Varieties of post-cold war American isolationism

Government and Opposition

Volumn 34, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 24-43

  Dumbrell, John ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0033484011     PISSN: 0017257X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-7053.1999.tb00469.x     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. R. Seitz, Over Here, London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998, p. 330.
2. A. Lake, The Need for Engagement', State Department Dispatch, 5 Dec. 1994, p. 804.
3. Quoted in J. D. Rosner, The New Tug-of-War: Congress, the Executive Branch and National Security, Washington DC, Carnegie Endowment, 1995, p. 2.
4. J. Muravchik, The Imperative of American Leadership: A Challenge to Neo-Isolationism, Washington DC, American Enterprise Institute Press, 1996, pp. 11, 18.
5. C. Weinberger and P. Schweizer, The Next War, Washington DC, Regnery, 1996.
6. P. M. Weyrich, 'A Populist Policy', The National Interest, 21 (1990), pp. 48-61, 54-55.
7. See R. Steel, Walter Lippmann and the American Century, London, The Bodley Head, 1980, p. 586.
8. See O. R. Holsti, 'The Study of International Politics Makes Strange Bedfellows', American Political Science Review, 68:1 (1974), pp. 217-42.
9. See G. Franke-Ruta, 'The IMF gets a Left and a Right', National Journal, 17 April 1998.
10. See, e.g., R. J. Barnet et al., 'American Priorities in the New Era', World Policy Journal, 6:3 (1989), pp. 203-37.
11. See J. J. Kirkpatrick, 'A Normal Country in a Normal Time', The National Interest, 21:1 (1990), pp. 40-44.
12. See J. G. Ruggie, Winning the Peace: America and World Order in the New Era, New York, Columbia University Press, 1996, p.219; W. Schneider, 'The New Isolationism', in R. J. Lieber (ed.), Eagle Adrift: American Foreign Policy at the End of the Century, New York, Longman, 1997, pp. 26-38.
13. See J. G. Ruggie, Winning the Peace: America and World Order in the New Era, New York, Columbia University Press, 1996, p.219; W. Schneider, 'The New Isolationism', in R. J. Lieber (ed.), Eagle Adrift: American Foreign Policy at the End of the Century, New York, Longman, 1997, pp. 26-38.
14. Ruggie, op. cit., pp. 158-61.
15. See E. A. Nordlinger, Isolationism Reconfigured: American Foreign Policy for a New Century, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1995, pp. 22-3. The best known commentator associated with the Cato Institute is Ted Galen Carpenter (see T. G. Carpenter, The Captive Press: Foreign Policy Crises and the First Amendment, Washington DC, Cato Institute, 1995; A. Perlmutter and T. G. Carpenter, 'NATO's Expensive Trip East', Foreign Affairs, 77:1 (1998), pp. 2-5; T. G. Carpenter and B. Conry (eds), NATO Enlargement: Illusion and Reality, Washington DC, Cato Institute, 1998).
16. See E. A. Nordlinger, Isolationism Reconfigured: American Foreign Policy for a New Century, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1995, pp. 22-3. The best known commentator associated with the Cato Institute is Ted Galen Carpenter (see T. G. Carpenter, The Captive Press: Foreign Policy Crises and the First Amendment, Washington DC, Cato Institute, 1995; A. Perlmutter and T. G. Carpenter, 'NATO's Expensive Trip East', Foreign Affairs, 77:1 (1998), pp. 2-5; T. G. Carpenter and B. Conry (eds), NATO Enlargement: Illusion and Reality, Washington DC, Cato Institute, 1998).
17. See E. A. Nordlinger, Isolationism Reconfigured: American Foreign Policy for a New Century, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1995, pp. 22-3. The best known commentator associated with the Cato Institute is Ted Galen Carpenter (see T. G. Carpenter, The Captive Press: Foreign Policy Crises and the First Amendment, Washington DC, Cato Institute, 1995; A. Perlmutter and T. G. Carpenter, 'NATO's Expensive Trip East', Foreign Affairs, 77:1 (1998), pp. 2-5; T. G. Carpenter and B. Conry (eds), NATO Enlargement: Illusion and Reality, Washington DC, Cato Institute, 1998).
18. See E. A. Nordlinger, Isolationism Reconfigured: American Foreign Policy for a New Century, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1995, pp. 22-3. The best known commentator associated with the Cato Institute is Ted Galen Carpenter (see T. G. Carpenter, The Captive Press: Foreign Policy Crises and the First Amendment, Washington DC, Cato Institute, 1995; A. Perlmutter and T. G. Carpenter, 'NATO's Expensive Trip East', Foreign Affairs, 77:1 (1998), pp. 2-5; T. G. Carpenter and B. Conry (eds), NATO Enlargement: Illusion and Reality, Washington DC, Cato Institute, 1998).
19. Time, 7 April 1995, p. 22.
20. C. Weinberger, Fighting for Peace: Seven Critical Years at the Pentagon, London, Michael Joseph, 1990, p. 22.
21. See C. Powell, A Soldier's Way: An Autobiography, London, Hutchinson, 1995 (analysis of the defeat in Vietnam).
22. See R. W. Tucker and D. C. Hendrickson, The Imperial Temptation, New York, Council on Foreign Relations, 1992, p. 152.
23. S. M. Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword, New York, W. W. Norton, 1996, pp. 288-9.
24. P. Hirst and G. Thompson, Globalisation in Question, Oxford, Polity, 1996; D. D. Marshall, 'Understanding Late-Twentieth-Century Capitalism: Reassessing the Globalization Thesis', Government and Opposition, 31:2 (Spring 1996), pp. 193-215.
25. P. Hirst and G. Thompson, Globalisation in Question, Oxford, Polity, 1996; D. D. Marshall, 'Understanding Late-Twentieth-Century Capitalism: Reassessing the Globalization Thesis', Government and Opposition, 31:2 (Spring 1996), pp. 193-215.
26. R. J. Payne, The Clash with Distant Cultures, Albany, State University of New York Press, 1995, p. 89. See also, B. Barber, Jihad vs. McWorld, New York, Ballantine Books, 1996; R. Pells, Not Like Us, New York, Basic Books, 1997.
27. R. J. Payne, The Clash with Distant Cultures, Albany, State University of New York Press, 1995, p. 89. See also, B. Barber, Jihad vs. McWorld, New York, Ballantine Books, 1996; R. Pells, Not Like Us, New York, Basic Books, 1997.
28. R. J. Payne, The Clash with Distant Cultures, Albany, State University of New York Press, 1995, p. 89. See also, B. Barber, Jihad vs. McWorld, New York, Ballantine Books, 1996; R. Pells, Not Like Us, New York, Basic Books, 1997.
29. For further discussion, see J. Dumbrell, The Making of US Foreign Policy, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1997, pp. 34-36.
30. See, e.g., K. B. Rai, D. F. Walsh and P. J. Best (eds), America in the 21st Century, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 1997; R. N. Haass, The Reluctant Sheriff: The United States after the Cold War, Washington DC, Brookings Institution, 1998.
31. See, e.g., K. B. Rai, D. F. Walsh and P. J. Best (eds), America in the 21st Century, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 1997; R. N. Haass, The Reluctant Sheriff: The United States after the Cold War, Washington DC, Brookings Institution, 1998.
32. National Journal, 14 March 1998, p. 585.
33. Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 27 May 1995, p. 1514.
34. Quoted in M. Walker, 'A New American Isolationism?', International Journal, 52:3 (1997), pp. 391-410, p. 405.
35. For a colourful expression of this view, see President Lyndon Johnson's remarks of February 1964 in M. R. Beschloss (ed.), Taking Charge: The Johnson White House Tapes, 1963-64, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1997, p. 243.
36. See R. Kagan, 'A Retreat from Power', Commentary, July 1995, pp. 19-26; J. Hillen, 'Picking up UN Peacekeeping's Pieces', Foreign Affairs, 77:4 (1998), pp. 96-101, p. 98.
37. See R. Kagan, 'A Retreat from Power', Commentary, July 1995, pp. 19-26; J. Hillen, 'Picking up UN Peacekeeping's Pieces', Foreign Affairs, 77:4 (1998), pp. 96-101, p. 98.
38. See S. Brown, The Faces of Power, New York, Columbia University Press, 1994, p. 609.
39. Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 21 Oct. 1995, p. 3214; also, A. C. Bacevich, 'The Impact of the New Populism', Orbis, 40:1 (1996), pp. 31-43. L.Killian, The Freshmen, Boulder, Colo., Westview Press, 1998, p. 156.
40. Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 21 Oct. 1995, p. 3214; also, A. C. Bacevich, 'The Impact of the New Populism', Orbis, 40:1 (1996), pp. 31-43. L.Killian, The Freshmen, Boulder, Colo., Westview Press, 1998, p. 156.
41. Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 21 Oct. 1995, p. 3214; also, A. C. Bacevich, 'The Impact of the New Populism', Orbis, 40:1 (1996), pp. 31-43. L.Killian, The Freshmen, Boulder, Colo., Westview Press, 1998, p. 156.
42. 'Elections 96: Foreign Policy Views of Republican Candidates', London, US Embassy (US Information Service), 1996.
43. Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 3 Feb. 1996, p. 309.
44. See P. Choate, Agents of Influence, New York, Knopf, 1990.
45. Schneider, 'The New Isolationism', p. 29.
46. For various debates within American conservatism on immigration and American identity, see P. Buchanan, Right from the Beginning, Washington DC, Regnery Gateway, 1990, p. 64; J. O'Sullivan, 'America's Identity Crisis', National Review, 21 Nov. 1994, pp. 73-81; P. Brimelow, Alien Nation, New York, Harper Perennial, 1996.
47. For various debates within American conservatism on immigration and American identity, see P. Buchanan, Right from the Beginning, Washington DC, Regnery Gateway, 1990, p. 64; J. O'Sullivan, 'America's Identity Crisis', National Review, 21 Nov. 1994, pp. 73-81; P. Brimelow, Alien Nation, New York, Harper Perennial, 1996.
48. For various debates within American conservatism on immigration and American identity, see P. Buchanan, Right from the Beginning, Washington DC, Regnery Gateway, 1990, p. 64; J. O'Sullivan, 'America's Identity Crisis', National Review, 21 Nov. 1994, pp. 73-81; P. Brimelow, Alien Nation, New York, Harper Perennial, 1996.
49. See M. Clough, 'Say Good-bye to the "Wise Men", Foreign Affairs, 73:1 (1994), pp. 2-7. On post-cold war decentralization, see Dumbrell, The Making of US Foreign Policy, pp. 153-63, 188-90.
50. See M. Clough, 'Say Good-bye to the "Wise Men", Foreign Affairs, 73:1 (1994), pp. 2-7. On post-cold war decentralization, see Dumbrell, The Making of US Foreign Policy, pp. 153-63, 188-90.
51. Schneider, op. cit., p. 35.
52. See P.J. Powlick and A. Z. Katz, 'Defining the American Public Opinion/Foreign Policy Nexus', Mershon International Studies Review, 42:1 (1998), pp. 29-61.
53. See A. Richman, 'What the Polls Say', US Foreign Policy Agenda (United States Information Agency electronic journals), Oct. 1996, p. 20; J. D. Rosner, 'The Know-Nothings Know Something', Foreign Policy, 101 (1995-96), pp. 116-29; America's Place in the World II, Washington DC, Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, Oct. 1997; Bacevich, 'The Impact of the New Populism'.
54. See A. Richman, 'What the Polls Say', US Foreign Policy Agenda (United States Information Agency electronic journals), Oct. 1996, p. 20; J. D. Rosner, 'The Know-Nothings Know Something', Foreign Policy, 101 (1995-96), pp. 116-29; America's Place in the World II, Washington DC, Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, Oct. 1997; Bacevich, 'The Impact of the New Populism'.
55. See A. Richman, 'What the Polls Say', US Foreign Policy Agenda (United States Information Agency electronic journals), Oct. 1996, p. 20; J. D. Rosner, 'The Know-Nothings Know Something', Foreign Policy, 101 (1995-96), pp. 116-29; America's Place in the World II, Washington DC, Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, Oct. 1997; Bacevich, 'The Impact of the New Populism'.
56. See A. Richman, 'What the Polls Say', US Foreign Policy Agenda (United States Information Agency electronic journals), Oct. 1996, p. 20; J. D. Rosner, 'The Know-Nothings Know Something', Foreign Policy, 101 (1995-96), pp. 116-29; America's Place in the World II, Washington DC, Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, Oct. 1997; Bacevich, 'The Impact of the New Populism'.
57. See B. W. Jentleson, 'The Pretty Prudent Public: Post-Vietnam American Opinion on the Use of the Military Force', International Studies Quarterly, 36:1 (1992), pp. 49-74.
58. See J. E. Rielly, (ed.), American Public Opinion and US Foreign Policy 1995, Chicago, Chicago Council on Foreign Relations, 1995, pp. 34-7. The largest gap occurred regarding public support for economic protectionism. See also S. Kull, I. M. Destler, and C. Ramsay, The Foreign Policy Gap, College Park, Center for International and Security Studies, University of Maryland, 1997.
59. See J. E. Rielly, (ed.), American Public Opinion and US Foreign Policy 1995, Chicago, Chicago Council on Foreign Relations, 1995, pp. 34-7. The largest gap occurred regarding public support for economic protectionism. See also S. Kull, I. M. Destler, and C. Ramsay, The Foreign Policy Gap, College Park, Center for International and Security Studies, University of Maryland, 1997.
60. See S. Kull, 'What the Public Knows that Washington Doesn't', Foreign Policy, 101 (1995-96), pp. 102-15, p. 107; Richman, op. cit., p. 17; B. Crossette, 'Poll Finds American Support for Peacekeeping', New York Times, 30 April 1995; P. W. Rodman, 'The Paradox of Presidential Campaigns', Orbis, 40:2 (1996), pp. 53-61.
61. See S. Kull, 'What the Public Knows that Washington Doesn't', Foreign Policy, 101 (1995-96), pp. 102-15, p. 107; Richman, op. cit., p. 17; B. Crossette, 'Poll Finds American Support for Peacekeeping', New York Times, 30 April 1995; P. W. Rodman, 'The Paradox of Presidential Campaigns', Orbis, 40:2 (1996), pp. 53-61.
62. See S. Kull, 'What the Public Knows that Washington Doesn't', Foreign Policy, 101 (1995-96), pp. 102-15, p. 107; Richman, op. cit., p. 17; B. Crossette, 'Poll Finds American Support for Peacekeeping', New York Times, 30 April 1995; P. W. Rodman, 'The Paradox of Presidential Campaigns', Orbis, 40:2 (1996), pp. 53-61.
63. See S. Kull, 'What the Public Knows that Washington Doesn't', Foreign Policy, 101 (1995-96), pp. 102-15, p. 107; Richman, op. cit., p. 17; B. Crossette, 'Poll Finds American Support for Peacekeeping', New York Times, 30 April 1995; P. W. Rodman, 'The Paradox of Presidential Campaigns', Orbis, 40:2 (1996), pp. 53-61.
64. See Rielly, op. cit., p. 34.
65. See M. Nincic, 'Domestic Costs, the US Public, and the Isolationist Calculus', International Studies Quarterly, 41:4 (1997), pp. 593-610. See also M. Morris, 'Searching for a New Domestic Consensus', in R. L. Hutchings (ed.), At the End of America's Century, Washington DC, The Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1998, pp. 199-220.
66. See M. Nincic, 'Domestic Costs, the US Public, and the Isolationist Calculus', International Studies Quarterly, 41:4 (1997), pp. 593-610. See also M. Morris, 'Searching for a New Domestic Consensus', in R. L. Hutchings (ed.), At the End of America's Century, Washington DC, The Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1998, pp. 199-220.
67. P. J. Buchanan, The Great Betrayal: How American Sovereignty and Social Justice are being Sacrificed to the Gods of the Global Economy, Boston, Little Brown, 1998. See also W. Greider, One World, Ready or Not: The Manic Logic of Global Capitalism, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1997; B. J. Craige, American Patriotism in a Global Society, Albany, State University of New York Press, 1996.
68. P. J. Buchanan, The Great Betrayal: How American Sovereignty and Social Justice are being Sacrificed to the Gods of the Global Economy, Boston, Little Brown, 1998. See also W. Greider, One World, Ready or Not: The Manic Logic of Global Capitalism, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1997; B. J. Craige, American Patriotism in a Global Society, Albany, State University of New York Press, 1996.
69. P. J. Buchanan, The Great Betrayal: How American Sovereignty and Social Justice are being Sacrificed to the Gods of the Global Economy, Boston, Little Brown, 1998. See also W. Greider, One World, Ready or Not: The Manic Logic of Global Capitalism, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1997; B. J. Craige, American Patriotism in a Global Society, Albany, State University of New York Press, 1996.
70. A. E. Eckes, 'A New Protectionism?', in Hatchings (ed.), At the End of America's Century, pp. 168-179, 171.
71. See D. Held, 'Globalisation: The Third Tendency', Marxism Today (special issue, November 1998), pp. 24-29; also P. Krugman, 'A Desperate Remedy', Fortune, 7 Sept. 1998, pp. 30-34.
72. See D. Held, 'Globalisation: The Third Tendency', Marxism Today (special issue, November 1998), pp. 24-29; also P. Krugman, 'A Desperate Remedy', Fortune, 7 Sept. 1998, pp. 30-34.
73. See G. Burtless, R. Z. Lawrence, R. E. Litan and R. J. Shapiro, Globophobia: Confronting Fears about Open Trade, Washington DC, Brookings Institution, 1998.
74. See M. Naim, 'Clinton's Foreign Policy: A Victim of Globalisation?', Foreign Policy, 109 (1997-98), pp. 35-45; B. Woodward, The Agenda, New York, Pocket Books, 1995, p. 84.
75. See M. Naim, 'Clinton's Foreign Policy: A Victim of Globalisation?', Foreign Policy, 109 (1997-98), pp. 35-45; B. Woodward, The Agenda, New York, Pocket Books, 1995, p. 84.
76. See A. Gamble and A. Payne (eds), Regionalism and World Order, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1996.
77. See L. F. Kaplan, 'Dollar Diplomacy Returns', Commentary, Feb. 1998, pp. 52-4.
78. C. W. Maynes, 'The Perils of (and for) an Imperial America', Foreign Policy, 111 (1998), pp. 36-48. See also Nordlinger, Isolationism Reconfigured; M. J. Sandel, Democracy's Discontents: America in Search of a Public Philosophy, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1996; J. Kurth, 'The Adolescent Empire', The National Interest, 48 (1997), pp. 3-15.
79. C. W. Maynes, 'The Perils of (and for) an Imperial America', Foreign Policy, 111 (1998), pp. 36-48. See also Nordlinger, Isolationism Reconfigured; M. J. Sandel, Democracy's Discontents: America in Search of a Public Philosophy, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1996; J. Kurth, 'The Adolescent Empire', The National Interest, 48 (1997), pp. 3-15.
80. C. W. Maynes, 'The Perils of (and for) an Imperial America', Foreign Policy, 111 (1998), pp. 36-48. See also Nordlinger, Isolationism Reconfigured; M. J. Sandel, Democracy's Discontents: America in Search of a Public Philosophy, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1996; J. Kurth, 'The Adolescent Empire', The National Interest, 48 (1997), pp. 3-15.
81. C. W. Maynes, 'The Perils of (and for) an Imperial America', Foreign Policy, 111 (1998), pp. 36-48. See also Nordlinger, Isolationism Reconfigured; M. J. Sandel, Democracy's Discontents: America in Search of a Public Philosophy, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1996; J. Kurth, 'The Adolescent Empire', The National Interest, 48 (1997), pp. 3-15.
82. See M. T. Klare, 'US Military Policy in the Post-Cold War Era', in R. Miliband and L. Panitch (eds), The Socialist Register 1992, London, Merlin, 1992, pp. 131-42; W. D. Hartung, 'Nixon's Children', World Policy Journal, 12:1 (1995), pp. 25-35 (on arms sales); G. Ashcar, 'The Strategic Triad: The United States, Russia and China', New Left Review, 228 (1998), pp. 91-126.
83. See M. T. Klare, 'US Military Policy in the Post-Cold War Era', in R. Miliband and L. Panitch (eds), The Socialist Register 1992, London, Merlin, 1992, pp. 131-42; W. D. Hartung, 'Nixon's Children', World Policy Journal, 12:1 (1995), pp. 25-35 (on arms sales); G. Ashcar, 'The Strategic Triad: The United States, Russia and China', New Left Review, 228 (1998), pp. 91-126.
84. See M. T. Klare, 'US Military Policy in the Post-Cold War Era', in R. Miliband and L. Panitch (eds), The Socialist Register 1992, London, Merlin, 1992, pp. 131-42; W. D. Hartung, 'Nixon's Children', World Policy Journal, 12:1 (1995), pp. 25-35 (on arms sales); G. Ashcar, 'The Strategic Triad: The United States, Russia and China', New Left Review, 228 (1998), pp. 91-126.
85. See T. Hames, 'Foreign Policy and the American Elections of 1992', International Relations 11-3 (1993), pp. 315-30; J. Petras and M. Morley, Empire or Republic? American Global Power and Domestic Decay, New York, Routledge, 1995; S. P. Huntington, 'Why International Primacy Matters', International Security, 17:1 (1993), pp. 68-83.
86. See T. Hames, 'Foreign Policy and the American Elections of 1992', International Relations 11-3 (1993), pp. 315-30; J. Petras and M. Morley, Empire or Republic? American Global Power and Domestic Decay, New York, Routledge, 1995; S. P. Huntington, 'Why International Primacy Matters', International Security, 17:1 (1993), pp. 68-83.
87. See T. Hames, 'Foreign Policy and the American Elections of 1992', International Relations 11-3 (1993), pp. 315-30; J. Petras and M. Morley, Empire or Republic? American Global Power and Domestic Decay, New York, Routledge, 1995; S. P. Huntington, 'Why International Primacy Matters', International Security, 17:1 (1993), pp. 68-83.
88. R. McNamara, Out of the Cold, New York, Pantheon, 1989.
89. See, e.g., E. Ravenal, 'The Case for Adjustment', Foreign Policy, 81 (1990-91), pp. 3-19; D. Bandow, 'Keeping the Troops and the Money at Home', Current History, 93:1 (1994), pp. 8-13. Also, A. Tonelson, 'Superpower Without a Sword', Foreign Affairs, 72:3 (1993), pp. 172-89.
90. See, e.g., E. Ravenal, 'The Case for Adjustment', Foreign Policy, 81 (1990-91), pp. 3-19; D. Bandow, 'Keeping the Troops and the Money at Home', Current History, 93:1 (1994), pp. 8-13. Also, A. Tonelson, 'Superpower Without a Sword', Foreign Affairs, 72:3 (1993), pp. 172-89.
91. See, e.g., E. Ravenal, 'The Case for Adjustment', Foreign Policy, 81 (1990-91), pp. 3-19; D. Bandow, 'Keeping the Troops and the Money at Home', Current History, 93:1 (1994), pp. 8-13. Also, A. Tonelson, 'Superpower Without a Sword', Foreign Affairs, 72:3 (1993), pp. 172-89.
92. See B. R. Posen and A. L. Ross, 'Competing US Grand Strategies', in Lieber, (ed.), Eagle Adrift, pp. 100-34, at p. 103.
93. C. Layne, 'Less is More', The National Interest, 42 (1996), pp. 17-24. See also R. Steel, The Temptations of a Superpower, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1993.
94. C. Layne, 'Less is More', The National Interest, 42 (1996), pp. 17-24. See also R. Steel, The Temptations of a Superpower, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1993.
95. See S. A. Cheney, 'The General's Folly', Foreign Affairs, 77:1 (1998), pp. 155-57; W. E. Odom, America's Military Revolution: Strategy and Structure after the Cold War, Washington DC, American University Press, 1993.
96. See S. A. Cheney, 'The General's Folly', Foreign Affairs, 77:1 (1998), pp. 155-57; W. E. Odom, America's Military Revolution: Strategy and Structure after the Cold War, Washington DC, American University Press, 1993.
97. See P. Trubowitz, Defining the National Interest, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1998, pp. 244-5.
98. See J. Dumbrell, American Foreign Policy: Carter to Clinton, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1997, p. 169 (Bush, Jan. 1993 speech at West Point military academy), and p. 185 (Clinton, Sept. 1993 UN speech);
99. W. Bert, The Relunctant Superpower United States' Policy in Bosnia, 1991-95, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1997, p. 17 (Christopher).
100. See also C. Powell, 'US Forces: Challenges Abroad', Foreign Affairs, 72:5 (1992-3), pp. 32-45;
101. C. W. Maynes, 'Relearning Intervention', Foreign Policy, 98: (1995), pp. 96-115.
102. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: George Bush: 1992: Book I, Washington DC, US Government Printing Office, 1993, p. 1069.
103. M. Mandelbaum, 'Foreign Policy as Social Work', Foreign Affairs, 75:1 (1996), pp. 16-32.
104. Quoted in Bert, The Reluctant Superpower, p. 18.
105. Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 3 Feb. 1996, p. 306.
106. Wall Street Journal, 6 Feb. 1995.
107. Quoted in Cheney, 'The General's Folly', p. 156. See also S. V. Papacosma and M. A. Heiss (eds), NATO in the Post-Cold War Era: Does it Have a Future?, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1995.
108. Quoted in Cheney, 'The General's Folly', p. 156. See also S. V. Papacosma and M. A. Heiss (eds), NATO in the Post-Cold War Era: Does it Have a Future?, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1995.
109. See A. Z. Rubinstein, 'NATO Enlargement vs American Interests', Orbis, 42:1 (1998), pp. 37-48.
110. See J. Citrin, E. B. Haas, C. Muste and B. Reingold, 'Is American Nationalism Changing? Implications for Foreign Policy', International Studies Quarterly, 38:1 (1994), pp. 1-31.
111. 'Super 301' was originally legislated in 1988. It was extended by executive order in 1994. Bypassing GATT, it requires the president to retaliate against identified 'unfair trade practices'.
112. Maynes, op. cit., calculates that between 1993 and 1996, the US imposed or threatened unilateral sanctions 60 times. See also R. N. Haass (ed.), Economic Sanctions and American Diplomacy, Washington DC, Brookings Institution, 1998.
113. Maynes, op. cit., calculates that between 1993 and 1996, the US imposed or threatened unilateral sanctions 60 times. See also R. N. Haass (ed.), Economic Sanctions and American Diplomacy, Washington DC, Brookings Institution, 1998.
114. Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 11 Jan. 1997, pp. 133-4.
115. As of October 1998, the UN calculated total US debts at $1.6 billion. The US has paid just sufficient dues to retain its vote in the General Assembly.
116. See Report of the Quadrennial Defense Review, Washington DC, US Government Printing Office, 1997.