An uninformed debate on military culture

Orbis

Volumn 43, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 11-26

  Snider, Don M ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0033472993     PISSN: 00304387     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0030-4387(99)80054-4     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. 1 Craig Donegan, "New Military Culture," CQ Researcher, April 26, 1996, pp. 361-84.
2. 2 Office of Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs), "Secretary of Defense Directs More Uniformity and Clarity in Service Policies Pertaining to Good Order and Discipline," News Release No. 404-98, July 29, 1998.
3. 3 James Webb, "The War on Military Culture," Weekly Standard, January 20, 1997, pp. 17-22.
4. 4 Thomas E. Ricks, Making the Corps (New York: Scribner, 1997); James Kitfield, "Standing Apart," National Journal, June 13, 1998, pp. 1350-58.
5. 4 Thomas E. Ricks, Making the Corps (New York: Scribner, 1997); James Kitfield, "Standing Apart," National Journal, June 13, 1998, pp. 1350-58.
6. 5 Lt. Col. Karen O. Dunivin, "Military Culture: A Paradigm Shift?" Maxwell Paper No. 10 (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College, 1997), p. iii.
7. 6 If they had set the terms, the results likely would have been different, as they were in the case of the Weinberger Doctrine. See Cori Dauber, "The Practice of Argument: Reading the Conditions of Civil-Military Relations," Armed Forces and Society, Spring 1998, pp. 435-46.
8. 7 Patrick Mileham, "Military Virtues 1: The Right to be Different," Defense Analysis, Vol. 14, No. 2 (1998), pp. 169-90.
9. 8 This is not to denigrate the efforts of those who have filled the void, such as members of the Pentagon press corps and individuals such as Elaine Donnelly of the Center for Military Readiness. But even Ms. Donnelly admits to the frustration of repeatedly being asked to provide publicly the expertise and nuance that only serving military professionals possess. (Author's discussions with Ms. Donnelly, July 15, 1998.)
10. 9 Sam C. Sarkesian, "Military Officers Should Speak Their Minds," Orbis, Summer 1998, pp. 423-37.
11. 10 Edgar Schein, "Organizational Culture," American Psychologist, February 1990, p. 110.
12. 11 Bernard Bass, "A New Paradigm of Leadership: An Inquiry Into Transformational Leadership" (U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, Alexandria, Va., February 1996).
13. 12 Walter F. Ulmer Jr., "Preliminary Notes, Project on Military Culture" (Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, D.C., March 7, 1998, mimeograph), p. F1.
14. 13 Ulmer, "Preliminary Notes."
15. 14 Daniel R. Denison, "What IS the Difference Between Organizational Culture and Organizational Climate?" The Academy of Management Review, July 1996, p. 624.
16. 15 Daniel Denison and A. Mishra, "Toward a Theory of Organizational Culture and Effectiveness," Organizational Science, Vol. 6 (1995), pp. 204-23.
17. 16 Within this section all quotations without footnotes are from James Bulk, "Military Culture," in Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict, ed. Lester Kurtz (San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press, forthcoming 1999).
18. 17 See either Andrew Krepinevich, The Army in Vietnam (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); or Deborah Avant, Political Institutions and Military Change (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994).
19. 17 See either Andrew Krepinevich, The Army in Vietnam (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); or Deborah Avant, Political Institutions and Military Change (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994).
20. 18 Theo Farrell, "Figuring Out Fighting Organizations: The New Organizational Analysis in Strategic Studies," Journal of Strategic Studies, March 1996, pp. 122-35.
21. 19 Stephen Biddle, "Victory Misunderstood: What the Gulf War Tells Us about the Future of Conflict," International Security, Fall 1996, pp. 139-79; Stephen Biddle and Robert Zirkle, "Technology, Civil-Military Relations and Warfare in the Developing World," Journal of Strategic Studies, June 1996, pp. 171-212.
22. 19 Stephen Biddle, "Victory Misunderstood: What the Gulf War Tells Us about the Future of Conflict," International Security, Fall 1996, pp. 139-79; Stephen Biddle and Robert Zirkle, "Technology, Civil-Military Relations and Warfare in the Developing World," Journal of Strategic Studies, June 1996, pp. 171-212.
23. 20 S.L.A. Marshall, "Americans in Combat," in The Armed Forces Officer (Washington, D.C.: American Forces Information Service, Department of Defense, February 1988), p. 80.
24. 21 Morris Janowitz, The Professional Soldier (New York: The Free Press, 1960), pp. 8-9.
25. 22 Robert L. Hughes, Robert C. Ginnett, and Gordon J. Curphy, Leadership: Enhancing the Lessons of Experience, 2nd ed. (Chicago, Ill.: Irwin Publishing, 1996), particularly chap. 13.
26. 23 Samuel P. Huntington, The Soldier and the State (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, 1957), p. 61.
27. 24 Gen. Douglas MacArthur, Address to the Corps of Cadets, West Point, N.Y., May 12, 1962, in William Safire, ed., Lend Me Your Ears: Great Speeches in History (New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1962), pp. 74-78.
28. 25 Anthony E. Hartle, Moral Issues in Military Decision Making (Lawrence, Kans.: University of Kansas Press, 1989), pp. 27-29.
29. 26 Indicative of the inadequacy to date of the culture debate is its nearly complete failure to address the implications of this, or subsequent, research on why soldiers fight. What will happen to cohesion and unit effectiveness on the battlefields of the future as units are intentionally more widely dispersed and isolated? See Walter F. Ulmer, "Military Leadership into the 21st Century: Another Bridge Too Far?" Parameters, Spring 1998, pp. 4-25.
30. 27 Equally distinct, but beyond the scope of this essay, is the subculture of the reserve components, particularly the Army National Guard with its militia traditions.
31. 28 Carl H. Builder, The Masks of War: American Military Styles in Strategy and Analysis, A RAND Corporation Study (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989), pp. 31-43.
32. 29 Earl H. Tilford Jr., "Halt Phase Strategy: New Wine in Old Wineskins . . . with PowerPoint" (Carlisle Barracks, Pa.: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, July 1998).
33. 30 David A. Rosenberg, presentation during the FPRI conference, The End of Military Culture, Bryn Mawr, Pa., July 15-16, 1998.
34. 31 Kenneth Allard, Command and Control and the Common Defense, rev. ed. (Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press, 1996), pp. 47-88.
35. 32 James R. Locher III, "Taking Stock of Goldwater-Nichols," Joint Force Quarterly, Autumn 1996, pp. 10-17.
36. 33 Howard D. Graves and Don M. Snider, "Emergence of the Joint Officer," Joint Force Quarterly, Autumn 1996, pp. 53-57.
37. 34 Stephen Peter Rosen, Winning the Next War (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991), p. 19.
38. 35 Gen. Charles C. Krulak, "Marines Have to be Held to Higher Standards," USA Today, August 11, 1989.
39. 36 Charles C. Moskos, "Institutional and Occupational Trends In Armed Forces," in The Military: More Than Just A Job? ed. Charles C. Moskos and Frank R. Wood (London: Pergamon-Brassey's International Defense Publishers, 1998), p. 16.
40. 37 David R. Segal, Recruiting for Uncle Sam: Citizenship and Military Manpower Policy (Lawrence, Kans.: University of Kansas Press, 1989), p. 72.
41. 38 Laura Miller, "Feminism and the Exclusion of Army Women from Combat," Working Paper No. 2, Project on Post-Cold War Civil-Military Relations (John M. Olin Institute for Strategic Studies, Harvard University, December 1995).
42. 39 Louis Harris and Associates poll, reported in Rowan Scarborough, "Poll Gives Military Its Top Rating," Washington Times, February 17, 1998.
43. 40 For a very informative and readable current-history review of this process, see James Kitfield, The Prodigal Soldiers (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995).
44. 41 Allan R. Millett and Peter Maslowski, A Military History of the United States of America (New York: The Free Press, 1994), particularly chap. 13, pp. 413-49.
45. 42 Huntington, Soldier and State, pp. 11-18.
46. 43 Allen R. Millett, "Military Professionalism and Officership in America," A Mershon Center Briefing Paper, No. 2 (Ohio State University, May 1977), p. 3.
47. 44 Huntington, Soldier and State, pp. 61-62, 74.
48. 45 S.L.A. Marshall, The Armed Forces Officer (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950).
49. 46 Huntington, Soldier and State, pp. 17-18.
50. 47 The army's success in rebuilding its NCO corps by "leadership development" programs that essentially bundled indistinguishably the roles of the officer and NCO, particularly in training soldiers, also had the ironic effect of confusing officers as to their own distinct role under their commission.
51. 48 Williamson Murray, presentation during FPRI conference, The End of Military Culture; and Andrew J. Bacevich, "Absent History: A Comment on Duaber, Feaver, and Desch," Armed Forces and Society, Spring 1998, pp. 447-54.
52. 48 Williamson Murray, presentation during FPRI conference, The End of Military Culture; and Andrew J. Bacevich, "Absent History: A Comment on Duaber, Feaver, and Desch," Armed Forces and Society, Spring 1998, pp. 447-54.
53. 49 Williamson Murray and Allen Millett, eds., Military Innovation in the Interwar Period (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
54. 50 Gen. Matthew Ridgway, Soldier: The Memoirs of Matthew B. Ridgway (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1956), p. 271.