Must U.S. military culture reform?

Orbis

Volumn 43, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 43-57

  Hillen, John ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0033472982     PISSN: 00304387     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0030-4387(99)80056-8     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. 1 See Nora Kinzer Stewart's fascinating sociological analysis of the dichotomy between the Argentine and British military cultures operating in the 1982 Falklands War, Mates and Muchachos: Unit Cohesion in the Falklands/Malvinas War (Washington, D.C.: Brassey's, 1991).
2. 2 Edgar H. Schein, "Organizational Culture," American Psychologist, February 1990, p. 111.
3. 3 See Don Snider's report in this cluster on the U.S. military's subcultures.
4. 4 There are over 250 instances of the use of U.S. armed forces abroad since 1798 and only five declared wars. Congressional Research Service Report #96-119F, "Instances of Use of U.S. Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-1995," February 6, 1996.
5. 5 Panelist Deborah Avant competently explores many of these issues in Political Institutions and Military Change: Lessons from Peripheral Wars (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994).
6. 6 See also Williamson Murray, "Computers In, Clausewitz Out," National Interest, Summer 1997, pp. 57-69.
7. 7 Morris Janowitz, The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait (New York: The Free Press, 1960), pp. 21-78.
8. 8 James Kitfield, Prodigal Soldiers (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995); and Thomas Ricks, Making the Corps (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), chap. 4.
9. 8 James Kitfield, Prodigal Soldiers (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995); and Thomas Ricks, Making the Corps (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), chap. 4.
10. 9 James Adams, The Next World War: Computers Are the Weapons and the Front Line is Everywhere (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998), p. 14.
11. 10 See John Hillen, "Don't Misuse the Armed Forces," Investor's Business Daily, Feb. 28, 1996.
12. 11 See Charles Dunlap, "The Origins of the American Military Coup of 2012," Parameters: The Journal of the Army War College, Winter 1992-93, pp. 2-20.
13. 12 Steven Lee Myers, "Military Weighing Changes in Policy Towards Adultery," New York Times, July 19,1998.
14. 13 James Webb, "The War on the Military Culture," Weekly Standard, January 20, 1997.
15. 14 Quoted in Elaine Donnelly, "Social Fiction in the Ungendered Military," Washington Times, April 7, 1997.
16. 15 See Eric Schmitt, "Aspin Moves to Open Many Military Jobs to Women," New York Times, January 14, 1994.
17. 16 See James Anderson, "Boot Camp or Summer Camp? Restoring Rigorous Standards to Basic Training," The Heritage Foundation Backgrounder No. 1147, November 6, 1997.
18. 17 See Mackubin Thomas Owens, "It's Time to Face the Gender Paradox," Naval Institute Proceedings, July 1998, pp. 43-49.
19. 18 Elaine Donnelly, Testimony to the House National Security Subcommittee on Personnel, March 17, 1998.
20. 19 Schmitt, "Aspin Moves."
21. 20 Rowan Scarborough, "Did the Army tell House to Buzz Off?" Washington Times, August 31, 1998.
22. 21 In fact, all these recent changes were imposed by executive order, not congressional statutes.
23. 22 Col. (ret.) Michael D. Mahler, "Has the Army Lost Its Way?" Army, May 1998, p. 57.
24. 23 See, for instance, Richard Kohn, "Out of Control: The Crisis in Civil-Military Relations," National Interest, Spring 1994, pp. 3-17 and the responses to his essay in the following issue of that journal.
25. 24 James Kitfield, "Standing Apart," National Journal, June 13, 1998, pp. 1350-58. See also Thomas Ricks, "The Widening Gap Between the Military and Society," Atlantic Monthly, July 1997, pp. 66-78.
26. 24 James Kitfield, "Standing Apart," National Journal, June 13, 1998, pp. 1350-58. See also Thomas Ricks, "The Widening Gap Between the Military and Society," Atlantic Monthly, July 1997, pp. 66-78.
27. 25 See Congressman Ike Skelton, "Close the Gap Between Military and Civilian America," Association of the United States Army News, July 1996, p. 7.
28. 26 Kitfield, "Standing Apart," pp. 1355, 1357.
29. 27 See Benjamin R. Barber, Jihad vs. McWorld (New York: Ballantine Books, 1995) for an interesting extrapolation of this phenomenon. As writer Ralph Peters has said, in the twenty-first century America is likely to be "fat, smart, and happy" while its soldiers police the fringes of its empire to keep the conflicts that have plagued Africa, the Balkans, and the Middle East as far from public concern as possible (comment to conference audience, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pa., April 1998).
30. 28 See especially Robert Hughes, Culture of Complaint (New York: Warner Books, 1993); and Robert Bork, Slouching Towards Gomorrah (New York: Harper-Collins, 1996).
31. 28 See especially Robert Hughes, Culture of Complaint (New York: Warner Books, 1993); and Robert Bork, Slouching Towards Gomorrah (New York: Harper-Collins, 1996).
32. 29 William J. Bennett, The Index of Leading Cultural Indicators (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), p. 9.
33. 30 Garry Trudeau, Doonesbury, Universal Press Synicate, April 29, 1998.
34. 31 See John Hillen, "Teaching Values to Beavis and Butthead," Navy Times, December 15, 1997.
35. 32 All of the following quotes are from Ricks, Making the Corps.
36. 33 John Hillen, "They'll Leave the Farm Once They've Seen Parris," American Enterprise, May/June 1998, pp. 82-83.
37. 34 VFW Magazine, Feb. 1997, p. 15. See also Mark Shields, "When Heroes Were Ordinary Men," Washington Post, August 3, 1998.
38. 34 VFW Magazine, Feb. 1997, p. 15. See also Mark Shields, "When Heroes Were Ordinary Men," Washington Post, August 3, 1998.
39. 35 Kitfield, "Standing Apart," p. 1354.
40. 36 See Peter Feaver, "Officers as Citizens: Politically Insulated? Politically Diverse?" Presentation to the McCormick Tribune Foundation's Soldiers and Citizens Conference, held in Chicago, Ill., May 1, 1998.
41. 37 See Gordon A. Craig, Politics of the Prussian Army (London: Oxford University Press, 1955).
42. 38 T.R. Ferenbach, This Kind of War: Korea, a Study in Unpreparedness (New York: Macmillan, 1963), p. 467.
43. 39 See John Hillen, "The Military Culture Wars," Weekly Standard, January 12, 1998.
44. 40 Thomas E. Ricks, "Army Faces Recruiting Obstacle: Less Macho Image," Wall Street Journal, July 15, 1997.
45. 41 Mackubin Thomas Owens, "American Society and the Military: Is There a Gap?" Providence Journal, March 27, 1998.
46. 42 Kitfield, "Standing Apart," p. 1357.