Guizot's historical works and J.S. Mill's reception of Tocqleville

History of Political Thought

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 292-312

  Varouxakis, Georgios ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0033470885     PISSN: 0143781X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
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References (173)

1. See J.S. Mill, The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, ed. John M. Robson (33 vols., Toronto and London, 1963-91) (hereafter CW, followed by volume number and page number), CW, XIII, 427. The works alluded to are: D. Johnson, Guizot: Aspects of French History 1787-1874 (London, 1963); P. Rosanvallon, Le Moment Guizot (Paris, 1985); F. Guizot, Histoire de la Civilisation en Europe, ed. P. Rosanvallon (Paris, 1985); F. Guizot, The History of Civilization in Europe, ed. L. Siedentop, trans. W. Hazlitt (Harmondsworth, 1997). Cf. E. Weber, 'The Man who Tamed the Past', Times Literary Supplement (25 April 1997), pp. 10-11.
2. See J.S. Mill, The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, ed. John M. Robson (33 vols., Toronto and London, 1963-91) (hereafter CW, followed by volume number and page number), CW, XIII, 427. The works alluded to are: D. Johnson, Guizot: Aspects of French History 1787-1874 (London, 1963); P. Rosanvallon, Le Moment Guizot (Paris, 1985); F. Guizot, Histoire de la Civilisation en Europe, ed. P. Rosanvallon (Paris, 1985); F. Guizot, The History of Civilization in Europe, ed. L. Siedentop, trans. W. Hazlitt (Harmondsworth, 1997). Cf. E. Weber, 'The Man who Tamed the Past', Times Literary Supplement (25 April 1997), pp. 10-11.
3. See J.S. Mill, The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, ed. John M. Robson (33 vols., Toronto and London, 1963-91) (hereafter CW, followed by volume number and page number), CW, XIII, 427. The works alluded to are: D. Johnson, Guizot: Aspects of French History 1787-1874 (London, 1963); P. Rosanvallon, Le Moment Guizot (Paris, 1985); F. Guizot, Histoire de la Civilisation en Europe, ed. P. Rosanvallon (Paris, 1985); F. Guizot, The History of Civilization in Europe, ed. L. Siedentop, trans. W. Hazlitt (Harmondsworth, 1997). Cf. E. Weber, 'The Man who Tamed the Past', Times Literary Supplement (25 April 1997), pp. 10-11.
4. See J.S. Mill, The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, ed. John M. Robson (33 vols., Toronto and London, 1963-91) (hereafter CW, followed by volume number and page number), CW, XIII, 427. The works alluded to are: D. Johnson, Guizot: Aspects of French History 1787-1874 (London, 1963); P. Rosanvallon, Le Moment Guizot (Paris, 1985); F. Guizot, Histoire de la Civilisation en Europe, ed. P. Rosanvallon (Paris, 1985); F. Guizot, The History of Civilization in Europe, ed. L. Siedentop, trans. W. Hazlitt (Harmondsworth, 1997). Cf. E. Weber, 'The Man who Tamed the Past', Times Literary Supplement (25 April 1997), pp. 10-11.
5. See J.S. Mill, The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, ed. John M. Robson (33 vols., Toronto and London, 1963-91) (hereafter CW, followed by volume number and page number), CW, XIII, 427. The works alluded to are: D. Johnson, Guizot: Aspects of French History 1787-1874 (London, 1963); P. Rosanvallon, Le Moment Guizot (Paris, 1985); F. Guizot, Histoire de la Civilisation en Europe, ed. P. Rosanvallon (Paris, 1985); F. Guizot, The History of Civilization in Europe, ed. L. Siedentop, trans. W. Hazlitt (Harmondsworth, 1997). Cf. E. Weber, 'The Man who Tamed the Past', Times Literary Supplement (25 April 1997), pp. 10-11.
6. See J.S. Mill, The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, ed. John M. Robson (33 vols., Toronto and London, 1963-91) (hereafter CW, followed by volume number and page number), CW, XIII, 427. The works alluded to are: D. Johnson, Guizot: Aspects of French History 1787-1874 (London, 1963); P. Rosanvallon, Le Moment Guizot (Paris, 1985); F. Guizot, Histoire de la Civilisation en Europe, ed. P. Rosanvallon (Paris, 1985); F. Guizot, The History of Civilization in Europe, ed. L. Siedentop, trans. W. Hazlitt (Harmondsworth, 1997). Cf. E. Weber, 'The Man who Tamed the Past', Times Literary Supplement (25 April 1997), pp. 10-11.
7. As far as Guizot's thought is concerned, the remarkable work by Rosanvallon (Le Moment Guizot) is the best guide.
8. See Autobiography, in CW, I, 199-203.
9. T.H. Qualter, 'John Stuart Mill, Disciple of de Tocqueville', Western Political Quarterly, XIII (1960), pp. 880-9.
10. I.W. Mueller, John Stuart Mill and French Thought (Urbana, 1956), pp. 134-69. Cf. Peter Mayer, 'Alexis de Tocqueville and John Stuart Mill', The Listener, XLIII (1950), pp. 471-2.
11. I.W. Mueller, John Stuart Mill and French Thought (Urbana, 1956), pp. 134-69. Cf. Peter Mayer, 'Alexis de Tocqueville and John Stuart Mill', The Listener, XLIII (1950), pp. 471-2.
12. Alexis Clérel de Tocqueville, De la Démocratie en Amérique (2 vols.: Vol. I, Paris, 1835; Vol. II, Paris, 1840). References here will be to A. de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, trans. G. Lawrence, ed. J.P. Mayer (London, 1994).
13. Alexis Clérel de Tocqueville, De la Démocratie en Amérique (2 vols.: Vol. I, Paris, 1835; Vol. II, Paris, 1840). References here will be to A. de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, trans. G. Lawrence, ed. J.P. Mayer (London, 1994).
14. Alexis Clérel de Tocqueville, De la Démocratie en Amérique (2 vols.: Vol. I, Paris, 1835; Vol. II, Paris, 1840). References here will be to A. de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, trans. G. Lawrence, ed. J.P. Mayer (London, 1994).
15. H.O. Pappé, 'Mill and Tocqueville', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXV (1964), pp. 217-34.
16. Unlike Marx, for whom Guizot was never more than a 'bourgeois historian', Mill often referred to Guizot as a 'philosopher'.
17. There is ample evidence that Tocqueville regularly attended Guizot's lectures (which were later published as Cours d'Histoire Moderne) in the years 1828-30, kept notes, and read - more than once - the published version. The notes of the 1829-30 lectures (those published as Histoire de la Civilisation en France) have been published in his Oeuvres Complètes (Oeuvres, Papiers et Correspondances d'Alexis de Tocqueville, édition définitive sous la direction de J.-P. Mayer (Paris, 1951-)), XVI (Mélanges), pp. 439-534. See also: D. Hoeges, 'Guizot und Tocqueville', Historische Zeitschrift, CCXVIII (1974), pp. 338-53; L. Siedentop, 'Two Liberal Traditions', in The Idea of Freedom, Essays in Honour of Isaiah Berlin, ed. A. Ryan (Oxford, 1979), pp. 153-74 (in particular pp. 156, 157-8, 161, 162, 164-5); L. Siedentop, Tocqueville (Oxford, 1994), pp. 20-1, 23-4, 30; L. Siedentop, Introduction to F. Guizot, The History of Civilization in Europe (Harmondsworth, 1997), pp. vii-viii, xxx-xxxiii; A. Jardin, Tocqueville: A Biography, trans. from the French (London, 1988), pp. 81-2, 248; J. Schleifer, The Making of Tocqueville's 'Democracy in America' (Chapel Hill, 1980), pp. 26, 234, 276, 340 (n.1), 345 (n.3); R. Boesche, The Strange Liberalism of Alexis de Tocqueville (Ithaca, 1987), pp. 231, 235, 265; J.-C. Lamberti, Tocqueville and the Two Democracies, trans. from the French (Cambridge, MA, 1989), pp. 6, 56-7, 211; J. Lively, The Social and Political Thought of Alexis de Tocqueville (Oxford, 1962), p. 207; L. Diez del Corral, 'Tocqueville et la Pensée Politique des Doctrinaires', in Alexis de Tocqueville, Livre du Centenaire 1859-1959 (Paris, 1960), pp. 57-70; M. Mancini, Alexis de Tocqueville (Toronto, 1994), pp. 88-9.
18. There is ample evidence that Tocqueville regularly attended Guizot's lectures (which were later published as Cours d'Histoire Moderne) in the years 1828-30, kept notes, and read - more than once - the published version. The notes of the 1829-30 lectures (those published as Histoire de la Civilisation en France) have been published in his Oeuvres Complètes (Oeuvres, Papiers et Correspondances d'Alexis de Tocqueville, édition définitive sous la direction de J.-P. Mayer (Paris, 1951-)), XVI (Mélanges), pp. 439-534. See also: D. Hoeges, 'Guizot und Tocqueville', Historische Zeitschrift, CCXVIII (1974), pp. 338-53; L. Siedentop, 'Two Liberal Traditions', in The Idea of Freedom, Essays in Honour of Isaiah Berlin, ed. A. Ryan (Oxford, 1979), pp. 153-74 (in particular pp. 156, 157-8, 161, 162, 164-5); L. Siedentop, Tocqueville (Oxford, 1994), pp. 20-1, 23-4, 30; L. Siedentop, Introduction to F. Guizot, The History of Civilization in Europe (Harmondsworth, 1997), pp. vii-viii, xxx-xxxiii; A. Jardin, Tocqueville: A Biography, trans. from the French (London, 1988), pp. 81-2, 248; J. Schleifer, The Making of Tocqueville's 'Democracy in America' (Chapel Hill, 1980), pp. 26, 234, 276, 340 (n.1), 345 (n.3); R. Boesche, The Strange Liberalism of Alexis de Tocqueville (Ithaca, 1987), pp. 231, 235, 265; J.-C. Lamberti, Tocqueville and the Two Democracies, trans. from the French (Cambridge, MA, 1989), pp. 6, 56-7, 211; J. Lively, The Social and Political Thought of Alexis de Tocqueville (Oxford, 1962), p. 207; L. Diez del Corral, 'Tocqueville et la Pensée Politique des Doctrinaires', in Alexis de Tocqueville, Livre du Centenaire 1859-1959 (Paris, 1960), pp. 57-70; M. Mancini, Alexis de Tocqueville (Toronto, 1994), pp. 88-9.
19. There is ample evidence that Tocqueville regularly attended Guizot's lectures (which were later published as Cours d'Histoire Moderne) in the years 1828-30, kept notes, and read - more than once - the published version. The notes of the 1829-30 lectures (those published as Histoire de la Civilisation en France) have been published in his Oeuvres Complètes (Oeuvres, Papiers et Correspondances d'Alexis de Tocqueville, édition définitive sous la direction de J.-P. Mayer (Paris, 1951-)), XVI (Mélanges), pp. 439-534. See also: D. Hoeges, 'Guizot und Tocqueville', Historische Zeitschrift, CCXVIII (1974), pp. 338-53; L. Siedentop, 'Two Liberal Traditions', in The Idea of Freedom, Essays in Honour of Isaiah Berlin, ed. A. Ryan (Oxford, 1979), pp. 153-74 (in particular pp. 156, 157-8, 161, 162, 164-5); L. Siedentop, Tocqueville (Oxford, 1994), pp. 20-1, 23-4, 30; L. Siedentop, Introduction to F. Guizot, The History of Civilization in Europe (Harmondsworth, 1997), pp. vii-viii, xxx-xxxiii; A. Jardin, Tocqueville: A Biography, trans. from the French (London, 1988), pp. 81-2, 248; J. Schleifer, The Making of Tocqueville's 'Democracy in America' (Chapel Hill, 1980), pp. 26, 234, 276, 340 (n.1), 345 (n.3); R. Boesche, The Strange Liberalism of Alexis de Tocqueville (Ithaca, 1987), pp. 231, 235, 265; J.-C. Lamberti, Tocqueville and the Two Democracies, trans. from the French (Cambridge, MA, 1989), pp. 6, 56-7, 211; J. Lively, The Social and Political Thought of Alexis de Tocqueville (Oxford, 1962), p. 207; L. Diez del Corral, 'Tocqueville et la Pensée Politique des Doctrinaires', in Alexis de Tocqueville, Livre du Centenaire 1859-1959 (Paris, 1960), pp. 57-70; M. Mancini, Alexis de Tocqueville (Toronto, 1994), pp. 88-9.
20. There is ample evidence that Tocqueville regularly attended Guizot's lectures (which were later published as Cours d'Histoire Moderne) in the years 1828-30, kept notes, and read - more than once - the published version. The notes of the 1829-30 lectures (those published as Histoire de la Civilisation en France) have been published in his Oeuvres Complètes (Oeuvres, Papiers et Correspondances d'Alexis de Tocqueville, édition définitive sous la direction de J.-P. Mayer (Paris, 1951-)), XVI (Mélanges), pp. 439-534. See also: D. Hoeges, 'Guizot und Tocqueville', Historische Zeitschrift, CCXVIII (1974), pp. 338-53; L. Siedentop, 'Two Liberal Traditions', in The Idea of Freedom, Essays in Honour of Isaiah Berlin, ed. A. Ryan (Oxford, 1979), pp. 153-74 (in particular pp. 156, 157-8, 161, 162, 164-5); L. Siedentop, Tocqueville (Oxford, 1994), pp. 20-1, 23-4, 30; L. Siedentop, Introduction to F. Guizot, The History of Civilization in Europe (Harmondsworth, 1997), pp. vii-viii, xxx-xxxiii; A. Jardin, Tocqueville: A Biography, trans. from the French (London, 1988), pp. 81-2, 248; J. Schleifer, The Making of Tocqueville's 'Democracy in America' (Chapel Hill, 1980), pp. 26, 234, 276, 340 (n.1), 345 (n.3); R. Boesche, The Strange Liberalism of Alexis de Tocqueville (Ithaca, 1987), pp. 231, 235, 265; J.-C. Lamberti, Tocqueville and the Two Democracies, trans. from the French (Cambridge, MA, 1989), pp. 6, 56-7, 211; J. Lively, The Social and Political Thought of Alexis de Tocqueville (Oxford, 1962), p. 207; L. Diez del Corral, 'Tocqueville et la Pensée Politique des Doctrinaires', in Alexis de Tocqueville, Livre du Centenaire 1859-1959 (Paris, 1960), pp. 57-70; M. Mancini, Alexis de Tocqueville (Toronto, 1994), pp. 88-9.
21. There is ample evidence that Tocqueville regularly attended Guizot's lectures (which were later published as Cours d'Histoire Moderne) in the years 1828-30, kept notes, and read - more than once - the published version. The notes of the 1829-30 lectures (those published as Histoire de la Civilisation en France) have been published in his Oeuvres Complètes (Oeuvres, Papiers et Correspondances d'Alexis de Tocqueville, édition définitive sous la direction de J.-P. Mayer (Paris, 1951-)), XVI (Mélanges), pp. 439-534. See also: D. Hoeges, 'Guizot und Tocqueville', Historische Zeitschrift, CCXVIII (1974), pp. 338-53; L. Siedentop, 'Two Liberal Traditions', in The Idea of Freedom, Essays in Honour of Isaiah Berlin, ed. A. Ryan (Oxford, 1979), pp. 153-74 (in particular pp. 156, 157-8, 161, 162, 164-5); L. Siedentop, Tocqueville (Oxford, 1994), pp. 20-1, 23-4, 30; L. Siedentop, Introduction to F. Guizot, The History of Civilization in Europe (Harmondsworth, 1997), pp. vii-viii, xxx-xxxiii; A. Jardin, Tocqueville: A Biography, trans. from the French (London, 1988), pp. 81-2, 248; J. Schleifer, The Making of Tocqueville's 'Democracy in America' (Chapel Hill, 1980), pp. 26, 234, 276, 340 (n.1), 345 (n.3); R. Boesche, The Strange Liberalism of Alexis de Tocqueville (Ithaca, 1987), pp. 231, 235, 265; J.-C. Lamberti, Tocqueville and the Two Democracies, trans. from the French (Cambridge, MA, 1989), pp. 6, 56-7, 211; J. Lively, The Social and Political Thought of Alexis de Tocqueville (Oxford, 1962), p. 207; L. Diez del Corral, 'Tocqueville et la Pensée Politique des Doctrinaires', in Alexis de Tocqueville, Livre du Centenaire 1859-1959 (Paris, 1960), pp. 57-70; M. Mancini, Alexis de Tocqueville (Toronto, 1994), pp. 88-9.
22. There is ample evidence that Tocqueville regularly attended Guizot's lectures (which were later published as Cours d'Histoire Moderne) in the years 1828-30, kept notes, and read - more than once - the published version. The notes of the 1829-30 lectures (those published as Histoire de la Civilisation en France) have been published in his Oeuvres Complètes (Oeuvres, Papiers et Correspondances d'Alexis de Tocqueville, édition définitive sous la direction de J.-P. Mayer (Paris, 1951-)), XVI (Mélanges), pp. 439-534. See also: D. Hoeges, 'Guizot und Tocqueville', Historische Zeitschrift, CCXVIII (1974), pp. 338-53; L. Siedentop, 'Two Liberal Traditions', in The Idea of Freedom, Essays in Honour of Isaiah Berlin, ed. A. Ryan (Oxford, 1979), pp. 153-74 (in particular pp. 156, 157-8, 161, 162, 164-5); L. Siedentop, Tocqueville (Oxford, 1994), pp. 20-1, 23-4, 30; L. Siedentop, Introduction to F. Guizot, The History of Civilization in Europe (Harmondsworth, 1997), pp. vii-viii, xxx-xxxiii; A. Jardin, Tocqueville: A Biography, trans. from the French (London, 1988), pp. 81-2, 248; J. Schleifer, The Making of Tocqueville's 'Democracy in America' (Chapel Hill, 1980), pp. 26, 234, 276, 340 (n.1), 345 (n.3); R. Boesche, The Strange Liberalism of Alexis de Tocqueville (Ithaca, 1987), pp. 231, 235, 265; J.-C. Lamberti, Tocqueville and the Two Democracies, trans. from the French (Cambridge, MA, 1989), pp. 6, 56-7, 211; J. Lively, The Social and Political Thought of Alexis de Tocqueville (Oxford, 1962), p. 207; L. Diez del Corral, 'Tocqueville et la Pensée Politique des Doctrinaires', in Alexis de Tocqueville, Livre du Centenaire 1859-1959 (Paris, 1960), pp. 57-70; M. Mancini, Alexis de Tocqueville (Toronto, 1994), pp. 88-9.
23. There is ample evidence that Tocqueville regularly attended Guizot's lectures (which were later published as Cours d'Histoire Moderne) in the years 1828-30, kept notes, and read - more than once - the published version. The notes of the 1829-30 lectures (those published as Histoire de la Civilisation en France) have been published in his Oeuvres Complètes (Oeuvres, Papiers et Correspondances d'Alexis de Tocqueville, édition définitive sous la direction de J.-P. Mayer (Paris, 1951-)), XVI (Mélanges), pp. 439-534. See also: D. Hoeges, 'Guizot und Tocqueville', Historische Zeitschrift, CCXVIII (1974), pp. 338-53; L. Siedentop, 'Two Liberal Traditions', in The Idea of Freedom, Essays in Honour of Isaiah Berlin, ed. A. Ryan (Oxford, 1979), pp. 153-74 (in particular pp. 156, 157-8, 161, 162, 164-5); L. Siedentop, Tocqueville (Oxford, 1994), pp. 20-1, 23-4, 30; L. Siedentop, Introduction to F. Guizot, The History of Civilization in Europe (Harmondsworth, 1997), pp. vii-viii, xxx-xxxiii; A. Jardin, Tocqueville: A Biography, trans. from the French (London, 1988), pp. 81-2, 248; J. Schleifer, The Making of Tocqueville's 'Democracy in America' (Chapel Hill, 1980), pp. 26, 234, 276, 340 (n.1), 345 (n.3); R. Boesche, The Strange Liberalism of Alexis de Tocqueville (Ithaca, 1987), pp. 231, 235, 265; J.-C. Lamberti, Tocqueville and the Two Democracies, trans. from the French (Cambridge, MA, 1989), pp. 6, 56-7, 211; J. Lively, The Social and Political Thought of Alexis de Tocqueville (Oxford, 1962), p. 207; L. Diez del Corral, 'Tocqueville et la Pensée Politique des Doctrinaires', in Alexis de Tocqueville, Livre du Centenaire 1859-1959 (Paris, 1960), pp. 57-70; M. Mancini, Alexis de Tocqueville (Toronto, 1994), pp. 88-9.
24. There is ample evidence that Tocqueville regularly attended Guizot's lectures (which were later published as Cours d'Histoire Moderne) in the years 1828-30, kept notes, and read - more than once - the published version. The notes of the 1829-30 lectures (those published as Histoire de la Civilisation en France) have been published in his Oeuvres Complètes (Oeuvres, Papiers et Correspondances d'Alexis de Tocqueville, édition définitive sous la direction de J.-P. Mayer (Paris, 1951-)), XVI (Mélanges), pp. 439-534. See also: D. Hoeges, 'Guizot und Tocqueville', Historische Zeitschrift, CCXVIII (1974), pp. 338-53; L. Siedentop, 'Two Liberal Traditions', in The Idea of Freedom, Essays in Honour of Isaiah Berlin, ed. A. Ryan (Oxford, 1979), pp. 153-74 (in particular pp. 156, 157-8, 161, 162, 164-5); L. Siedentop, Tocqueville (Oxford, 1994), pp. 20-1, 23-4, 30; L. Siedentop, Introduction to F. Guizot, The History of Civilization in Europe (Harmondsworth, 1997), pp. vii-viii, xxx-xxxiii; A. Jardin, Tocqueville: A Biography, trans. from the French (London, 1988), pp. 81-2, 248; J. Schleifer, The Making of Tocqueville's 'Democracy in America' (Chapel Hill, 1980), pp. 26, 234, 276, 340 (n.1), 345 (n.3); R. Boesche, The Strange Liberalism of Alexis de Tocqueville (Ithaca, 1987), pp. 231, 235, 265; J.-C. Lamberti, Tocqueville and the Two Democracies, trans. from the French (Cambridge, MA, 1989), pp. 6, 56-7, 211; J. Lively, The Social and Political Thought of Alexis de Tocqueville (Oxford, 1962), p. 207; L. Diez del Corral, 'Tocqueville et la Pensée Politique des Doctrinaires', in Alexis de Tocqueville, Livre du Centenaire 1859-1959 (Paris, 1960), pp. 57-70; M. Mancini, Alexis de Tocqueville (Toronto, 1994), pp. 88-9.
25. There is ample evidence that Tocqueville regularly attended Guizot's lectures (which were later published as Cours d'Histoire Moderne) in the years 1828-30, kept notes, and read - more than once - the published version. The notes of the 1829-30 lectures (those published as Histoire de la Civilisation en France) have been published in his Oeuvres Complètes (Oeuvres, Papiers et Correspondances d'Alexis de Tocqueville, édition définitive sous la direction de J.-P. Mayer (Paris, 1951-)), XVI (Mélanges), pp. 439-534. See also: D. Hoeges, 'Guizot und Tocqueville', Historische Zeitschrift, CCXVIII (1974), pp. 338-53; L. Siedentop, 'Two Liberal Traditions', in The Idea of Freedom, Essays in Honour of Isaiah Berlin, ed. A. Ryan (Oxford, 1979), pp. 153-74 (in particular pp. 156, 157-8, 161, 162, 164-5); L. Siedentop, Tocqueville (Oxford, 1994), pp. 20-1, 23-4, 30; L. Siedentop, Introduction to F. Guizot, The History of Civilization in Europe (Harmondsworth, 1997), pp. vii-viii, xxx-xxxiii; A. Jardin, Tocqueville: A Biography, trans. from the French (London, 1988), pp. 81-2, 248; J. Schleifer, The Making of Tocqueville's 'Democracy in America' (Chapel Hill, 1980), pp. 26, 234, 276, 340 (n.1), 345 (n.3); R. Boesche, The Strange Liberalism of Alexis de Tocqueville (Ithaca, 1987), pp. 231, 235, 265; J.-C. Lamberti, Tocqueville and the Two Democracies, trans. from the French (Cambridge, MA, 1989), pp. 6, 56-7, 211; J. Lively, The Social and Political Thought of Alexis de Tocqueville (Oxford, 1962), p. 207; L. Diez del Corral, 'Tocqueville et la Pensée Politique des Doctrinaires', in Alexis de Tocqueville, Livre du Centenaire 1859-1959 (Paris, 1960), pp. 57-70; M. Mancini, Alexis de Tocqueville (Toronto, 1994), pp. 88-9.
26. There is ample evidence that Tocqueville regularly attended Guizot's lectures (which were later published as Cours d'Histoire Moderne) in the years 1828-30, kept notes, and read - more than once - the published version. The notes of the 1829-30 lectures (those published as Histoire de la Civilisation en France) have been published in his Oeuvres Complètes (Oeuvres, Papiers et Correspondances d'Alexis de Tocqueville, édition définitive sous la direction de J.-P. Mayer (Paris, 1951-)), XVI (Mélanges), pp. 439-534. See also: D. Hoeges, 'Guizot und Tocqueville', Historische Zeitschrift, CCXVIII (1974), pp. 338-53; L. Siedentop, 'Two Liberal Traditions', in The Idea of Freedom, Essays in Honour of Isaiah Berlin, ed. A. Ryan (Oxford, 1979), pp. 153-74 (in particular pp. 156, 157-8, 161, 162, 164-5); L. Siedentop, Tocqueville (Oxford, 1994), pp. 20-1, 23-4, 30; L. Siedentop, Introduction to F. Guizot, The History of Civilization in Europe (Harmondsworth, 1997), pp. vii-viii, xxx-xxxiii; A. Jardin, Tocqueville: A Biography, trans. from the French (London, 1988), pp. 81-2, 248; J. Schleifer, The Making of Tocqueville's 'Democracy in America' (Chapel Hill, 1980), pp. 26, 234, 276, 340 (n.1), 345 (n.3); R. Boesche, The Strange Liberalism of Alexis de Tocqueville (Ithaca, 1987), pp. 231, 235, 265; J.-C. Lamberti, Tocqueville and the Two Democracies, trans. from the French (Cambridge, MA, 1989), pp. 6, 56-7, 211; J. Lively, The Social and Political Thought of Alexis de Tocqueville (Oxford, 1962), p. 207; L. Diez del Corral, 'Tocqueville et la Pensée Politique des Doctrinaires', in Alexis de Tocqueville, Livre du Centenaire 1859-1959 (Paris, 1960), pp. 57-70; M. Mancini, Alexis de Tocqueville (Toronto, 1994), pp. 88-9.
27. There is ample evidence that Tocqueville regularly attended Guizot's lectures (which were later published as Cours d'Histoire Moderne) in the years 1828-30, kept notes, and read - more than once - the published version. The notes of the 1829-30 lectures (those published as Histoire de la Civilisation en France) have been published in his Oeuvres Complètes (Oeuvres, Papiers et Correspondances d'Alexis de Tocqueville, édition définitive sous la direction de J.-P. Mayer (Paris, 1951-)), XVI (Mélanges), pp. 439-534. See also: D. Hoeges, 'Guizot und Tocqueville', Historische Zeitschrift, CCXVIII (1974), pp. 338-53; L. Siedentop, 'Two Liberal Traditions', in The Idea of Freedom, Essays in Honour of Isaiah Berlin, ed. A. Ryan (Oxford, 1979), pp. 153-74 (in particular pp. 156, 157-8, 161, 162, 164-5); L. Siedentop, Tocqueville (Oxford, 1994), pp. 20-1, 23-4, 30; L. Siedentop, Introduction to F. Guizot, The History of Civilization in Europe (Harmondsworth, 1997), pp. vii-viii, xxx-xxxiii; A. Jardin, Tocqueville: A Biography, trans. from the French (London, 1988), pp. 81-2, 248; J. Schleifer, The Making of Tocqueville's 'Democracy in America' (Chapel Hill, 1980), pp. 26, 234, 276, 340 (n.1), 345 (n.3); R. Boesche, The Strange Liberalism of Alexis de Tocqueville (Ithaca, 1987), pp. 231, 235, 265; J.-C. Lamberti, Tocqueville and the Two Democracies, trans. from the French (Cambridge, MA, 1989), pp. 6, 56-7, 211; J. Lively, The Social and Political Thought of Alexis de Tocqueville (Oxford, 1962), p. 207; L. Diez del Corral, 'Tocqueville et la Pensée Politique des Doctrinaires', in Alexis de Tocqueville, Livre du Centenaire 1859-1959 (Paris, 1960), pp. 57-70; M. Mancini, Alexis de Tocqueville (Toronto, 1994), pp. 88-9.
28. There is ample evidence that Tocqueville regularly attended Guizot's lectures (which were later published as Cours d'Histoire Moderne) in the years 1828-30, kept notes, and read - more than once - the published version. The notes of the 1829-30 lectures (those published as Histoire de la Civilisation en France) have been published in his Oeuvres Complètes (Oeuvres, Papiers et Correspondances d'Alexis de Tocqueville, édition définitive sous la direction de J.-P. Mayer (Paris, 1951-)), XVI (Mélanges), pp. 439-534. See also: D. Hoeges, 'Guizot und Tocqueville', Historische Zeitschrift, CCXVIII (1974), pp. 338-53; L. Siedentop, 'Two Liberal Traditions', in The Idea of Freedom, Essays in Honour of Isaiah Berlin, ed. A. Ryan (Oxford, 1979), pp. 153-74 (in particular pp. 156, 157-8, 161, 162, 164-5); L. Siedentop, Tocqueville (Oxford, 1994), pp. 20-1, 23-4, 30; L. Siedentop, Introduction to F. Guizot, The History of Civilization in Europe (Harmondsworth, 1997), pp. vii-viii, xxx-xxxiii; A. Jardin, Tocqueville: A Biography, trans. from the French (London, 1988), pp. 81-2, 248; J. Schleifer, The Making of Tocqueville's 'Democracy in America' (Chapel Hill, 1980), pp. 26, 234, 276, 340 (n.1), 345 (n.3); R. Boesche, The Strange Liberalism of Alexis de Tocqueville (Ithaca, 1987), pp. 231, 235, 265; J.-C. Lamberti, Tocqueville and the Two Democracies, trans. from the French (Cambridge, MA, 1989), pp. 6, 56-7, 211; J. Lively, The Social and Political Thought of Alexis de Tocqueville (Oxford, 1962), p. 207; L. Diez del Corral, 'Tocqueville et la Pensée Politique des Doctrinaires', in Alexis de Tocqueville, Livre du Centenaire 1859-1959 (Paris, 1960), pp. 57-70; M. Mancini, Alexis de Tocqueville (Toronto, 1994), pp. 88-9.
29. See Mill, 'Rationale of Representation', published in the London Review (hereafter LR) in July 1835: now reprinted in CW, XVIII, 18.
30. The first in LR, I (October 1835), pp. 85-129, now in CW, XVIII, 47-90; the second in Edinburgh Review, LXXII (October 1840), pp. 1-47, reprinted (with parts of the first) in Mill's Dissertations and Discussions (London, 2nd edn., 1867) (hereafter DD), II, pp. 1-83, now in CW, XX, 155-204.
31. The first in LR, I (October 1835), pp. 85-129, now in CW, XVIII, 47-90; the second in Edinburgh Review, LXXII (October 1840), pp. 1-47, reprinted (with parts of the first) in Mill's Dissertations and Discussions (London, 2nd edn., 1867) (hereafter DD), II, pp. 1-83, now in CW, XX, 155-204.
32. The first in LR, I (October 1835), pp. 85-129, now in CW, XVIII, 47-90; the second in Edinburgh Review, LXXII (October 1840), pp. 1-47, reprinted (with parts of the first) in Mill's Dissertations and Discussions (London, 2nd edn., 1867) (hereafter DD), II, pp. 1-83, now in CW, XX, 155-204.
33. The first in LR, I (October 1835), pp. 85-129, now in CW, XVIII, 47-90; the second in Edinburgh Review, LXXII (October 1840), pp. 1-47, reprinted (with parts of the first) in Mill's Dissertations and Discussions (London, 2nd edn., 1867) (hereafter DD), II, pp. 1-83, now in CW, XX, 155-204.
34. The first in LR, I (October 1835), pp. 85-129, now in CW, XVIII, 47-90; the second in Edinburgh Review, LXXII (October 1840), pp. 1-47, reprinted (with parts of the first) in Mill's Dissertations and Discussions (London, 2nd edn., 1867) (hereafter DD), II, pp. 1-83, now in CW, XX, 155-204.
35. The first in LR, II (January 1836), pp. 306-36, reprinted in CW, XX, 367-93; the second in Edinburgh Review, LXXXII (October 1845), pp. 381-421, reprinted in DD, II, pp. 218-82, now in CW, XX, 257-94. The works reviewed by Mill were: François P.G. Guizot, (I) Essais nur l'Histoire de France (1823);
36. The first in LR, II (January 1836), pp. 306-36, reprinted in CW, XX, 367-93; the second in Edinburgh Review, LXXXII (October 1845), pp. 381-421, reprinted in DD, II, pp. 218-82, now in CW, XX, 257-94. The works reviewed by Mill were: François P.G. Guizot, (I) Essais nur l'Histoire de France (1823);
37. The first in LR, II (January 1836), pp. 306-36, reprinted in CW, XX, 367-93; the second in Edinburgh Review, LXXXII (October 1845), pp. 381-421, reprinted in DD, II, pp. 218-82, now in CW, XX, 257-94. The works reviewed by Mill were: François P.G. Guizot, (I) Essais nur l'Histoire de France (1823);
38. The first in LR, II (January 1836), pp. 306-36, reprinted in CW, XX, 367-93; the second in Edinburgh Review, LXXXII (October 1845), pp. 381-421, reprinted in DD, II, pp. 218-82, now in CW, XX, 257-94. The works reviewed by Mill were: François P.G. Guizot, (I) Essais nur l'Histoire de France (1823);
39. The first in LR, II (January 1836), pp. 306-36, reprinted in CW, XX, 367-93; the second in Edinburgh Review, LXXXII (October 1845), pp. 381-421, reprinted in DD, II, pp. 218-82, now in CW, XX, 257-94. The works reviewed by Mill were: François P.G. Guizot, (I) Essais nur l'Histoire de France (1823);
40. The first in LR, II (January 1836), pp. 306-36, reprinted in CW, XX, 367-93; the second in Edinburgh Review, LXXXII (October 1845), pp. 381-421, reprinted in DD, II, pp. 218-82, now in CW, XX, 257-94. The works reviewed by Mill were: François P.G. Guizot, (I) Essais nur l'Histoire de France (1823);
41. (II) Cours d'Histoire Moderne; containing: Histoire Générale de la Civilisation en Europe (1828); and Histoire Générale de la Civilisation en France (5 vols., 1829-32). References in this article will be to F. Guizot, Historical Essays and Lectures, ed. S. Mellon (Chicago, 1972) (hereafter Lectures).
42. (II) Cours d'Histoire Moderne; containing: Histoire Générale de la Civilisation en Europe (1828); and Histoire Générale de la Civilisation en France (5 vols., 1829-32). References in this article will be to F. Guizot, Historical Essays and Lectures, ed. S. Mellon (Chicago, 1972) (hereafter Lectures).
43. (II) Cours d'Histoire Moderne; containing: Histoire Générale de la Civilisation en Europe (1828); and Histoire Générale de la Civilisation en France (5 vols., 1829-32). References in this article will be to F. Guizot, Historical Essays and Lectures, ed. S. Mellon (Chicago, 1972) (hereafter Lectures).
44. That Mill regarded this article as basically his own is evident by his letter to H.S. Chapman, CW, XII, 284. The extent of his own contribution can be surmised from his letters to Blanco White of 21 October 1835 (ibid., 280) and 24 November 1835 (ibid., 285). In a letter to R.B. Fox (16 April 1840) Mill told him that of all he had attempted in his reviewing career in the London and Westminster Review, he had only three successes: 'My third success is that I have dinned into people's ears that Guizot is a great thinker and writer, till they are, though slowly, beginning to read him - which I do not believe they would be doing, even yet, in this country but for me.' Ibid., XIII, 427. On 26 February 1835 Mill wrote to Blanco White: 'I have not read Tocqueville's book' (CW, XII, 249); and on 15 April 1835 he wrote to him again: 'I have begun to read Tocqueville' (ibid., 259). As for Guizot, Mill praised his merits with special reference to the Essais sur l'Histoire de France (published in 1823) as early as October 1832, in an article on French affairs in the Examiner (ibid., XXIII, 513). From another reference to Guizot it is obvious that he had read his Histoire de la Civilisation en France (1829-32) before he wrote 'Sedgwick's Discourse' - which was written between 14 October and 26 November 1834 (see CW, X, 34-5 and Editor's note, ibid., 32). See also Mill's letter to Blanco White of 15 April 1835 (ibid., XII, 259) where, among other things, it is clear that he had read 'Guizot's Lectures' before he read Tocqueville' (more will be said on this letter further on).
45. That Mill regarded this article as basically his own is evident by his letter to H.S. Chapman, CW, XII, 284. The extent of his own contribution can be surmised from his letters to Blanco White of 21 October 1835 (ibid., 280) and 24 November 1835 (ibid., 285). In a letter to R.B. Fox (16 April 1840) Mill told him that of all he had attempted in his reviewing career in the London and Westminster Review, he had only three successes: 'My third success is that I have dinned into people's ears that Guizot is a great thinker and writer, till they are, though slowly, beginning to read him - which I do not believe they would be doing, even yet, in this country but for me.' Ibid., XIII, 427. On 26 February 1835 Mill wrote to Blanco White: 'I have not read Tocqueville's book' (CW, XII, 249); and on 15 April 1835 he wrote to him again: 'I have begun to read Tocqueville' (ibid., 259). As for Guizot, Mill praised his merits with special reference to the Essais sur l'Histoire de France (published in 1823) as early as October 1832, in an article on French affairs in the Examiner (ibid., XXIII, 513). From another reference to Guizot it is obvious that he had read his Histoire de la Civilisation en France (1829-32) before he wrote 'Sedgwick's Discourse' - which was written between 14 October and 26 November 1834 (see CW, X, 34-5 and Editor's note, ibid., 32). See also Mill's letter to Blanco White of 15 April 1835 (ibid., XII, 259) where, among other things, it is clear that he had read 'Guizot's Lectures' before he read Tocqueville' (more will be said on this letter further on).
46. That Mill regarded this article as basically his own is evident by his letter to H.S. Chapman, CW, XII, 284. The extent of his own contribution can be surmised from his letters to Blanco White of 21 October 1835 (ibid., 280) and 24 November 1835 (ibid., 285). In a letter to R.B. Fox (16 April 1840) Mill told him that of all he had attempted in his reviewing career in the London and Westminster Review, he had only three successes: 'My third success is that I have dinned into people's ears that Guizot is a great thinker and writer, till they are, though slowly, beginning to read him - which I do not believe they would be doing, even yet, in this country but for me.' Ibid., XIII, 427. On 26 February 1835 Mill wrote to Blanco White: 'I have not read Tocqueville's book' (CW, XII, 249); and on 15 April 1835 he wrote to him again: 'I have begun to read Tocqueville' (ibid., 259). As for Guizot, Mill praised his merits with special reference to the Essais sur l'Histoire de France (published in 1823) as early as October 1832, in an article on French affairs in the Examiner (ibid., XXIII, 513). From another reference to Guizot it is obvious that he had read his Histoire de la Civilisation en France (1829-32) before he wrote 'Sedgwick's Discourse' - which was written between 14 October and 26 November 1834 (see CW, X, 34-5 and Editor's note, ibid., 32). See also Mill's letter to Blanco White of 15 April 1835 (ibid., XII, 259) where, among other things, it is clear that he had read 'Guizot's Lectures' before he read Tocqueville' (more will be said on this letter further on).
47. That Mill regarded this article as basically his own is evident by his letter to H.S. Chapman, CW, XII, 284. The extent of his own contribution can be surmised from his letters to Blanco White of 21 October 1835 (ibid., 280) and 24 November 1835 (ibid., 285). In a letter to R.B. Fox (16 April 1840) Mill told him that of all he had attempted in his reviewing career in the London and Westminster Review, he had only three successes: 'My third success is that I have dinned into people's ears that Guizot is a great thinker and writer, till they are, though slowly, beginning to read him - which I do not believe they would be doing, even yet, in this country but for me.' Ibid., XIII, 427. On 26 February 1835 Mill wrote to Blanco White: 'I have not read Tocqueville's book' (CW, XII, 249); and on 15 April 1835 he wrote to him again: 'I have begun to read Tocqueville' (ibid., 259). As for Guizot, Mill praised his merits with special reference to the Essais sur l'Histoire de France (published in 1823) as early as October 1832, in an article on French affairs in the Examiner (ibid., XXIII, 513). From another reference to Guizot it is obvious that he had read his Histoire de la Civilisation en France (1829-32) before he wrote 'Sedgwick's Discourse' - which was written between 14 October and 26 November 1834 (see CW, X, 34-5 and Editor's note, ibid., 32). See also Mill's letter to Blanco White of 15 April 1835 (ibid., XII, 259) where, among other things, it is clear that he had read 'Guizot's Lectures' before he read Tocqueville' (more will be said on this letter further on).
48. That Mill regarded this article as basically his own is evident by his letter to H.S. Chapman, CW, XII, 284. The extent of his own contribution can be surmised from his letters to Blanco White of 21 October 1835 (ibid., 280) and 24 November 1835 (ibid., 285). In a letter to R.B. Fox (16 April 1840) Mill told him that of all he had attempted in his reviewing career in the London and Westminster Review, he had only three successes: 'My third success is that I have dinned into people's ears that Guizot is a great thinker and writer, till they are, though slowly, beginning to read him - which I do not believe they would be doing, even yet, in this country but for me.' Ibid., XIII, 427. On 26 February 1835 Mill wrote to Blanco White: 'I have not read Tocqueville's book' (CW, XII, 249); and on 15 April 1835 he wrote to him again: 'I have begun to read Tocqueville' (ibid., 259). As for Guizot, Mill praised his merits with special reference to the Essais sur l'Histoire de France (published in 1823) as early as October 1832, in an article on French affairs in the Examiner (ibid., XXIII, 513). From another reference to Guizot it is obvious that he had read his Histoire de la Civilisation en France (1829-32) before he wrote 'Sedgwick's Discourse' - which was written between 14 October and 26 November 1834 (see CW, X, 34-5 and Editor's note, ibid., 32). See also Mill's letter to Blanco White of 15 April 1835 (ibid., XII, 259) where, among other things, it is clear that he had read 'Guizot's Lectures' before he read Tocqueville' (more will be said on this letter further on).
49. That Mill regarded this article as basically his own is evident by his letter to H.S. Chapman, CW, XII, 284. The extent of his own contribution can be surmised from his letters to Blanco White of 21 October 1835 (ibid., 280) and 24 November 1835 (ibid., 285). In a letter to R.B. Fox (16 April 1840) Mill told him that of all he had attempted in his reviewing career in the London and Westminster Review, he had only three successes: 'My third success is that I have dinned into people's ears that Guizot is a great thinker and writer, till they are, though slowly, beginning to read him - which I do not believe they would be doing, even yet, in this country but for me.' Ibid., XIII, 427. On 26 February 1835 Mill wrote to Blanco White: 'I have not read Tocqueville's book' (CW, XII, 249); and on 15 April 1835 he wrote to him again: 'I have begun to read Tocqueville' (ibid., 259). As for Guizot, Mill praised his merits with special reference to the Essais sur l'Histoire de France (published in 1823) as early as October 1832, in an article on French affairs in the Examiner (ibid., XXIII, 513). From another reference to Guizot it is obvious that he had read his Histoire de la Civilisation en France (1829-32) before he wrote 'Sedgwick's Discourse' - which was written between 14 October and 26 November 1834 (see CW, X, 34-5 and Editor's note, ibid., 32). See also Mill's letter to Blanco White of 15 April 1835 (ibid., XII, 259) where, among other things, it is clear that he had read 'Guizot's Lectures' before he read Tocqueville' (more will be said on this letter further on).
50. That Mill regarded this article as basically his own is evident by his letter to H.S. Chapman, CW, XII, 284. The extent of his own contribution can be surmised from his letters to Blanco White of 21 October 1835 (ibid., 280) and 24 November 1835 (ibid., 285). In a letter to R.B. Fox (16 April 1840) Mill told him that of all he had attempted in his reviewing career in the London and Westminster Review, he had only three successes: 'My third success is that I have dinned into people's ears that Guizot is a great thinker and writer, till they are, though slowly, beginning to read him - which I do not believe they would be doing, even yet, in this country but for me.' Ibid., XIII, 427. On 26 February 1835 Mill wrote to Blanco White: 'I have not read Tocqueville's book' (CW, XII, 249); and on 15 April 1835 he wrote to him again: 'I have begun to read Tocqueville' (ibid., 259). As for Guizot, Mill praised his merits with special reference to the Essais sur l'Histoire de France (published in 1823) as early as October 1832, in an article on French affairs in the Examiner (ibid., XXIII, 513). From another reference to Guizot it is obvious that he had read his Histoire de la Civilisation en France (1829-32) before he wrote 'Sedgwick's Discourse' - which was written between 14 October and 26 November 1834 (see CW, X, 34-5 and Editor's note, ibid., 32). See also Mill's letter to Blanco White of 15 April 1835 (ibid., XII, 259) where, among other things, it is clear that he had read 'Guizot's Lectures' before he read Tocqueville' (more will be said on this letter further on).
51. That Mill regarded this article as basically his own is evident by his letter to H.S. Chapman, CW, XII, 284. The extent of his own contribution can be surmised from his letters to Blanco White of 21 October 1835 (ibid., 280) and 24 November 1835 (ibid., 285). In a letter to R.B. Fox (16 April 1840) Mill told him that of all he had attempted in his reviewing career in the London and Westminster Review, he had only three successes: 'My third success is that I have dinned into people's ears that Guizot is a great thinker and writer, till they are, though slowly, beginning to read him - which I do not believe they would be doing, even yet, in this country but for me.' Ibid., XIII, 427. On 26 February 1835 Mill wrote to Blanco White: 'I have not read Tocqueville's book' (CW, XII, 249); and on 15 April 1835 he wrote to him again: 'I have begun to read Tocqueville' (ibid., 259). As for Guizot, Mill praised his merits with special reference to the Essais sur l'Histoire de France (published in 1823) as early as October 1832, in an article on French affairs in the Examiner (ibid., XXIII, 513). From another reference to Guizot it is obvious that he had read his Histoire de la Civilisation en France (1829-32) before he wrote 'Sedgwick's Discourse' - which was written between 14 October and 26 November 1834 (see CW, X, 34-5 and Editor's note, ibid., 32). See also Mill's letter to Blanco White of 15 April 1835 (ibid., XII, 259) where, among other things, it is clear that he had read 'Guizot's Lectures' before he read Tocqueville' (more will be said on this letter further on).
52. That Mill regarded this article as basically his own is evident by his letter to H.S. Chapman, CW, XII, 284. The extent of his own contribution can be surmised from his letters to Blanco White of 21 October 1835 (ibid., 280) and 24 November 1835 (ibid., 285). In a letter to R.B. Fox (16 April 1840) Mill told him that of all he had attempted in his reviewing career in the London and Westminster Review, he had only three successes: 'My third success is that I have dinned into people's ears that Guizot is a great thinker and writer, till they are, though slowly, beginning to read him - which I do not believe they would be doing, even yet, in this country but for me.' Ibid., XIII, 427. On 26 February 1835 Mill wrote to Blanco White: 'I have not read Tocqueville's book' (CW, XII, 249); and on 15 April 1835 he wrote to him again: 'I have begun to read Tocqueville' (ibid., 259). As for Guizot, Mill praised his merits with special reference to the Essais sur l'Histoire de France (published in 1823) as early as October 1832, in an article on French affairs in the Examiner (ibid., XXIII, 513). From another reference to Guizot it is obvious that he had read his Histoire de la Civilisation en France (1829-32) before he wrote 'Sedgwick's Discourse' - which was written between 14 October and 26 November 1834 (see CW, X, 34-5 and Editor's note, ibid., 32). See also Mill's letter to Blanco White of 15 April 1835 (ibid., XII, 259) where, among other things, it is clear that he had read 'Guizot's Lectures' before he read Tocqueville' (more will be said on this letter further on).
53. That Mill regarded this article as basically his own is evident by his letter to H.S. Chapman, CW, XII, 284. The extent of his own contribution can be surmised from his letters to Blanco White of 21 October 1835 (ibid., 280) and 24 November 1835 (ibid., 285). In a letter to R.B. Fox (16 April 1840) Mill told him that of all he had attempted in his reviewing career in the London and Westminster Review, he had only three successes: 'My third success is that I have dinned into people's ears that Guizot is a great thinker and writer, till they are, though slowly, beginning to read him - which I do not believe they would be doing, even yet, in this country but for me.' Ibid., XIII, 427. On 26 February 1835 Mill wrote to Blanco White: 'I have not read Tocqueville's book' (CW, XII, 249); and on 15 April 1835 he wrote to him again: 'I have begun to read Tocqueville' (ibid., 259). As for Guizot, Mill praised his merits with special reference to the Essais sur l'Histoire de France (published in 1823) as early as October 1832, in an article on French affairs in the Examiner (ibid., XXIII, 513). From another reference to Guizot it is obvious that he had read his Histoire de la Civilisation en France (1829-32) before he wrote 'Sedgwick's Discourse' - which was written between 14 October and 26 November 1834 (see CW, X, 34-5 and Editor's note, ibid., 32). See also Mill's letter to Blanco White of 15 April 1835 (ibid., XII, 259) where, among other things, it is clear that he had read 'Guizot's Lectures' before he read Tocqueville' (more will be said on this letter further on).
54. For the oscillations of Mill's estimation of Guizot as a politician, see CW, XII, 61; XIII, 454-5, 654, 714. Cf. what Mill had said, parenthetically, concerning Guizot's political career in two instances where Guizot's historical work was the main subject: ibid., XX, 185-6; ibid., 259. Mill had dined with Guizot more than once whilst the latter was ambassador in London: see ibid., I, 128 (early draft of the Autobiography); ibid., XIII, 438, 442 (letters of 17 June and 3 August 1840, to d'Eichthal and R.B. Fox respectively).
55. For the oscillations of Mill's estimation of Guizot as a politician, see CW, XII, 61; XIII, 454-5, 654, 714. Cf. what Mill had said, parenthetically, concerning Guizot's political career in two instances where Guizot's historical work was the main subject: ibid., XX, 185-6; ibid., 259. Mill had dined with Guizot more than once whilst the latter was ambassador in London: see ibid., I, 128 (early draft of the Autobiography); ibid., XIII, 438, 442 (letters of 17 June and 3 August 1840, to d'Eichthal and R.B. Fox respectively).
56. For the oscillations of Mill's estimation of Guizot as a politician, see CW, XII, 61; XIII, 454-5, 654, 714. Cf. what Mill had said, parenthetically, concerning Guizot's political career in two instances where Guizot's historical work was the main subject: ibid., XX, 185-6; ibid., 259. Mill had dined with Guizot more than once whilst the latter was ambassador in London: see ibid., I, 128 (early draft of the Autobiography); ibid., XIII, 438, 442 (letters of 17 June and 3 August 1840, to d'Eichthal and R.B. Fox respectively).
57. For the oscillations of Mill's estimation of Guizot as a politician, see CW, XII, 61; XIII, 454-5, 654, 714. Cf. what Mill had said, parenthetically, concerning Guizot's political career in two instances where Guizot's historical work was the main subject: ibid., XX, 185-6; ibid., 259. Mill had dined with Guizot more than once whilst the latter was ambassador in London: see ibid., I, 128 (early draft of the Autobiography); ibid., XIII, 438, 442 (letters of 17 June and 3 August 1840, to d'Eichthal and R.B. Fox respectively).
58. For the oscillations of Mill's estimation of Guizot as a politician, see CW, XII, 61; XIII, 454-5, 654, 714. Cf. what Mill had said, parenthetically, concerning Guizot's political career in two instances where Guizot's historical work was the main subject: ibid., XX, 185-6; ibid., 259. Mill had dined with Guizot more than once whilst the latter was ambassador in London: see ibid., I, 128 (early draft of the Autobiography); ibid., XIII, 438, 442 (letters of 17 June and 3 August 1840, to d'Eichthal and R.B. Fox respectively).
59. For the oscillations of Mill's estimation of Guizot as a politician, see CW, XII, 61; XIII, 454-5, 654, 714. Cf. what Mill had said, parenthetically, concerning Guizot's political career in two instances where Guizot's historical work was the main subject: ibid., XX, 185-6; ibid., 259. Mill had dined with Guizot more than once whilst the latter was ambassador in London: see ibid., I, 128 (early draft of the Autobiography); ibid., XIII, 438, 442 (letters of 17 June and 3 August 1840, to d'Eichthal and R.B. Fox respectively).
60. In Greece 'the sovereignty of the majority, and the equal participation of all male citizens in the administration of the state' were the leading facts by which the whole aspect of society was determined. Cf. A.W. Saxonhouse, The Fear of Diversity: The Birth of Political Science in Ancient Greek Thought (Chicago, 1992).
61. CW, XX, 267-8.
62. Ibid., 269-70.
63. Ibid., 210.
64. See Mill's letter of 7 November 1829 to d'Eichthal: CW, XII, 40; cf. M. Filipiuk, 'John Stuart Mill and France', in A Cultivated Mind: Essays on J.S. Mill Presented to John Robson, ed. M. Laine (Toronto, 1991), pp. 80-120, p. 93; also: 'The Spirit of the Age', CW, XXII, 253, 291, 293.
65. See Mill's letter of 7 November 1829 to d'Eichthal: CW, XII, 40; cf. M. Filipiuk, 'John Stuart Mill and France', in A Cultivated Mind: Essays on J.S. Mill Presented to John Robson, ed. M. Laine (Toronto, 1991), pp. 80-120, p. 93; also: 'The Spirit of the Age', CW, XXII, 253, 291, 293.
66. See Mill's letter of 7 November 1829 to d'Eichthal: CW, XII, 40; cf. M. Filipiuk, 'John Stuart Mill and France', in A Cultivated Mind: Essays on J.S. Mill Presented to John Robson, ed. M. Laine (Toronto, 1991), pp. 80-120, p. 93; also: 'The Spirit of the Age', CW, XXII, 253, 291, 293.
67. Filipiuk, 'J.S. Mill and France', pp. 105-6.
68. See CW, XIII, 502-3 (or in Lettres Inédites de John Stuart Mill à Auguste Comte. Publiées avec les réponses de Comte et une introduction, par L. Lévy-Bruhl (Paris, 1899), pp. 27-9).
69. See CW, XIII, 502-3 (or in Lettres Inédites de John Stuart Mill à Auguste Comte. Publiées avec les réponses de Comte et une introduction, par L. Lévy-Bruhl (Paris, 1899), pp. 27-9).
70. J.H. Burns, 'J.S. Mill and Democracy, 1829-61', in Mill: A Collection of Critical Essays, ed. J.B. Schneewind (Garden City, NY, 1968), pp. 280-328, pp. 309-10.
71. 'Vous voyez donc que nous sommes tous deux en sympathie complète, quant à nos principes généraux sur ce sujet. Ce que je dois, là-dessus, à votre livre, c'est surtout d'avoir formulé dans le principle de la séparation des pouvoirs temporel et spirituel et de l'organisation de chacun sur les bases qui lui sont propres, une doctrine plus vague que j'avais moi-même tirée de l'histoire et que j'avais jettée dans les discussions du jour comme réponse décisive à tout système politique démocratique ou Benthamiste.' (CW, XIII, 502, emphasis added.) See Mill's essay 'Bentham', for an instance of what he means by this last remark concerning his response to 'tout système politique démocratique ou Benthamiste'. The language adopted by Mill after he read Guizot's Lectures is exemplified there once more: 'Wherever some such quarrel has not been going on - wherever it has been terminated by the complete victory of one of the contending principles, and no new contest has taken the place of the old - society has either [1838: been] hardened into Chinese stationariness, or fallen into dissolution.' (CW, X, 108.)
72. 'Vous voyez donc que nous sommes tous deux en sympathie complète, quant à nos principes généraux sur ce sujet. Ce que je dois, là-dessus, à votre livre, c'est surtout d'avoir formulé dans le principle de la séparation des pouvoirs temporel et spirituel et de l'organisation de chacun sur les bases qui lui sont propres, une doctrine plus vague que j'avais moi-même tirée de l'histoire et que j'avais jettée dans les discussions du jour comme réponse décisive à tout système politique démocratique ou Benthamiste.' (CW, XIII, 502, emphasis added.) See Mill's essay 'Bentham', for an instance of what he means by this last remark concerning his response to 'tout système politique démocratique ou Benthamiste'. The language adopted by Mill after he read Guizot's Lectures is exemplified there once more: 'Wherever some such quarrel has not been going on - wherever it has been terminated by the complete victory of one of the contending principles, and no new contest has taken the place of the old - society has either [1838: been] hardened into Chinese stationariness, or fallen into dissolution.' (CW, X, 108.)
73. Emphasis added.
74. Emphasis added. Ibid., XIII, 502-3.
75. See Guizot, Lectures, pp. 160-5.
76. See 'The Spirit of the Age', III, and IV: CW, XXII, 253, 291, 293.
77. See 'The Spirit of the Age', III, and IV: CW, XXII, 253, 291, 293.
78. Filipiuk, 'J.S. Mill and France', p. 107.
79. CW, XX, 306-7.
80. Mill may have misunderstood or been unfair to Tocqueville concerning this point, due perhaps to Tocqueville's terminological imprecision: see Lively, Social and Political Thought of Alexis de Tocqueville, pp. 80-1 ; F. Mélonio, Tocqueville et les Français (Paris, 1993), pp. 103-5. Cf. Schleifer, The Making of Tocqueville's 'Democracy in America', pp. 263-74.
81. Mill may have misunderstood or been unfair to Tocqueville concerning this point, due perhaps to Tocqueville's terminological imprecision: see Lively, Social and Political Thought of Alexis de Tocqueville, pp. 80-1 ; F. Mélonio, Tocqueville et les Français (Paris, 1993), pp. 103-5. Cf. Schleifer, The Making of Tocqueville's 'Democracy in America', pp. 263-74.
82. Mill may have misunderstood or been unfair to Tocqueville concerning this point, due perhaps to Tocqueville's terminological imprecision: see Lively, Social and Political Thought of Alexis de Tocqueville, pp. 80-1 ; F. Mélonio, Tocqueville et les Français (Paris, 1993), pp. 103-5. Cf. Schleifer, The Making of Tocqueville's 'Democracy in America', pp. 263-74.
83. Emphasis added.
84. CW, XVIII, 196-7.
85. On Coleridge's views see J. Morrow, Coleridge's Political Thought: Property, Morality and the Limits of Traditional Discourse (London, 1990), pp. 115-21, and passim.
86. For instances where Mill had attacked the dangers arising from the excessive influence of the commercial spirit in Britain (before he read Guizot), without having connected it with a more general theory of a need for antagonism and struggle, see his early letters to G. d'Eichthal (see e.g. CW, XII, 31-3).
87. See J.M. Robson, The Improvement of Mankind: The Social and Political Thought of John Stuart Mill (Toronto, 1968), p. 111. On China as a cautionary tale against stagnation in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, see J.W. Burrow, Whigs and Liberals: Continuity and Change in English Political Thought (Oxford, 1988), pp. 115-24. Cf. Robert Kurfirst, 'J. S. Mill on Oriental Despotism, including its British Variant', Utilitas, VIII (1996), pp. 73-87.
88. See J.M. Robson, The Improvement of Mankind: The Social and Political Thought of John Stuart Mill (Toronto, 1968), p. 111. On China as a cautionary tale against stagnation in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, see J.W. Burrow, Whigs and Liberals: Continuity and Change in English Political Thought (Oxford, 1988), pp. 115-24. Cf. Robert Kurfirst, 'J. S. Mill on Oriental Despotism, including its British Variant', Utilitas, VIII (1996), pp. 73-87.
89. See J.M. Robson, The Improvement of Mankind: The Social and Political Thought of John Stuart Mill (Toronto, 1968), p. 111. On China as a cautionary tale against stagnation in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, see J.W. Burrow, Whigs and Liberals: Continuity and Change in English Political Thought (Oxford, 1988), pp. 115-24. Cf. Robert Kurfirst, 'J. S. Mill on Oriental Despotism, including its British Variant', Utilitas, VIII (1996), pp. 73-87.
90. 'Why the Americans are more concerned with the Applications than with the Theory of Science', Tocqueville, Democracy in America, pp. 459-65.
91. Ibid., p. 464.
92. Mill had argued to exactly the same effect with regard to England, and with specific reference to Guizot's relevant views, in 'Sedgwick's Discourse', which he wrote before he read Tocqueville's first part (CW, X, 34-5), as well as in the essay on 'Civilization', in 1836 (ibid., XVIII, 117-47).
93. Mill had argued to exactly the same effect with regard to England, and with specific reference to Guizot's relevant views, in 'Sedgwick's Discourse', which he wrote before he read Tocqueville's first part (CW, X, 34-5), as well as in the essay on 'Civilization', in 1836 (ibid., XVIII, 117-47).
94. (1) CW, X, 108; ibid., XVIII, 197; ibid., XIII, 502; ibid., XX, 270.
95. (1) CW, X, 108; ibid., XVIII, 197; ibid., XIII, 502; ibid., XX, 270.
96. (1) CW, X, 108; ibid., XVIII, 197; ibid., XIII, 502; ibid., XX, 270.
97. (1) CW, X, 108; ibid., XVIII, 197; ibid., XIII, 502; ibid., XX, 270.
98. It is most telling concerning the predominance of the example of China as a cautionary tale in respect of stationariness that Larry Siedentop, in his introduction to Guizot's work, when he describes the French historian's examples of civilizations that had fallen into a stationary state, substitutes China for India, although Guizot had referred to the latter rather than to the former. Siedentop, 'Introduction' to Guizot, The History of Civilization in Europe, p. xix.
99. See CW, XX, 270.
100. Ibid., XIII, 502.
101. See: S. Collini, D. Winch and J. Burrow, That Noble Science of Politics: A Study in Nineteenth-Century Intellectual History (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 157-8, 204; Burrow, Whigs and Liberals, pp. 122-3. Siedentop, 'Introduction' to Guizot, The History of Civilization in Europe, pp. xxxv-xxxvii.
102. See: S. Collini, D. Winch and J. Burrow, That Noble Science of Politics: A Study in Nineteenth-Century Intellectual History (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 157-8, 204; Burrow, Whigs and Liberals, pp. 122-3. Siedentop, 'Introduction' to Guizot, The History of Civilization in Europe, pp. xxxv-xxxvii.
103. See: S. Collini, D. Winch and J. Burrow, That Noble Science of Politics: A Study in Nineteenth-Century Intellectual History (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 157-8, 204; Burrow, Whigs and Liberals, pp. 122-3. Siedentop, 'Introduction' to Guizot, The History of Civilization in Europe, pp. xxxv-xxxvii.
104. See A. Ryan, 'John Stuart Mill', in The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought, ed. D. Miller, J. Coleman, W. Connolly, A. Ryan (Oxford, 1987), pp. 339-42, p. 341: 'Under the influence of Tocqueville, Mill came to think that preserving the "antagonism of opinions" was one crucial need.' Cf. A. Ryan, J.S. Mill (London, 1974), p. 191; also: Lively, Social and Political Thought of Alexis de Tocqueville, p. 13.
105. See A. Ryan, 'John Stuart Mill', in The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought, ed. D. Miller, J. Coleman, W. Connolly, A. Ryan (Oxford, 1987), pp. 339-42, p. 341: 'Under the influence of Tocqueville, Mill came to think that preserving the "antagonism of opinions" was one crucial need.' Cf. A. Ryan, J.S. Mill (London, 1974), p. 191; also: Lively, Social and Political Thought of Alexis de Tocqueville, p. 13.
106. See A. Ryan, 'John Stuart Mill', in The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought, ed. D. Miller, J. Coleman, W. Connolly, A. Ryan (Oxford, 1987), pp. 339-42, p. 341: 'Under the influence of Tocqueville, Mill came to think that preserving the "antagonism of opinions" was one crucial need.' Cf. A. Ryan, J.S. Mill (London, 1974), p. 191; also: Lively, Social and Political Thought of Alexis de Tocqueville, p. 13.
107. CW, X, 108.
108. Ibid., XX, 210.
109. Ibid.; also ibid., XIII, 502.
110. Ibid.; also ibid., XIII, 502.
111. For the former work see ibid., XVIII, 273-4. Cf. S. Collini, Introduction to J.S. Mill, On Liberty and Other Writings, ed. S. Collini (Cambridge, 1989), p. xiv. For Mill's assertion of the importance of 'the function of Antagonism' in Representative Government see: CW, XIX, 458-9; cf. ibid., 397.
112. For the former work see ibid., XVIII, 273-4. Cf. S. Collini, Introduction to J.S. Mill, On Liberty and Other Writings, ed. S. Collini (Cambridge, 1989), p. xiv. For Mill's assertion of the importance of 'the function of Antagonism' in Representative Government see: CW, XIX, 458-9; cf. ibid., 397.
113. For the former work see ibid., XVIII, 273-4. Cf. S. Collini, Introduction to J.S. Mill, On Liberty and Other Writings, ed. S. Collini (Cambridge, 1989), p. xiv. For Mill's assertion of the importance of 'the function of Antagonism' in Representative Government see: CW, XIX, 458-9; cf. ibid., 397.
114. For the former work see ibid., XVIII, 273-4. Cf. S. Collini, Introduction to J.S. Mill, On Liberty and Other Writings, ed. S. Collini (Cambridge, 1989), p. xiv. For Mill's assertion of the importance of 'the function of Antagonism' in Representative Government see: CW, XIX, 458-9; cf. ibid., 397.
115. See, for instance CW, XIX, 549; also ibid., XIII, 404, 456, 457, 508-9.
116. See, for instance CW, XIX, 549; also ibid., XIII, 404, 456, 457, 508-9.
117. See Guizot's Philosophie Politique: De la Souveraineté, in F. Guizot, Histoire de la Civilisation en Europe, ed. Rosanvallon, pp. 319-89; also Rosanvallon, Le Moment Guizot, pp. 87-94.
118. See Guizot's Philosophie Politique: De la Souveraineté, in F. Guizot, Histoire de la Civilisation en Europe, ed. Rosanvallon, pp. 319-89; also Rosanvallon, Le Moment Guizot, pp. 87-94.
119. See Mill, Autobiography, CW, I, 219-21.
120. See, for example, CW, XX, 306, 307. For the timing of Mill's first references to the need to create institutional counterbalances to the power of numbers see Burns, 'J.S. Mill and Democracy', pp. 302-3, 312.
121. See, for example, CW, XX, 306, 307. For the timing of Mill's first references to the need to create institutional counterbalances to the power of numbers see Burns, 'J.S. Mill and Democracy', pp. 302-3, 312.
122. CW, I, 201.
123. Mueller, Mill and French Thought, p. 147.
124. See ibid.
125. See below.
126. Tocqueville, Democracy in America, p. 464.
127. See CW, XVIII, 196-7. As has already been noted, a similar attitude towards the commercial spirit and its effects on British society had been adopted by thinkers such as Coleridge and his followers, and Mill had been sufficiently impressed by them on this point before he read Tocqueville's work. Of course, foreign corroboration was always useful for Mill, and thus he did not fail to notice both Guizot's and Tocqueville's comments on this question.
128. Robson, The Improvement of Mankind, p. 112.
129. In recent years Tocqueville scholars have shown beyond any doubt the extent to which Tocqueville was far from being alone or the first to denunciate certain deplorable traits of modernity that are often associated with his name: see, e.g., Mélonio, Tocqueville et les Français, p. 110; Boesche, The Strange Liberalism, passim.
130. In recent years Tocqueville scholars have shown beyond any doubt the extent to which Tocqueville was far from being alone or the first to denunciate certain deplorable traits of modernity that are often associated with his name: see, e.g., Mélonio, Tocqueville et les Français, p. 110; Boesche, The Strange Liberalism, passim.
131. This article was written before Mill had heard of Tocqueville; on its timing see CW, X, 32 (Editor's note).
132. See Lectures, pp. 271-3; also Mill's exposition of Guizot's views about England in CW, XX, 374-5.
133. See Lectures, pp. 271-3; also Mill's exposition of Guizot's views about England in CW, XX, 374-5.
134. CW, X, 33-5.
135. See Christopher Turk, Coleridge and Mill: A Study of Influence (Aldershot, 1988), pp. 172, 178-9.
136. Mill was by no means alone in grappling with Guizot's treatment of this concept -though he may have been alone in doing so in Britain. In an exhaustive study of the history of the idea of civilization in France in the period 1830-70, R.A. Lochore commences his account by remarking: 'François Guizot is in our period the great authority on the idea of civilization. Whenever a writer asks what civilization is, his first care is to make a judgment, usually respectful, of Guizot's conception of it.' R.A. Lochore, History of the Idea of Civilization in France (1830-1870) (Bonn, 1935), p. 9 (characteristically, Chapter I of the book is entitled 'Before and After Guizot', ibid., pp. 9-17). Cf. Lucien Febvre, 'Civilisation: Evolution of a Word and a Group of Ideas', in A New Kind of History: from The Writings of Febvre, ed. Peter Burke (London, 1973), pp. 219-57, esp. pp. 240-7; Georges Gusdorf, 'Civilisation', in Les Principes de la Pensée au siècle des Lumières (Paris, 1971), pp. 333-48; Rosanvallon, Le Moment Guizot, pp. 191-3.
137. Mill was by no means alone in grappling with Guizot's treatment of this concept - though he may have been alone in doing so in Britain. In an exhaustive study of the history of the idea of civilization in France in the period 1830-70, R.A. Lochore commences his account by remarking: 'François Guizot is in our period the great authority on the idea of civilization. Whenever a writer asks what civilization is, his first care is to make a judgment, usually respectful, of Guizot's conception of it.' R.A. Lochore, History of the Idea of Civilization in France (1830-1870) (Bonn, 1935), p. 9 (characteristically, Chapter I of the book is entitled 'Before and After Guizot', ibid., pp. 9-17). Cf. Lucien Febvre, 'Civilisation: Evolution of a Word and a Group of Ideas', in A New Kind of History: from The Writings of Febvre, ed. Peter Burke (London, 1973), pp. 219-57, esp. pp. 240-7; Georges Gusdorf, 'Civilisation', in Les Principes de la Pensée au siècle des Lumières (Paris, 1971), pp. 333-48; Rosanvallon, Le Moment Guizot, pp. 191-3.
138. Mill was by no means alone in grappling with Guizot's treatment of this concept - though he may have been alone in doing so in Britain. In an exhaustive study of the history of the idea of civilization in France in the period 1830-70, R.A. Lochore commences his account by remarking: 'François Guizot is in our period the great authority on the idea of civilization. Whenever a writer asks what civilization is, his first care is to make a judgment, usually respectful, of Guizot's conception of it.' R.A. Lochore, History of the Idea of Civilization in France (1830-1870) (Bonn, 1935), p. 9 (characteristically, Chapter I of the book is entitled 'Before and After Guizot', ibid., pp. 9-17). Cf. Lucien Febvre, 'Civilisation: Evolution of a Word and a Group of Ideas', in A New Kind of History: from The Writings of Febvre, ed. Peter Burke (London, 1973), pp. 219-57, esp. pp. 240-7; Georges Gusdorf, 'Civilisation', in Les Principes de la Pensée au siècle des Lumières (Paris, 1971), pp. 333-48; Rosanvallon, Le Moment Guizot, pp. 191-3.
139. Mill was by no means alone in grappling with Guizot's treatment of this concept - though he may have been alone in doing so in Britain. In an exhaustive study of the history of the idea of civilization in France in the period 1830-70, R.A. Lochore commences his account by remarking: 'François Guizot is in our period the great authority on the idea of civilization. Whenever a writer asks what civilization is, his first care is to make a judgment, usually respectful, of Guizot's conception of it.' R.A. Lochore, History of the Idea of Civilization in France (1830-1870) (Bonn, 1935), p. 9 (characteristically, Chapter I of the book is entitled 'Before and After Guizot', ibid., pp. 9-17). Cf. Lucien Febvre, 'Civilisation: Evolution of a Word and a Group of Ideas', in A New Kind of History: from The Writings of Febvre, ed. Peter Burke (London, 1973), pp. 219-57, esp. pp. 240-7; Georges Gusdorf, 'Civilisation', in Les Principes de la Pensée au siècle des Lumières (Paris, 1971), pp. 333-48; Rosanvallon, Le Moment Guizot, pp. 191-3.
140. Mill was by no means alone in grappling with Guizot's treatment of this concept - though he may have been alone in doing so in Britain. In an exhaustive study of the history of the idea of civilization in France in the period 1830-70, R.A. Lochore commences his account by remarking: 'François Guizot is in our period the great authority on the idea of civilization. Whenever a writer asks what civilization is, his first care is to make a judgment, usually respectful, of Guizot's conception of it.' R.A. Lochore, History of the Idea of Civilization in France (1830-1870) (Bonn, 1935), p. 9 (characteristically, Chapter I of the book is entitled 'Before and After Guizot', ibid., pp. 9-17). Cf. Lucien Febvre, 'Civilisation: Evolution of a Word and a Group of Ideas', in A New Kind of History: from The Writings of Febvre, ed. Peter Burke (London, 1973), pp. 219-57, esp. pp. 240-7; Georges Gusdorf, 'Civilisation', in Les Principes de la Pensée au siècle des Lumières (Paris, 1971), pp. 333-48; Rosanvallon, Le Moment Guizot, pp. 191-3.
141. For more on the distinction between two kinds of civilization and Mill's evaluation of each, as well as on Guizot's particular contribution to Mill's definition of, and views on, civilization see Georgios Varouxakis, 'John Stuart Mill sur "la Civilisation" en Angleterre et en France', in John Stuart Mill et la Pensée française de son Temps: Philosophie, Politique, Économie, ed. Patrick Thierry and Mikaël Garandeau (forthcoming, École Normale Supérieure editions, 1999).
142. cf. Pappé, 'Mill and Tocqueville', pp. 231-2.
143. See Siedentop, Introduction to Guizot, The History of Civilization, pp. xxxvi-xxxvii; cf. Iain Hampsher-Monk, A History of Modern Political Thought: Major Political Thinkers from Hobbes to Marx (Oxford, 1992), pp. 357-61, 407; Collini, Winch and Burrow, That Noble Science, pp. 129-59.
144. See Siedentop, Introduction to Guizot, The History of Civilization, pp. xxxvi-xxxvii; cf. Iain Hampsher-Monk, A History of Modern Political Thought: Major Political Thinkers from Hobbes to Marx (Oxford, 1992), pp. 357-61, 407; Collini, Winch and Burrow, That Noble Science, pp. 129-59.
145. See Siedentop, Introduction to Guizot, The History of Civilization, pp. xxxvi-xxxvii; cf. Iain Hampsher-Monk, A History of Modern Political Thought: Major Political Thinkers from Hobbes to Marx (Oxford, 1992), pp. 357-61, 407; Collini, Winch and Burrow, That Noble Science, pp. 129-59.
146. Mueller, Mill and French Thought, p. 139. The text quoted by Mueller is from Mill's article 'Armand Carrel', CW, XX, 183-4. For another work which overestimates Tocqueville's significance for Mill in this respect while ignoring Guizot see Richard Ashcraft, 'Class Conflict and Constitutionalism in J.S. Mill's Thought', in Liberalism and the Moral Life, ed. Nancy L. Rosenblum (Cambridge, MA, 1989), pp. 105-26, p. 106.
147. Mueller, Mill and French Thought, p. 139. The text quoted by Mueller is from Mill's article 'Armand Carrel', CW, XX, 183-4. For another work which overestimates Tocqueville's significance for Mill in this respect while ignoring Guizot see Richard Ashcraft, 'Class Conflict and Constitutionalism in J.S. Mill's Thought', in Liberalism and the Moral Life, ed. Nancy L. Rosenblum (Cambridge, MA, 1989), pp. 105-26, p. 106.
148. Mueller, Mill and French Thought, p. 139. The text quoted by Mueller is from Mill's article 'Armand Carrel', CW, XX, 183-4. For another work which overestimates Tocqueville's significance for Mill in this respect while ignoring Guizot see Richard Ashcraft, 'Class Conflict and Constitutionalism in J.S. Mill's Thought', in Liberalism and the Moral Life, ed. Nancy L. Rosenblum (Cambridge, MA, 1989), pp. 105-26, p. 106.
149. Siedentop, Two Liberal Traditions', pp. 156-8. On Royer-Collard's contribution see also G.A. Kelly, The Humane Comedy: Constant, Tocqueville, and French Liberalism (Cambridge, 1992), p. 26.
150. Siedentop, Two Liberal Traditions', pp. 156-8. On Royer-Collard's contribution see also G.A. Kelly, The Humane Comedy: Constant, Tocqueville, and French Liberalism (Cambridge, 1992), p. 26.
151. Hoeges, 'Guizot und Tocqueville', p. 352.
152. Quoted in Siedentop, 'Two Liberal Traditions', pp. 157-8. Cf. Rosanvallon, Le Moment Guizot, pp. 35-43.
153. Quoted in Siedentop, 'Two Liberal Traditions', pp. 157-8. Cf. Rosanvallon, Le Moment Guizot, pp. 35-43.
154. CW, XXIII, 513.
155. Emphasis added. CW, XX, 184. Cf. Collini, Winch and Burrow, That Noble Science, pp. 132-3. Collini calls Mill's claim that in the scientific study of politics the French school found its 'highest expression' in the work of Tocqueville an 'oddity', in view of Tocqueville's lack of interest in methodological questions. Collini argues that many of the elements of what Mill boasted as methodological novelties were not far removed from the method of the Scottish historical school - on this last point cf. D. Forbes, '"Scientific" Whiggism: Adam Smith and John Millar', The Cambridge Journal, VII (1953), pp. 643-70, p. 670. See also Hampsher-Monk, A History of Modern Political Thought, pp. 347-50. Yet cf. Siedentop, Introduction to Guizot, The History of Civilization, pp. xxi-xxiii.
156. Emphasis added. CW, XX, 184. Cf. Collini, Winch and Burrow, That Noble Science, pp. 132-3. Collini calls Mill's claim that in the scientific study of politics the French school found its 'highest expression' in the work of Tocqueville an 'oddity', in view of Tocqueville's lack of interest in methodological questions. Collini argues that many of the elements of what Mill boasted as methodological novelties were not far removed from the method of the Scottish historical school - on this last point cf. D. Forbes, '"Scientific" Whiggism: Adam Smith and John Millar', The Cambridge Journal, VII (1953), pp. 643-70, p. 670. See also Hampsher-Monk, A History of Modern Political Thought, pp. 347-50. Yet cf. Siedentop, Introduction to Guizot, The History of Civilization, pp. xxi-xxiii.
157. Emphasis added. CW, XX, 184. Cf. Collini, Winch and Burrow, That Noble Science, pp. 132-3. Collini calls Mill's claim that in the scientific study of politics the French school found its 'highest expression' in the work of Tocqueville an 'oddity', in view of Tocqueville's lack of interest in methodological questions. Collini argues that many of the elements of what Mill boasted as methodological novelties were not far removed from the method of the Scottish historical school - on this last point cf. D. Forbes, '"Scientific" Whiggism: Adam Smith and John Millar', The Cambridge Journal, VII (1953), pp. 643-70, p. 670. See also Hampsher-Monk, A History of Modern Political Thought, pp. 347-50. Yet cf. Siedentop, Introduction to Guizot, The History of Civilization, pp. xxi-xxiii.
158. Emphasis added. CW, XX, 184. Cf. Collini, Winch and Burrow, That Noble Science, pp. 132-3. Collini calls Mill's claim that in the scientific study of politics the French school found its 'highest expression' in the work of Tocqueville an 'oddity', in view of Tocqueville's lack of interest in methodological questions. Collini argues that many of the elements of what Mill boasted as methodological novelties were not far removed from the method of the Scottish historical school - on this last point cf. D. Forbes, '"Scientific" Whiggism: Adam Smith and John Millar', The Cambridge Journal, VII (1953), pp. 643-70, p. 670. See also Hampsher-Monk, A History of Modern Political Thought, pp. 347-50. Yet cf. Siedentop, Introduction to Guizot, The History of Civilization, pp. xxi-xxiii.
159. Emphasis added. CW, XX, 184. Cf. Collini, Winch and Burrow, That Noble Science, pp. 132-3. Collini calls Mill's claim that in the scientific study of politics the French school found its 'highest expression' in the work of Tocqueville an 'oddity', in view of Tocqueville's lack of interest in methodological questions. Collini argues that many of the elements of what Mill boasted as methodological novelties were not far removed from the method of the Scottish historical school - on this last point cf. D. Forbes, '"Scientific" Whiggism: Adam Smith and John Millar', The Cambridge Journal, VII (1953), pp. 643-70, p. 670. See also Hampsher-Monk, A History of Modern Political Thought, pp. 347-50. Yet cf. Siedentop, Introduction to Guizot, The History of Civilization, pp. xxi-xxiii.
160. CW, XX, 184.
161. Ibid., 185-6 (where there are textual variations, it is the 1837 original version that is used here). In his 1844 review of the first five volumes of Michelet's Histoire de France (Edinburgh Review, LXXIX (January 1844), pp. 1-39; reprinted in DD, II, pp. 120-80; now in CW, XX, 217-55) Mill described the achievements of the French historical school, which culminated with Guizot. He gave Guizot ample praise on account of his historical method, and concluded by declaring that 'before astronomy had its Newton, there was a place, and an honourable one, for not only the observer Tycho, but the theorizer, Kepler. M. Guizot is the Kepler, and something more, of his particular subject.' CW, XX, 228-9.
162. Ibid., 185-6 (where there are textual variations, it is the 1837 original version that is used here). In his 1844 review of the first five volumes of Michelet's Histoire de France (Edinburgh Review, LXXIX (January 1844), pp. 1-39; reprinted in DD, II, pp. 120-80; now in CW, XX, 217-55) Mill described the achievements of the French historical school, which culminated with Guizot. He gave Guizot ample praise on account of his historical method, and concluded by declaring that 'before astronomy had its Newton, there was a place, and an honourable one, for not only the observer Tycho, but the theorizer, Kepler. M. Guizot is the Kepler, and something more, of his particular subject.' CW, XX, 228-9.
163. Ibid., 185-6 (where there are textual variations, it is the 1837 original version that is used here). In his 1844 review of the first five volumes of Michelet's Histoire de France (Edinburgh Review, LXXIX (January 1844), pp. 1-39; reprinted in DD, II, pp. 120-80; now in CW, XX, 217-55) Mill described the achievements of the French historical school, which culminated with Guizot. He gave Guizot ample praise on account of his historical method, and concluded by declaring that 'before astronomy had its Newton, there was a place, and an honourable one, for not only the observer Tycho, but the theorizer, Kepler. M. Guizot is the Kepler, and something more, of his particular subject.' CW, XX, 228-9.
164. Ibid., 185-6 (where there are textual variations, it is the 1837 original version that is used here). In his 1844 review of the first five volumes of Michelet's Histoire de France (Edinburgh Review, LXXIX (January 1844), pp. 1-39; reprinted in DD, II, pp. 120-80; now in CW, XX, 217-55) Mill described the achievements of the French historical school, which culminated with Guizot. He gave Guizot ample praise on account of his historical method, and concluded by declaring that 'before astronomy had its Newton, there was a place, and an honourable one, for not only the observer Tycho, but the theorizer, Kepler. M. Guizot is the Kepler, and something more, of his particular subject.' CW, XX, 228-9.
165. Ibid., 185-6 (where there are textual variations, it is the 1837 original version that is used here). In his 1844 review of the first five volumes of Michelet's Histoire de France (Edinburgh Review, LXXIX (January 1844), pp. 1-39; reprinted in DD, II, pp. 120-80; now in CW, XX, 217-55) Mill described the achievements of the French historical school, which culminated with Guizot. He gave Guizot ample praise on account of his historical method, and concluded by declaring that 'before astronomy had its Newton, there was a place, and an honourable one, for not only the observer Tycho, but the theorizer, Kepler. M. Guizot is the Kepler, and something more, of his particular subject.' CW, XX, 228-9.
166. Emphasis added. Letter to Comte, 6 May 1842, CW, XIII, 519. Cf. CW, XIII, 639. It may not be without significance that Mill kept praising Guizot in a number of letters to Comte at a time when Comte was no less than indignant against Guizot.
167. Emphasis added. Letter to Comte, 6 May 1842, CW, XIII, 519. Cf. CW, XIII, 639. It may not be without significance that Mill kept praising Guizot in a number of letters to Comte at a time when Comte was no less than indignant against Guizot.
168. Though the details of what happened are not clear, due to the fact that Blanco White's relevant letters to Mill are missing, Mill's letter to Blanco White of 19 May 1835 (answering a missing letter by the latter) gives some inkling: see CW, XII, 263. For Blanco White's extant letters see The Life of the Rev. Joseph Blanco White, Written by Himself; with Portions of his Correspondence, ed. John Hamilton Thom (3 vols., London, 1845). Blanco White's reply to Mill was written on 10 June 1835, and is to be found at ibid., Vol. II, p. 135.
169. Though the details of what happened are not clear, due to the fact that Blanco White's relevant letters to Mill are missing, Mill's letter to Blanco White of 19 May 1835 (answering a missing letter by the latter) gives some inkling: see CW, XII, 263. For Blanco White's extant letters see The Life of the Rev. Joseph Blanco White, Written by Himself; with Portions of his Correspondence, ed. John Hamilton Thom (3 vols., London, 1845). Blanco White's reply to Mill was written on 10 June 1835, and is to be found at ibid., Vol. II, p. 135.
170. Though the details of what happened are not clear, due to the fact that Blanco White's relevant letters to Mill are missing, Mill's letter to Blanco White of 19 May 1835 (answering a missing letter by the latter) gives some inkling: see CW, XII, 263. For Blanco White's extant letters see The Life of the Rev. Joseph Blanco White, Written by Himself; with Portions of his Correspondence, ed. John Hamilton Thom (3 vols., London, 1845). Blanco White's reply to Mill was written on 10 June 1835, and is to be found at ibid., Vol. II, p. 135.
171. Emphasis (latter) added. CW, XII, 259. Cf. ibid., XVIII, 94.
172. Emphasis (latter) added. CW, XII, 259. Cf. ibid., XVIII, 94.
173. I would like to thank, first of all, Professor Fred Rosen for his generous guidance and wise advice. I am also grateful to Professors J.H. Burns, Janet Coleman, Gregory Claeys and other participants in the Seminars in Political Ideas at the Institute of Historical Research, as well as Professor Douglas Johnson, Cordula Schumann and, last but not least, Dr Gregory Molivas.