AIDS/STD Unit (see note 24), p. 51.
35. Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (see note 21), p. 8.
36. SADC, AIDS and STD Programme, Strategic Plan, 1999-2003 (Southern African Development Community, 1999), p. 1, sec. 2.
37. SADC (see note 32), p. 2
38. AIDS/STD Unit (see note 24), p. 41.
39. IEC Sub-unit, Youth Decisions In Preventing HIV/AIDS (Gaborone: AIDS/STD Unit, Ministry of Health, 1999).
40. Health Education Division of the Department of Health (see note 27).
41. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act No. 108 of 1996.
42. M. Gevisser, "Subtle Art of Being Gay the African Way," Sunday Dispatches, The Sunday Independent (Johannesburg), 26 September 1999, p. 15.
43. Gevisser (see note 38).
44. Keith Goddard of Gays and Lesbians of Zimbabwe, cited in Gevisser (see note 38).
45. Youth Health and Development Programme, My Future Is My Choice: Participants' Work Book, Life Skills Education Training (Windhoek: Government of the Republic of Namibia and UNICEF, 1999), p. 34. On the president of Namibia's statements, see Gevisser (note 38).
46. IEC Sub-unit (see note 35), p. 13.
47. Health Education Division of the Department of Health (see note 27), p. 6.
48. No explicit references to lesbianism were found in this review.
49. SADC Gender Unit (see note 16), p. 18, para. H.viii.
50. SADC (see note 32), p. 4, sec. 4.
51. The Southern African Ministers' Conference on Population and Development, held in May 1999, adopted a resolution that "members who are yet to develop Reproductive Health Policy are encouraged to do so and ensure that issues of Reproductive Rights are explicitly addressed."
52. This marks a significant shift in focus within the population establishment. See Population in Development Department, Report of the Southern African Ministers' Conference on Population and Development (SAMCPD), 11-14 May 1999, Lusaka, Zambia (Lusaka: Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, Republic of Zambia, 1999), p. 28.
53. SADC Gender Unit (see note 16), pp. 18, 21-22.
54. The SADC AIDS and STD Programme's Strategic Plan also recognizes the linkages between the position of women and violence in the rapid spread of HIV; see SADC (note 32), p. 2, sec. 2. On cultural issues, see p. 8, para. 8.1.1.
55. Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (see note 21), p. 10.
56. AIDS/STD Unit (see note 24), pp. 44-46.
57. FCWC Platform for Action (see note 1), para. 96.
58. For Lesotho, see Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Strategic Plan for MTPII (Maseru: Ministry of Health and Social Welfare), p. 26.
59. AIDS/STD Unit, Botswana National Policy on HIV/AIDS (Gaborone: Ministry of Health, 1993), p. 3, para. 2.2, and p. 6, para. 4.4.
60. AIDS/STD Unit (see note 54), p. 6, para. 4.4.
61. Department of Health (see note 24), para. 9.1.1.ci.
62. AIDS/STD Unit (see note 24), p. 46.
63. Department of Health (see note 24), para. 9.1.1.ci.
64. HIV/AIDS and STD Directorate, HIV/AIDS and Relationships (Pretoria: Department of Health, 1998);
65. HIV/AIDS and STD Directorate, Male Condoms (Pretoria: Department of Health, 1998).
66. Brochure reprinted in TASC, Annual Report 1998 (Manzini: AIDS Information and Support Centre, 1998).
67. AIDS/STD Unit, Information, Education and Communication for AIDS/STD Prevention: A Manual for Those Involved in AIDS/STD Education (Gaborone: Ministry of Health, 1994), NACP 23;
68. K. Norr, B. McElmurry, and S. Tlou, Women and HIV/AIDS Prevention Peer Education Program: A Global Approach, Training Manual (Chicago: WHO Collaborating Centres for Nursing Development in Primary HealthCare, University of Illinois at Chicago and University of Botswana, 1997);
69. P. Bardsley, Act on AIDS: A Manual for AIDS Trainers/Educators Using Participatory Training Methods (Gaborone: AIDS Action Trust, 1995).
70. The quotation is from Norr (see note 61).
71. N. Christofides, M. Russell, and D. Conco, Sexual Rights Workshop Manual (Johannesburg: Women's Health Project, Department of Community Health, University of the Witwatersrand, 1999), p. 12.
72. ICPD Programme of Action (see note 9), para. 7.2.
73. Health, Empowerment, Rights and Accountability (HERA), "Sexual Rights," in Women's Sexual and Reproductive Rights and Health: Action Sheets (New York: HERA, 1999).
74. E. Boikanyo, "So Much for Women-Sensitive Sexual Relations: The Use of Vaginal Potions," Agenda 1992, 15: 3-7.
75. H. Jackson, "Societal Determinants of Women's Vulnerability to HIV Infection in Southern Africa," Health and Human Rights 1998, 2(4): 9-14.
76. IEC Sub-unit (see note 35).
77. Department of Women Affairs (see note 25), p. 8.
78. School Health Education to Prevent STDs (SHAPE), HIV/AIDS: Training Guide (Schools HIV/AIDS and Population Education).
79. Norr (see note 61).
80. Youth Health and Development Programme (see note 41), p. 21.
81. Youth Health and Development Programme (see note 41), p. 25.
82. Joint Enrichment Project, NACOSA, NAPWA, National Network Against Violence Against Women, PPASA, and Women's Health Project, Sexual Rights Campaign for Equality and Mutual Respect in Sexual Decision Making (Johannesburg: Women's Health Project, University of the Witwatersrand, 1999).
83. "Ukosoma" refers to sex with the man's penis between the woman's thighs rather than in the vagina, a technique originally promoted in order to avoid premarital pregnancy. See Christofides (note 63), p. 15.
84. Freedman (see note 12).
85. G. R. Gupta, "Strengthening Alliances for Sexual Health and Rights," Health and Human Rights 1997, 12(3): 55-63.