Sand rights: A legal system to protect the "shores of the sea"

Sand Rights 1999 Bringing Back the Beaches

Volumn , Issue , 1999, Pages 4-17

  Stone, Katherine E ^a  

^a Myers Widders Gibson and Long   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BEACHES; LAWS AND LEGISLATION; RIVERS; SAND; TAXATION; WATERSHEDS;

ASSESSMENT; FEES; MITIGATION; SAND RIGHTS;

COASTAL ZONES;

EID: 0033487923     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Conference Proceeding    
DOI: None     Document Type: Editorial

References (73)

1. Institutes of Justinian 2.1.1, quoted in National Audubon Society v. Superior Court (1983) 33 Cal.3d 419, 433-34.
2. Dean, R.G., Armstrong, G.A. & Sitar, N. (1984) California Coastal Erosion and Storm Damage During the Winter of 1982-83, National Research Council, National Academy Press, 74 pp.
3. A littoral cell is a coastal sedimentation compartment that contains a complete cycle of littoral sedimentation including sources, transport paths and sediment sinks. Inman, D.L. & Brush, G.A. (1973) "The Coastal Challenge", Science, v. 181, n. 4094, pp. 20-32, see Figure 10
4. Inman, D.L. (1997) "Nearshore Processes", McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 8th Edition, v. 11, p. 671-678, see Figure 5
5. State Land Board v. Corvallis Sand & Gravel Co. (1977) 429 U.S. 363.
6. Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Mississippi (1988) 484 U.S. 469.
7. King, P.G., "The Economic Valuations of Beaches and Coastal Resources: With Applications to California and the Marshall Islands", June 3-5, 1998, Proceedings of Emerging Trends in Beach Erosion and Sand Rights Law, Captiva Island, Florida.
8. Mageean, D.M., et al., "Impacts of Rising Sea Level on Coastal Populations in California and Maine", June 3-5, 1998, Proceedings of Emerging Trends in Beach Erosion and Sand Rights Law, Captiva Island, Florida.
9. Inman D.L. (1973) "The Silver Stand Littoral Cell and Erosion at Imperial Beach", 93rd Congress, Congressional Record, U.S. House of Representatives, February 22, 1973, p. E1002
10. Inman D.L. (1985a) "Damming of Rivers in California leads to Beach Erosion", pp. 22-26 in Oceans '85: Ocean Engineering and the Environment, Marine Technological Society & IEEE, v. 1, 674 pp
11. Inman, D.L. (1985b) "Budget of Sediment in Southern California: River Discharge Versus Cliff Erosion," pp. 10-15 in J. McGrath (ed), "California's Battered Coast", Proceedings of Conference on Coastal Erosion, sponsored by the California Coastal Commission, et al., 403 pp.
12. Inman, D.L. "Types of Coastal Zones: Similarities and Differences", (1994) Environmental Science in the Coastal Zone, National Research Council, Washington, D.D., 172 pp
13. Ibid. Inman (1997).
14. Ibid. Dean, et al. (1984).
15. Inman, D.L., Jenkins, S.A. & Elwany, M.H.S., "Wave Climate Cycles and Coastal Engineering Practice," (1996) Coastal Engineering, Proceedings 25th International Conference, Orlando, Florida, Amer. Soc. Civil Engin., New York, v. 1, Ch. 25, pp. 314-327
16. Inman, D.L. & Jenkins, S.A. (1997) "Changing Wave Climate and Littoral Drift Along the California Coast," pp. 538-549 in O.T. Magoon, et al., eds., California and the World Ocean '97, Amer. Soc. Civil Engin., Reston, Virginia, 1756 pp.
17. Ibid. Inman (1985a, b).
18. Inman, D.L. & Jenkins, S.A. (1999) "Climate Change and the episodicity of Sediment Flux of Small California Rivers," Journal Geology, v. 107, pp. 251-270.
19. Ibid. Inman & Jenkins (1999).
20. Magoon, Haugen & Sloan, "Coastal Sand Mining in Northern California, U.S.A.", (1972) Proceedings 13th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, v.2, p. 1571.
21. Potter, "Sand Sluicing from Dams on the San Gabriel River - Is it Feasible?", (1985) Proceedings of California's Battered Coast Conference.
22. Inman, D.L. & Bagnold, R.A. (1963) "Littoral Processes", pp. 529-553, M.N.Hill (ed.) The Sea v.3 of The Earth Beneath the Sea, Interscience, John Wiley and Sons, New York London, 963 pp.
23. Ross, Opportunities and Uses of the Ocean (1978) Chapter 8.
24. Inman, D.L. (1987) "Accretion and Erosion Waves on Beaches", Shore & Beach, v.55, n. 3/4, p. 61-66 v.12.
25. Ibid. Inman & Brush (1973), see Figures 12.
26. Bascom, Waves and Beaches, (2nd ed. 1980) pp. 304-08.
27. Magoon, Haugen & Sloan, "Coastal Sand Mining in Northern California, U.S.A.", (1972) Proceedings 13th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, Vol. 2, at p. 1576.
28. Hotton, R.D. (1988) "Sand Mining on Mission Beach San Diego, California", Shore & Beach, v. 56, n. 2, pp. 18-21.
29. King, P.G., "The Economic Valuations of Beaches and Coastal Resources: With Applications to California and the Marshall Islands", June 3-5, 1998, Proceedings in Emerging Trends in Beach Erosion and Sand Rights Law, Captiva Island, Florida
30. Ibid. Inman (1985b).
31. Ibid. Inman (1985a)
32. 23 Cal.2d 170.
33. Lechuza Villas West v. California Coastal Commission (1997) 60 Cal. App. 4th 218, 70 Cal. Rptr. 2d 399.
34. See, e.g., Mathews v. Bay Head Improvement Assn. (1984) 95 N.J. 306, 325, 471 A.2d 355; White v. Hughes (1939) Fla. 54, 58-59, 190 So. 446
35. White v. Hughes (1939) 139 Fla. 54, 59, 190 So. 446.
36. (1967) 67 Cal.2d 132.
37. (1985) 173 Cal.App.3d 240.
38. Lechuza Villas West v. California Coastal Commission (1998) 60 Cal.App.4th 218, 70 Cal.Rptr.2d 399.
39. (1977) 429 U.S. 363.
40. (1988) 484 U.S. 469.
41. (1845) How. 212, 11 L.Ed. 565.
42. Ibid. at 230, 22 L.Ed. at 565.
43. Land Board v. Corvallis Sand and Gravel Co. (1978) 283 Or. 147, 582 P.2d 1352.
44. (1988) 484 U.S. 469, 108 S.Ct. 791.
45. Id. at 797-98.
46. Id. at 798.
47. Institutes of Justinian 2.1.5.
48. Shively v. Bowlby (1894) 152 U.S. 1.
49. Wisdom, The Law of Rivers and Watercourses, (4th ed. 1974) Shaw & Sons Ltd., p. 32, indicating that the Public Trust Doctrine continues to thrive in England.
50. For excellent discussions of the evolution of the Public Trust Doctrine from Roman times, see Stevens, The Public Trust: A Sovereign's Ancient Prerogative Becomes the People's Environmental Right (1980) 14 U.C. Davis L.R. 195
51. Sax, The Public Trust Doctrine in Natural Resource Law: Effective Judicial Intervention (1970) 79 Yale L.J. 769.
52. People v. California Fish Co. (1913) 166 Cal. 576.
53. (1971) 6 Cal.3d 251.
54. See, e.g., People v. Gold Run D. & M. Co. (1884) Cal. 138 (Sacramento River); State of California v. Superior Court (1981) 29 Cal.3d 210 (Clear Lake); see, also, discussion in Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Mississippi, 484 U.S. 469, 108 S. Ct. at 788.89.
55. City of Daytona Beach v. Tona-Rama, Inc. (1974) 294 So.2d 73, 75; State ex rel. Thornton v. Hay (1969) 254 Or. 584, 462 P.2d 671; In re Ashford (1968) 50 Haw. 314, 440 P.2d 76.
56. City of Daytona beach v. Tona-Rama, Inc.(1974) 294 So.2d 73, 77.
57. (1983) 33 Cal.3d 419.
58. (1892) 146 U.S. 387.
59. Ibid. at 452.
60. 484 U.S. 469, 108 S.Ct. at 798-99.
61. (1987) 483 U.S. 825.
62. (1992) 505 U.S. 1003.
63. Id. at 1030.
64. (1997) 60 Cal.App.4th 218, 70 Cal.Rptr.2d 399.
65. Id. at 416.
66. In Peterman v. Department of Natural Resources (1994) 446 Mich. 177, the Michigan Supreme Court held that an unreasonable exercise of the public trust (upstream jetties) which deprived a shoreline property owner of his beach constituted a taking because "no essential nexus existed between the construction of the boat launch and the destruction of plaintiff's beach". (Id. at 202.)
67. National Audubon Society v. Superior Court, 33 Cal.3d at 434-35, quoting Marks v. Whitney (1971) 6 Cal.3d 251, 259-60 [emphasis added].
68. California Public Resources Code sections 21000, et seq. and 42 U.S.C. sections 4321, et seq.
69. 33 U.S.C. section 4261; Save the Dunes Council v. Alexander (7th Cir. 1978) 584 F.2d 158, 165.
70. 33 U.S.C. sections 426-426h.
71. California Public Resources Code section 30233(b).
72. California Public Resources Code section 30008.
73. Weinheimer, K.M., "Creative Financing for Beach Protection Measures: Using the California Geologic Hazard Abatement Law in the Coastal Setting", June 3-5, 1998, Proceedings in Emerging Trends in Beach Erosion and Sand Rights Law, Captiva Island, Florida.