A tale of three countries

Journal of Democracy

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 35-53

  Emmerson, Donald K ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033470908     PISSN: 10455736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jod.1999.0062     Document Type: Review

References (18)

1. See, for example, H. W. Arndt and Hal Hill, eds., Southeast Asia's Economic Crisis: Origins, Lessons, and the Way Forward (New York: St. Martin's, 1999); Ranjit Gill, Asia Under Siege: How the Asian Miracle Went Wrong (Singapore: Epic Management Services, 1998); François Godement, The Downsizing of Asia (London: Routledge, 1999); K.S. Jomo, ed., Tigers in Trouble: Financial Governance, Liberalisation and Crises in East Asia (London: Zed Books, 1998); Karl D. Jackson, ed., Asian Contagion: The Causes and Consequences of a Financial Crisis (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1999); Manuel F. Montes, The Currency Crisis in Southeast Asia (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1998).
2. See, for example, H. W. Arndt and Hal Hill, eds., Southeast Asia's Economic Crisis: Origins, Lessons, and the Way Forward (New York: St. Martin's, 1999); Ranjit Gill, Asia Under Siege: How the Asian Miracle Went Wrong (Singapore: Epic Management Services, 1998); François Godement, The Downsizing of Asia (London: Routledge, 1999); K.S. Jomo, ed., Tigers in Trouble: Financial Governance, Liberalisation and Crises in East Asia (London: Zed Books, 1998); Karl D. Jackson, ed., Asian Contagion: The Causes and Consequences of a Financial Crisis (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1999); Manuel F. Montes, The Currency Crisis in Southeast Asia (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1998).
3. See, for example, H. W. Arndt and Hal Hill, eds., Southeast Asia's Economic Crisis: Origins, Lessons, and the Way Forward (New York: St. Martin's, 1999); Ranjit Gill, Asia Under Siege: How the Asian Miracle Went Wrong (Singapore: Epic Management Services, 1998); François Godement, The Downsizing of Asia (London: Routledge, 1999); K.S. Jomo, ed., Tigers in Trouble: Financial Governance, Liberalisation and Crises in East Asia (London: Zed Books, 1998); Karl D. Jackson, ed., Asian Contagion: The Causes and Consequences of a Financial Crisis (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1999); Manuel F. Montes, The Currency Crisis in Southeast Asia (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1998).
4. See, for example, H. W. Arndt and Hal Hill, eds., Southeast Asia's Economic Crisis: Origins, Lessons, and the Way Forward (New York: St. Martin's, 1999); Ranjit Gill, Asia Under Siege: How the Asian Miracle Went Wrong (Singapore: Epic Management Services, 1998); François Godement, The Downsizing of Asia (London: Routledge, 1999); K.S. Jomo, ed., Tigers in Trouble: Financial Governance, Liberalisation and Crises in East Asia (London: Zed Books, 1998); Karl D. Jackson, ed., Asian Contagion: The Causes and Consequences of a Financial Crisis (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1999); Manuel F. Montes, The Currency Crisis in Southeast Asia (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1998).
5. See, for example, H. W. Arndt and Hal Hill, eds., Southeast Asia's Economic Crisis: Origins, Lessons, and the Way Forward (New York: St. Martin's, 1999); Ranjit Gill, Asia Under Siege: How the Asian Miracle Went Wrong (Singapore: Epic Management Services, 1998); François Godement, The Downsizing of Asia (London: Routledge, 1999); K.S. Jomo, ed., Tigers in Trouble: Financial Governance, Liberalisation and Crises in East Asia (London: Zed Books, 1998); Karl D. Jackson, ed., Asian Contagion: The Causes and Consequences of a Financial Crisis (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1999); Manuel F. Montes, The Currency Crisis in Southeast Asia (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1998).
6. See, for example, H. W. Arndt and Hal Hill, eds., Southeast Asia's Economic Crisis: Origins, Lessons, and the Way Forward (New York: St. Martin's, 1999); Ranjit Gill, Asia Under Siege: How the Asian Miracle Went Wrong (Singapore: Epic Management Services, 1998); François Godement, The Downsizing of Asia (London: Routledge, 1999); K.S. Jomo, ed., Tigers in Trouble: Financial Governance, Liberalisation and Crises in East Asia (London: Zed Books, 1998); Karl D. Jackson, ed., Asian Contagion: The Causes and Consequences of a Financial Crisis (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1999); Manuel F. Montes, The Currency Crisis in Southeast Asia (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1998).
7. Freedom House, "Annual Survey of Freedom Country Scores 1972-73 to 1998-99" (New York: Freedom House, 1999). In order to keep the number of jurisdictions constant at ten, I compared North Vietnam and the colony of Brunei in 1972-73, respectively, with Vietnam and independent Brunei in 1998-99, ignoring the 1972-73 score for South Vietnam. I also ignored the scores for East Timor and West Papua (Irian Jaya) in 1998-99, for lack of counterparts in the ratings for 1972-73. For methodological caveats, see the Freedom House survey editions for 1989-90, 1993-94, and 1995-96.
8. Hong Kong remained "Partly Free" over this period, according to Freedom House (personal communication, 19 July 1999).
9. In fact, if the component scores for political rights and civil liberties are summed to reflect marginal changes along the seven-point Freedom House scale, Southeast Asia regressed. By this measure, in 1998 compared with 1988, only two countries - Cambodia and Thailand - were freer, three were the same, and five were less free.
10. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 1999 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 130.
11. World Bank, 1998 World Development Indicators (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1998), 13, citing per-person gross national product at purchasing power parity.
12. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 1999, 155-57.
13. Freedom House, "Annual Survey." The same is true of Singapore, which in 1974-97 in HDI terms outperformed all other data-available countries that began the period at a medium level of development.
14. Freedom House, "Annual Survey."
15. Many Sino-Malaysians and Sino-Indonesians have lived in their respective countries for generations; hence the quotation marks around the adjective "indigenous."
16. In 1990 the Front won "only" 70 percent of the seats. Harold Crouch, "Malaysia," in R.H. Taylor, ed., The Politics of Elections in Southeast Asia (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center, 1996), 119.
17. See Donald K. Emmerson, "Singapore and the 'Asian Values' Debate," Journal of Democracy 6 (October 1995) 95-105.
18. Anwar Ibrahim, "Malaysia's Low Tide," The New York Times, 15 April 1999, A27.