The making of a token: A case study of stereotype threat, stigma, racism, and tokenism in academe

Frontiers

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 111-134

  Flores Niemann, Yolanda ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033482509     PISSN: 01609009     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3346994     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Hisauro Garza, "Academic Power, Discourse, and Legitimacy: Minority Scholars in U.S. Universities," in Community Empowerment and Chicano Scholarship: Selected Proceedings, ed. Mary Romero and Cordelia Candelaria (Los Angeles: National Association for Chicano Studies, 1992).
2. Ana M. Martinez Alemán, "Actuando," in The Leaning Ivory Tower: Latino Professors in American Universities, ed. Raymond V. Padilla and Rudolfo C. Chávez (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995); Patricia C. Gándara, Over the Ivy Walls; The Educational Mobility of Low-Income Chicanos (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995); and Yolanda Flores Niemann, Andrea Romero, and Consuelo Arbona, "The Effect of Cultural Orientation on the Double Bind for Chicanas and Chicanos" (unpublished manuscript, 1998).
3. Ana M. Martinez Alemán, "Actuando," in The Leaning Ivory Tower: Latino Professors in American Universities, ed. Raymond V. Padilla and Rudolfo C. Chávez (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995); Patricia C. Gándara, Over the Ivy Walls; The Educational Mobility of Low-Income Chicanos (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995); and Yolanda Flores Niemann, Andrea Romero, and Consuelo Arbona, "The Effect of Cultural Orientation on the Double Bind for Chicanas and Chicanos" (unpublished manuscript, 1998).
4. Ana M. Martinez Alemán, "Actuando," in The Leaning Ivory Tower: Latino Professors in American Universities, ed. Raymond V. Padilla and Rudolfo C. Chávez (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995); Patricia C. Gándara, Over the Ivy Walls; The Educational Mobility of Low-Income Chicanos (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995); and Yolanda Flores Niemann, Andrea Romero, and Consuelo Arbona, "The Effect of Cultural Orientation on the Double Bind for Chicanas and Chicanos" (unpublished manuscript, 1998).
5. Claude M. Steele, "A Threat in the Air: How Stereotypes Shape Intellectual Identity and Performance," The American Psychologist 52:6 (1997): 613-29.
6. Yolanda Flores Niemann et al., "Use of Free Response and Cluster Analysis to Determine Stereotypes of Eight Groups," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 20:4 (1994): 379-90.
7. Madeline E. Heilman, Caryn J. Block, and Jonathan A. Lucas, "Presumed Incompetent? Stigmatization and Affirmation Action Efforts," Journal of Applied Psychology 77:4 (1992): 536-44.
8. John F. Dovidio and Samuel L. Gaertner, "Affirmative Action, Unintentional Racial Biases, and Intergroup Relations," Journal of Social Issues 52:4 (1996): 51-76.
9. Heilman, Block, and Lucas, "Presumed Incompetent?"; and Dovidio and Gaertner, "Affirmative Action."
10. Heilman, Block, and Lucas, "Presumed Incompetent?"; and Dovidio and Gaertner, "Affirmative Action."
11. Anthony R. Pratkanis and Marlene E. Turner, "The Proactive Removal of Discriminatory Barriers: Affirmative Action as Effective Help," Journal of Social Issues 52:4 (1996): 111-32.
12. Rosabeth M. Kanter, Men and Women of the Corporation (New York: Basic Books, 1988);
13. Yolanda Flores Niemann and John E. Dovidio, "Relationship of Solo Status, Academic Rank, and Perceived Distinctiveness to Job Satisfaction of Racial/Ethnic Minorities," Journal of Applied Psychology 83:1 (1998): 55-71; Kathryn Pollak and Yolanda Flores Niemann, "Black and White Tokens in Academia: A Difference of Chronic versus Acute Distinctiveness," Journal of Applied Social Psychology 28:11(1998): 954-72.
14. Yolanda Flores Niemann and John E. Dovidio, "Relationship of Solo Status, Academic Rank, and Perceived Distinctiveness to Job Satisfaction of Racial/Ethnic Minorities," Journal of Applied Psychology 83:1 (1998): 55-71; Kathryn Pollak and Yolanda Flores Niemann, "Black and White Tokens in Academia: A Difference of Chronic versus Acute Distinctiveness," Journal of Applied Social Psychology 28:11(1998): 954-72.
15. Jennifer Crocker et al., "Social Stigma: The Affective Consequences of Attributional Ambiguity," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60:2 (1991): 218-28.
16. Maria de la Luz Reyes and John J. Halcón, "Racism in Academia: The Old Wolf Revisited," in Latinos and Education: A Critical Reader, ed. Antonia Darder, Roldolfo D. Torres, and Henry Gutíerrez (New York: Routledge, 1997), 429.
17. William G. Tierney and Robert A. Rhoades, Enhancing Promotion, Tenure, and Beyond: Faculty Socialization as a Cultural Process, ERIC Clearinghouse on Higher Education Report No. 6 (Washington, D.C.: School of Education and Human Development, George Washington University, 1993), 69.
18. Garza, "Academic Power, Discourse, and Legitimacy."
19. Dovidio and Gaertner, "Affirmative Action."
20. Linda K. Johnsrud, "Women and Minority Faculty Experiences: Defining and Responding to Diverse Realities," in Building a Diverse Faculty, ed. Joanne Gainen and Robert Boice (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993): 3-16.
21. Heilman, Block, and Lucas, "Presumed Incompetent?" 544.
22. Garza, "Academic Power, Discourse, and Legitimacy."
23. Garza, "Academic Power, Discourse, and Legitimacy."
24. Hisauro Garza, "Second-class Academics: Chicano/Latino Faculty in U.S. Universities," in Gainen and Boice, Building a Diverse Faculty, 33-42; Johnsrud, "Women and Minority Faculty Experiences"; and Reyes and Halcón, "Racism in Academia."
25. Hisauro Garza, "Second-class Academics: Chicano/Latino Faculty in U.S. Universities," in Gainen and Boice, Building a Diverse Faculty, 33-42; Johnsrud, "Women and Minority Faculty Experiences"; and Reyes and Halcón, "Racism in Academia."
26. Hisauro Garza, "Second-class Academics: Chicano/Latino Faculty in U.S. Universities," in Gainen and Boice, Building a Diverse Faculty, 33-42; Johnsrud, "Women and Minority Faculty Experiences"; and Reyes and Halcón, "Racism in Academia."
27. Brenda Major, Jeffrey Feinstein, and Jennifer Crocker, "Attributional Ambiguity of Affirmative Action," Basic and Applied Social Psychology 15:1/2 (1994): 113-41.
28. Niemann and Dovidio, "Relationship of Solo Status."
29. Kanter, Men and Women of the Corporation.
30. Dovidio and Gaertner, "Affirmative Action."
31. Dovidio and Gaertner, "Affirmative Action."
32. Alemán, "Actuando," 74.
33. Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, trans. Myra Bergman Ramos (New York: Herder and Herder, 1970), 26.