Achieving and sustaining business-IT alignment

California Management Review

Volumn , Issue 1, 1999, Pages 109-122

  Luftman, Jerry ^a   Brier, Tom ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033476283     PISSN: 00081256     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/41166021     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. J. King, "Re-engineering Focus Slips," Computerworld, March 13, 1995, p. 6; J. Henderson and N. Venkatraman, "Strategic Alignment: A Model for Organizational Transformation Via Information Technology," Working Paper 3223-90, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990; J. Henderson and N. Venkatraman, "Aligning Business and IT Strategies," in J. Luftman, Competing in the Information Age: Practical Applications of the Strategic Alignment Model (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1996); Michael J. Earl, "Experience in Strategic Information Systems Planning," MIS Quarterly, 17/1 (1993): 1-24; J. Luftman, Competing in the Information Age: Practical Applications of the Strategic Alignment Model (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1996); J. Luftman, P. Lewis, and S. Oldach, "Transforming the Enterprise: The Alignment of Business and Information Technology Strategies," IBM Systems Journal, 32/1 (1993): 198-221; L. Goff, "You Say Tomayto, I Say Tomahto," Computerworld, November 1, 1993, p. 129; S. Liebs, "We're All in This Together," Information Week, October 26, 1992, p. 8; R. Watson and J. Brancheau, "Key Issues In Information Systems Management: An International Perspective," Information & Management, 20 (1991): 213-23; W. Robson, Strategic Management and Information Systems: An Integrated Approach (London: Pitman Publishing, 1994).
2. J. King, "Re-engineering Focus Slips," Computerworld, March 13, 1995, p. 6; J. Henderson and N. Venkatraman, "Strategic Alignment: A Model for Organizational Transformation Via Information Technology," Working Paper 3223-90, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990; J. Henderson and N. Venkatraman, "Aligning Business and IT Strategies," in J. Luftman, Competing in the Information Age: Practical Applications of the Strategic Alignment Model (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1996); Michael J. Earl, "Experience in Strategic Information Systems Planning," MIS Quarterly, 17/1 (1993): 1-24; J. Luftman, Competing in the Information Age: Practical Applications of the Strategic Alignment Model (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1996); J. Luftman, P. Lewis, and S. Oldach, "Transforming the Enterprise: The Alignment of Business and Information Technology Strategies," IBM Systems Journal, 32/1 (1993): 198-221; L. Goff, "You Say Tomayto, I Say Tomahto," Computerworld, November 1, 1993, p. 129; S. Liebs, "We're All in This Together," Information Week, October 26, 1992, p. 8; R. Watson and J. Brancheau, "Key Issues In Information Systems Management: An International Perspective," Information & Management, 20 (1991): 213-23; W. Robson, Strategic Management and Information Systems: An Integrated Approach (London: Pitman Publishing, 1994).
3. J. King, "Re-engineering Focus Slips," Computerworld, March 13, 1995, p. 6; J. Henderson and N. Venkatraman, "Strategic Alignment: A Model for Organizational Transformation Via Information Technology," Working Paper 3223-90, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990; J. Henderson and N. Venkatraman, "Aligning Business and IT Strategies," in J. Luftman, Competing in the Information Age: Practical Applications of the Strategic Alignment Model (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1996); Michael J. Earl, "Experience in Strategic Information Systems Planning," MIS Quarterly, 17/1 (1993): 1-24; J. Luftman, Competing in the Information Age: Practical Applications of the Strategic Alignment Model (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1996); J. Luftman, P. Lewis, and S. Oldach, "Transforming the Enterprise: The Alignment of Business and Information Technology Strategies," IBM Systems Journal, 32/1 (1993): 198-221; L. Goff, "You Say Tomayto, I Say Tomahto," Computerworld, November 1, 1993, p. 129; S. Liebs, "We're All in This Together," Information Week, October 26, 1992, p. 8; R. Watson and J. Brancheau, "Key Issues In Information Systems Management: An International Perspective," Information & Management, 20 (1991): 213-23; W. Robson, Strategic Management and Information Systems: An Integrated Approach (London: Pitman Publishing, 1994).
4. J. King, "Re-engineering Focus Slips," Computerworld, March 13, 1995, p. 6; J. Henderson and N. Venkatraman, "Strategic Alignment: A Model for Organizational Transformation Via Information Technology," Working Paper 3223-90, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990; J. Henderson and N. Venkatraman, "Aligning Business and IT Strategies," in J. Luftman, Competing in the Information Age: Practical Applications of the Strategic Alignment Model (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1996); Michael J. Earl, "Experience in Strategic Information Systems Planning," MIS Quarterly, 17/1 (1993): 1-24; J. Luftman, Competing in the Information Age: Practical Applications of the Strategic Alignment Model (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1996); J. Luftman, P. Lewis, and S. Oldach, "Transforming the Enterprise: The Alignment of Business and Information Technology Strategies," IBM Systems Journal, 32/1 (1993): 198-221; L. Goff, "You Say Tomayto, I Say Tomahto," Computerworld, November 1, 1993, p. 129; S. Liebs, "We're All in This Together," Information Week, October 26, 1992, p. 8; R. Watson and J. Brancheau, "Key Issues In Information Systems Management: An International Perspective," Information & Management, 20 (1991): 213-23; W. Robson, Strategic Management and Information Systems: An Integrated Approach (London: Pitman Publishing, 1994).
5. J. King, "Re-engineering Focus Slips," Computerworld, March 13, 1995, p. 6; J. Henderson and N. Venkatraman, "Strategic Alignment: A Model for Organizational Transformation Via Information Technology," Working Paper 3223-90, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990; J. Henderson and N. Venkatraman, "Aligning Business and IT Strategies," in J. Luftman, Competing in the Information Age: Practical Applications of the Strategic Alignment Model (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1996); Michael J. Earl, "Experience in Strategic Information Systems Planning," MIS Quarterly, 17/1 (1993): 1-24; J. Luftman, Competing in the Information Age: Practical Applications of the Strategic Alignment Model (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1996); J. Luftman, P. Lewis, and S. Oldach, "Transforming the Enterprise: The Alignment of Business and Information Technology Strategies," IBM Systems Journal, 32/1 (1993): 198-221; L. Goff, "You Say Tomayto, I Say Tomahto," Computerworld, November 1, 1993, p. 129; S. Liebs, "We're All in This Together," Information Week, October 26, 1992, p. 8; R. Watson and J. Brancheau, "Key Issues In Information Systems Management: An International Perspective," Information & Management, 20 (1991): 213-23; W. Robson, Strategic Management and Information Systems: An Integrated Approach (London: Pitman Publishing, 1994).
6. J. King, "Re-engineering Focus Slips," Computerworld, March 13, 1995, p. 6; J. Henderson and N. Venkatraman, "Strategic Alignment: A Model for Organizational Transformation Via Information Technology," Working Paper 3223-90, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990; J. Henderson and N. Venkatraman, "Aligning Business and IT Strategies," in J. Luftman, Competing in the Information Age: Practical Applications of the Strategic Alignment Model (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1996); Michael J. Earl, "Experience in Strategic Information Systems Planning," MIS Quarterly, 17/1 (1993): 1-24; J. Luftman, Competing in the Information Age: Practical Applications of the Strategic Alignment Model (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1996); J. Luftman, P. Lewis, and S. Oldach, "Transforming the Enterprise: The Alignment of Business and Information Technology Strategies," IBM Systems Journal, 32/1 (1993): 198-221; L. Goff, "You Say Tomayto, I Say Tomahto," Computerworld, November 1, 1993, p. 129; S. Liebs, "We're All in This Together," Information Week, October 26, 1992, p. 8; R. Watson and J. Brancheau, "Key Issues In Information Systems Management: An International Perspective," Information & Management, 20 (1991): 213-23; W. Robson, Strategic Management and Information Systems: An Integrated Approach (London: Pitman Publishing, 1994).
7. J. King, "Re-engineering Focus Slips," Computerworld, March 13, 1995, p. 6; J. Henderson and N. Venkatraman, "Strategic Alignment: A Model for Organizational Transformation Via Information Technology," Working Paper 3223-90, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990; J. Henderson and N. Venkatraman, "Aligning Business and IT Strategies," in J. Luftman, Competing in the Information Age: Practical Applications of the Strategic Alignment Model (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1996); Michael J. Earl, "Experience in Strategic Information Systems Planning," MIS Quarterly, 17/1 (1993): 1-24; J. Luftman, Competing in the Information Age: Practical Applications of the Strategic Alignment Model (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1996); J. Luftman, P. Lewis, and S. Oldach, "Transforming the Enterprise: The Alignment of Business and Information Technology Strategies," IBM Systems Journal, 32/1 (1993): 198-221; L. Goff, "You Say Tomayto, I Say Tomahto," Computerworld, November 1, 1993, p. 129; S. Liebs, "We're All in This Together," Information Week, October 26, 1992, p. 8; R. Watson and J. Brancheau, "Key Issues In Information Systems Management: An International Perspective," Information & Management, 20 (1991): 213-23; W. Robson, Strategic Management and Information Systems: An Integrated Approach (London: Pitman Publishing, 1994).
8. J. King, "Re-engineering Focus Slips," Computerworld, March 13, 1995, p. 6; J. Henderson and N. Venkatraman, "Strategic Alignment: A Model for Organizational Transformation Via Information Technology," Working Paper 3223-90, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990; J. Henderson and N. Venkatraman, "Aligning Business and IT Strategies," in J. Luftman, Competing in the Information Age: Practical Applications of the Strategic Alignment Model (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1996); Michael J. Earl, "Experience in Strategic Information Systems Planning," MIS Quarterly, 17/1 (1993): 1-24; J. Luftman, Competing in the Information Age: Practical Applications of the Strategic Alignment Model (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1996); J. Luftman, P. Lewis, and S. Oldach, "Transforming the Enterprise: The Alignment of Business and Information Technology Strategies," IBM Systems Journal, 32/1 (1993): 198-221; L. Goff, "You Say Tomayto, I Say Tomahto," Computerworld, November 1, 1993, p. 129; S. Liebs, "We're All in This Together," Information Week, October 26, 1992, p. 8; R. Watson and J. Brancheau, "Key Issues In Information Systems Management: An International Perspective," Information & Management, 20 (1991): 213-23; W. Robson, Strategic Management and Information Systems: An Integrated Approach (London: Pitman Publishing, 1994).
9. J. King, "Re-engineering Focus Slips," Computerworld, March 13, 1995, p. 6; J. Henderson and N. Venkatraman, "Strategic Alignment: A Model for Organizational Transformation Via Information Technology," Working Paper 3223-90, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990; J. Henderson and N. Venkatraman, "Aligning Business and IT Strategies," in J. Luftman, Competing in the Information Age: Practical Applications of the Strategic Alignment Model (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1996); Michael J. Earl, "Experience in Strategic Information Systems Planning," MIS Quarterly, 17/1 (1993): 1-24; J. Luftman, Competing in the Information Age: Practical Applications of the Strategic Alignment Model (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1996); J. Luftman, P. Lewis, and S. Oldach, "Transforming the Enterprise: The Alignment of Business and Information Technology Strategies," IBM Systems Journal, 32/1 (1993): 198-221; L. Goff, "You Say Tomayto, I Say Tomahto," Computerworld, November 1, 1993, p. 129; S. Liebs, "We're All in This Together," Information Week, October 26, 1992, p. 8; R. Watson and J. Brancheau, "Key Issues In Information Systems Management: An International Perspective," Information & Management, 20 (1991): 213-23; W. Robson, Strategic Management and Information Systems: An Integrated Approach (London: Pitman Publishing, 1994).
10. J. King, "Re-engineering Focus Slips," Computerworld, March 13, 1995, p. 6; J. Henderson and N. Venkatraman, "Strategic Alignment: A Model for Organizational Transformation Via Information Technology," Working Paper 3223-90, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990; J. Henderson and N. Venkatraman, "Aligning Business and IT Strategies," in J. Luftman, Competing in the Information Age: Practical Applications of the Strategic Alignment Model (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1996); Michael J. Earl, "Experience in Strategic Information Systems Planning," MIS Quarterly, 17/1 (1993): 1-24; J. Luftman, Competing in the Information Age: Practical Applications of the Strategic Alignment Model (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1996); J. Luftman, P. Lewis, and S. Oldach, "Transforming the Enterprise: The Alignment of Business and Information Technology Strategies," IBM Systems Journal, 32/1 (1993): 198-221; L. Goff, "You Say Tomayto, I Say Tomahto," Computerworld, November 1, 1993, p. 129; S. Liebs, "We're All in This Together," Information Week, October 26, 1992, p. 8; R. Watson and J. Brancheau, "Key Issues In Information Systems Management: An International Perspective," Information & Management, 20 (1991): 213-23; W. Robson, Strategic Management and Information Systems: An Integrated Approach (London: Pitman Publishing, 1994).
11. C. Wang, Techno Vision II (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1997).
12. J. Luftman, R. Papp, and T. Brier, "Enablers and Inhibitors of Business-IT Alignment," Communications of the Association for Information Systems, Volume 1, Article 11, 1999; J. Luftman, R. Papp, and T. Brier, "The Strategic Alignment Model: Assessment and Validation," Proceedings of the Information Technology Management Group of the Association of Management, 13th Annual International Conference, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, August 2-5, 1995, 57-66.
13. J. Luftman, R. Papp, and T. Brier, "Enablers and Inhibitors of Business-IT Alignment," Communications of the Association for Information Systems, Volume 1, Article 11, 1999; J. Luftman, R. Papp, and T. Brier, "The Strategic Alignment Model: Assessment and Validation," Proceedings of the Information Technology Management Group of the Association of Management, 13th Annual International Conference, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, August 2-5, 1995, 57-66.
14. Luftman, Papp, and Brier (1999), op. cit.
15. E. McLean and J. Soden, Strategic Planning for MIS (New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1977); IBM, Business Systems Planning, Planning Guide, GE20-0527, IBM Corporation, White Plains, New York, 1981; P. Mills, Managing Service Industries (New York, NY: Ballinger, 1986); M. Parker and R. Benson, Information Economics (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1988); J. Brancheau and J. Wetherbe, "Issues In Information Systems Management," MIS Quarterly, 11/1 (1987): 23-45; P. Dixon and D. John, "Technology Issues Facing Corporate Management in the 1990s," MIS Quarterly, 13/3 (1989): 247-255; F. Niederman, J. Brancheau, and J. Wetherbe, "Information Systems Management Issues for the 1990s," MIS Quarterly, 15/4 (1991): 475-95.
16. E. McLean and J. Soden, Strategic Planning for MIS (New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1977); IBM, Business Systems Planning, Planning Guide, GE20-0527, IBM Corporation, White Plains, New York, 1981; P. Mills, Managing Service Industries (New York, NY: Ballinger, 1986); M. Parker and R. Benson, Information Economics (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1988); J. Brancheau and J. Wetherbe, "Issues In Information Systems Management," MIS Quarterly, 11/1 (1987): 23-45; P. Dixon and D. John, "Technology Issues Facing Corporate Management in the 1990s," MIS Quarterly, 13/3 (1989): 247-255; F. Niederman, J. Brancheau, and J. Wetherbe, "Information Systems Management Issues for the 1990s," MIS Quarterly, 15/4 (1991): 475-95.
17. E. McLean and J. Soden, Strategic Planning for MIS (New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1977); IBM, Business Systems Planning, Planning Guide, GE20-0527, IBM Corporation, White Plains, New York, 1981; P. Mills, Managing Service Industries (New York, NY: Ballinger, 1986); M. Parker and R. Benson, Information Economics (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1988); J. Brancheau and J. Wetherbe, "Issues In Information Systems Management," MIS Quarterly, 11/1 (1987): 23-45; P. Dixon and D. John, "Technology Issues Facing Corporate Management in the 1990s," MIS Quarterly, 13/3 (1989): 247-255; F. Niederman, J. Brancheau, and J. Wetherbe, "Information Systems Management Issues for the 1990s," MIS Quarterly, 15/4 (1991): 475-95.
18. E. McLean and J. Soden, Strategic Planning for MIS (New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1977); IBM, Business Systems Planning, Planning Guide, GE20-0527, IBM Corporation, White Plains, New York, 1981; P. Mills, Managing Service Industries (New York, NY: Ballinger, 1986); M. Parker and R. Benson, Information Economics (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1988); J. Brancheau and J. Wetherbe, "Issues In Information Systems Management," MIS Quarterly, 11/1 (1987): 23-45; P. Dixon and D. John, "Technology Issues Facing Corporate Management in the 1990s," MIS Quarterly, 13/3 (1989): 247-255; F. Niederman, J. Brancheau, and J. Wetherbe, "Information Systems Management Issues for the 1990s," MIS Quarterly, 15/4 (1991): 475-95.
19. E. McLean and J. Soden, Strategic Planning for MIS (New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1977); IBM, Business Systems Planning, Planning Guide, GE20-0527, IBM Corporation, White Plains, New York, 1981; P. Mills, Managing Service Industries (New York, NY: Ballinger, 1986); M. Parker and R. Benson, Information Economics (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1988); J. Brancheau and J. Wetherbe, "Issues In Information Systems Management," MIS Quarterly, 11/1 (1987): 23-45; P. Dixon and D. John, "Technology Issues Facing Corporate Management in the 1990s," MIS Quarterly, 13/3 (1989): 247-255; F. Niederman, J. Brancheau, and J. Wetherbe, "Information Systems Management Issues for the 1990s," MIS Quarterly, 15/4 (1991): 475-95.
20. E. McLean and J. Soden, Strategic Planning for MIS (New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1977); IBM, Business Systems Planning, Planning Guide, GE20-0527, IBM Corporation, White Plains, New York, 1981; P. Mills, Managing Service Industries (New York, NY: Ballinger, 1986); M. Parker and R. Benson, Information Economics (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1988); J. Brancheau and J. Wetherbe, "Issues In Information Systems Management," MIS Quarterly, 11/1 (1987): 23-45; P. Dixon and D. John, "Technology Issues Facing Corporate Management in the 1990s," MIS Quarterly, 13/3 (1989): 247-255; F. Niederman, J. Brancheau, and J. Wetherbe, "Information Systems Management Issues for the 1990s," MIS Quarterly, 15/4 (1991): 475-95.
21. E. McLean and J. Soden, Strategic Planning for MIS (New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1977); IBM, Business Systems Planning, Planning Guide, GE20-0527, IBM Corporation, White Plains, New York, 1981; P. Mills, Managing Service Industries (New York, NY: Ballinger, 1986); M. Parker and R. Benson, Information Economics (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1988); J. Brancheau and J. Wetherbe, "Issues In Information Systems Management," MIS Quarterly, 11/1 (1987): 23-45; P. Dixon and D. John, "Technology Issues Facing Corporate Management in the 1990s," MIS Quarterly, 13/3 (1989): 247-255; F. Niederman, J. Brancheau, and J. Wetherbe, "Information Systems Management Issues for the 1990s," MIS Quarterly, 15/4 (1991): 475-95.
22. R. Papp, "Determinants of Strategically Aligned Organizations: A Multi-industry, Multi-perspective Analysis," Dissertation, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 1995; Luftman (1996), op. cit.
23. R. Papp, "Determinants of Strategically Aligned Organizations: A Multi-industry, Multi-perspective Analysis," Dissertation, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 1995; Luftman (1996), op. cit.
24. R. Papp and J. Luftman, "Business and IT Strategic Alignment: New Perspectives and Assessments," in Proceedings of the Association for Information Systems, Inaugural Americas Conference on Information Systems, Pittsburgh, PA, August 25-27, 1995.
25. Henderson and Venkatraman (1990), op. cit.; Henderson and Venkatraman (1996), op. cit.; Luftman (1996), op. cit.
26. Henderson and Venkatraman (1990), op. cit.; Henderson and Venkatraman (1996), op. cit.; Luftman (1996), op. cit.
27. Henderson and Venkatraman (1990), op. cit.; Henderson and Venkatraman (1996), op. cit.; Luftman (1996), op. cit.
28. E. Faltermayer, "Competitiveness: How US Companies Stack Up Now," Fortune, April 18, 1994, pp. 52-64; K. Adcock, M. Helms, and K. Wen-Jang, "Information Technology: Can It Provide a Sustainable Competitive Advantage?" Information Strategy: The Executive's Journal (Spring 1993), pp. 10-15; R. Cardinali, "Information Systems - A Key Ingredient to Achieving Organizational Competitive Strategy," Computers in Industry, 18 (1992): 241-245.
29. E. Faltermayer, "Competitiveness: How US Companies Stack Up Now," Fortune, April 18, 1994, pp. 52-64; K. Adcock, M. Helms, and K. Wen-Jang, "Information Technology: Can It Provide a Sustainable Competitive Advantage?" Information Strategy: The Executive's Journal (Spring 1993), pp. 10-15; R. Cardinali, "Information Systems - A Key Ingredient to Achieving Organizational Competitive Strategy," Computers in Industry, 18 (1992): 241-245.
30. E. Faltermayer, "Competitiveness: How US Companies Stack Up Now," Fortune, April 18, 1994, pp. 52-64; K. Adcock, M. Helms, and K. Wen-Jang, "Information Technology: Can It Provide a Sustainable Competitive Advantage?" Information Strategy: The Executive's Journal (Spring 1993), pp. 10-15; R. Cardinali, "Information Systems - A Key Ingredient to Achieving Organizational Competitive Strategy," Computers in Industry, 18 (1992): 241-245.
31. Y. Chan and S. Huff, "Strategic Information Systems Alignment," Business Quarterly, 58/1 (1993): 51-56; Luftman (1996), op. cit.; Michael J. Earl, Corporate Information Systems Management (Homewood, IL:, Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1983); J. Henderson, J. Thomas, and N. Venkatraman, "Making Sense of IT: Strategic Alignment and Organizational Context," Working Paper 3475-92 BPS, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992.
32. Y. Chan and S. Huff, "Strategic Information Systems Alignment," Business Quarterly, 58/1 (1993): 51-56; Luftman (1996), op. cit.; Michael J. Earl, Corporate Information Systems Management (Homewood, IL:, Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1983); J. Henderson, J. Thomas, and N. Venkatraman, "Making Sense of IT: Strategic Alignment and Organizational Context," Working Paper 3475-92 BPS, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992.
33. Y. Chan and S. Huff, "Strategic Information Systems Alignment," Business Quarterly, 58/1 (1993): 51-56; Luftman (1996), op. cit.; Michael J. Earl, Corporate Information Systems Management (Homewood, IL:, Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1983); J. Henderson, J. Thomas, and N. Venkatraman, "Making Sense of IT: Strategic Alignment and Organizational Context," Working Paper 3475-92 BPS, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992.
34. Y. Chan and S. Huff, "Strategic Information Systems Alignment," Business Quarterly, 58/1 (1993): 51-56; Luftman (1996), op. cit.; Michael J. Earl, Corporate Information Systems Management (Homewood, IL:, Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1983); J. Henderson, J. Thomas, and N. Venkatraman, "Making Sense of IT: Strategic Alignment and Organizational Context," Working Paper 3475-92 BPS, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992.
35. P. Keen, "Do You Need an IT Strategy?" in Luftman (1996), op. cit.; B. Ives, S. Jarvenpaa, and R. Mason, "Global Business Drivers: Aligning Information Technology To Global Business Strategy," IBM Systems Journal, 32/1 (1993): 143-161.
36. P. Keen, "Do You Need an IT Strategy?" in Luftman (1996), op. cit.; B. Ives, S. Jarvenpaa, and R. Mason, "Global Business Drivers: Aligning Information Technology To Global Business Strategy," IBM Systems Journal, 32/1 (1993): 143-161.
37. A. Boynton, B. Victor, and B. Pine II, "Aligning IT with New Competitive Strategies," in Luftman (1996), op. cit.; W. Davidson, "Managing the Business Transformation Process," in Luftman (1996), op. cit.
38. A. Boynton, B. Victor, and B. Pine II, "Aligning IT with New Competitive Strategies," in Luftman (1996), op. cit.; W. Davidson, "Managing the Business Transformation Process," in Luftman (1996), op. cit.
39. P. Keen, Shaping the Future (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1991); R. Foster, Innovation: The Attacker's Advantage (New York, NY: Summit Books, 1986).
40. P. Keen, Shaping the Future (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1991); R. Foster, Innovation: The Attacker's Advantage (New York, NY: Summit Books, 1986).
41. A. Alter, "The Profit Center Paradox," Computerworld, April 24, 1995, pp. 101-105; Henderson and Venkatraman (1996), op. cit.; P. Pyburn, "Redefining the Role of Information Technology," Business Quarterly, 55/3 (Winter 1991): 89-94.
42. A. Alter, "The Profit Center Paradox," Computerworld, April 24, 1995, pp. 101-105; Henderson and Venkatraman (1996), op. cit.; P. Pyburn, "Redefining the Role of Information Technology," Business Quarterly, 55/3 (Winter 1991): 89-94.
43. A. Alter, "The Profit Center Paradox," Computerworld, April 24, 1995, pp. 101-105; Henderson and Venkatraman (1996), op. cit.; P. Pyburn, "Redefining the Role of Information Technology," Business Quarterly, 55/3 (Winter 1991): 89-94.
44. J. Rockart and J. Short, "IT in the 1990s: Managing Organizational Interdependence," Sloan Management Review, 30/2 (Winter 1989): 7-17; T. Davenport and J. Short, "The New Industrial Engineering: Information Technology and Business Process Redesign," Sloan Management Review, 31/4 (Summer 1990): 11-27; M. Hammer and J. Champy, Reengineering the Corporation: A Manifesto for Business Revolution (New York, NY: Harper Business, 1993); M. Hammer and S. Stanton, The Reengineering Revolution (New York, NY: Harper Business, 1995).
45. J. Rockart and J. Short, "IT in the 1990s: Managing Organizational Interdependence," Sloan Management Review, 30/2 (Winter 1989): 7-17; T. Davenport and J. Short, "The New Industrial Engineering: Information Technology and Business Process Redesign," Sloan Management Review, 31/4 (Summer 1990): 11-27; M. Hammer and J. Champy, Reengineering the Corporation: A Manifesto for Business Revolution (New York, NY: Harper Business, 1993); M. Hammer and S. Stanton, The Reengineering Revolution (New York, NY: Harper Business, 1995).
46. J. Rockart and J. Short, "IT in the 1990s: Managing Organizational Interdependence," Sloan Management Review, 30/2 (Winter 1989): 7-17; T. Davenport and J. Short, "The New Industrial Engineering: Information Technology and Business Process Redesign," Sloan Management Review, 31/4 (Summer 1990): 11-27; M. Hammer and J. Champy, Reengineering the Corporation: A Manifesto for Business Revolution (New York, NY: Harper Business, 1993); M. Hammer and S. Stanton, The Reengineering Revolution (New York, NY: Harper Business, 1995).
47. J. Rockart and J. Short, "IT in the 1990s: Managing Organizational Interdependence," Sloan Management Review, 30/2 (Winter 1989): 7-17; T. Davenport and J. Short, "The New Industrial Engineering: Information Technology and Business Process Redesign," Sloan Management Review, 31/4 (Summer 1990): 11-27; M. Hammer and J. Champy, Reengineering the Corporation: A Manifesto for Business Revolution (New York, NY: Harper Business, 1993); M. Hammer and S. Stanton, The Reengineering Revolution (New York, NY: Harper Business, 1995).
48. Robson, op. cit.; L. Rogers, "Alignment Revisited," CIO Magazine, May 15, 1997; J. Rockart, M. Earl, and J. Ross, "Eight Imperatives for the New IT Organization," Sloan Management Review, 38/1 (Fall 1996): 43-55.
49. Robson, op. cit.; L. Rogers, "Alignment Revisited," CIO Magazine, May 15, 1997; J. Rockart, M. Earl, and J. Ross, "Eight Imperatives for the New IT Organization," Sloan Management Review, 38/1 (Fall 1996): 43-55.
50. Robson, op. cit.; L. Rogers, "Alignment Revisited," CIO Magazine, May 15, 1997; J. Rockart, M. Earl, and J. Ross, "Eight Imperatives for the New IT Organization," Sloan Management Review, 38/1 (Fall 1996): 43-55.
51. Rockart, Earl, and Ross, op. cit.
52. Luftman, Papp, and Brier (1999), op. cit.
53. Luftman (1996), op. cit.; Papp and Luftman (1995), op. cit.
54. Luftman (1996), op. cit.; Papp and Luftman (1995), op. cit.
55. Luftman, Papp, and Brier (1999), op. cit.
56. Ibid.
57. D.A. Garvin, "Leveraging Processes for Strategic Advantage," Harvard Business Review, 73/5 (September/October 1995): 76-79.
58. E. Schonfeld, "Schwab Puts It All Online," Fortune, December 7, 1998, pp. 94-100.
59. Luftman, Papp, and Brier (1999), op. cit.; Rockart, Earl, and Ross (1996), op. cit.
60. Luftman, Papp, and Brier (1999), op. cit.; Rockart, Earl, and Ross (1996), op. cit.
61. Rockart, Earl, and Ross (1996), op. cit.