The right to self-determination in international politics: Six theories in search of a policy

Review of International Studies

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 355-370

  Freeman, Michael ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0033462944     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0260210599003551     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. S. Hoffman, Duties Beyond Borders: On the Limits and Possibilities of Ethical International Politics (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1981), p. 34, citing Immanuel Kant.
2. H. Gros-Espiell, The Right to Self-Determination: Implementation of United Nations Resolutions (New York: United Nations, 1980), para. 59.
3. E. Avebury, 'A Positive Legal Duty: The Liberation of the People of East Timor', in D. Clark and R. Williamson (eds.), Self-Determination: International Perspectives (Basingstoke, 1996), p. 221.
4. R. Emerson, 'Self-determination in the Era of Decolonization', Occasional Papers in International Affairs, No. 9, 1964, p. 64.
5. Quoted in L.C. Buchheit, Secession: The Legitimacy of Self-determination (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1978), p. 87.
6. A. Cassese, Self-determination of Peoples: A Legal Appraisal (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
7. M. Frost, Ethics in International Relations: A Constitutive Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
8. K. S. Shehadi, Ethnic Self-determination and the Break-up of States (London, 1993); A. Heraclides, 'Ethnicity, Secessionist Conflict and the International Society: Towards Normative Paradigm Shift', Nations and Nationalism, 3 (1997), pp. 493-520.
9. K. S. Shehadi, Ethnic Self-determination and the Break-up of States (London, 1993); A. Heraclides, 'Ethnicity, Secessionist Conflict and the International Society: Towards Normative Paradigm Shift', Nations and Nationalism, 3 (1997), pp. 493-520.
10. A. H. Birch, 'Another Liberal Theory of Secession', Political Studies, XXXII (1984), pp. 596-602.
11. C. R. Beitz, Political Theory and International Relations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979).
12. H. Beran, 'A Liberal Theory of Secession', Political Studies, XXXII (1984), pp. 21-31; 'More Theory of Secession: A Response to Birch', Political Studies, XXXVI (1988), pp. 316-23; 'The Place of Secession in Liberal Democratic Theory', in P. Gilbert and P. Gregory (eds), Nations, Cultures and Markets (Aldershot, 1994); 'A Democratic Theory of Political Self-Determination for a New World Order', paper presented to the 16th World Congress of the International Political Science Association, Berlin, 1994; 'An Attempt to Formulate a Democratic Theory of the Right of Political Self-Determination and Secession', paper presented at the 23rd Joint Sessions of Workshops, European Consortium for Political Research, Bordeaux, 1995.
13. H. Beran, 'A Liberal Theory of Secession', Political Studies, XXXII (1984), pp. 21-31; 'More Theory of Secession: A Response to Birch', Political Studies, XXXVI (1988), pp. 316-23; 'The Place of Secession in Liberal Democratic Theory', in P. Gilbert and P. Gregory (eds), Nations, Cultures and Markets (Aldershot, 1994); 'A Democratic Theory of Political Self-Determination for a New World Order', paper presented to the 16th World Congress of the International Political Science Association, Berlin, 1994; 'An Attempt to Formulate a Democratic Theory of the Right of Political Self-Determination and Secession', paper presented at the 23rd Joint Sessions of Workshops, European Consortium for Political Research, Bordeaux, 1995.
14. H. Beran, 'A Liberal Theory of Secession', Political Studies, XXXII (1984), pp. 21-31; 'More Theory of Secession: A Response to Birch', Political Studies, XXXVI (1988), pp. 316-23; 'The Place of Secession in Liberal Democratic Theory', in P. Gilbert and P. Gregory (eds), Nations, Cultures and Markets (Aldershot, 1994); 'A Democratic Theory of Political Self-Determination for a New World Order', paper presented to the 16th World Congress of the International Political Science Association, Berlin, 1994; 'An Attempt to Formulate a Democratic Theory of the Right of Political Self-Determination and Secession', paper presented at the 23rd Joint Sessions of Workshops, European Consortium for Political Research, Bordeaux, 1995.
15. H. Beran, 'A Liberal Theory of Secession', Political Studies, XXXII (1984), pp. 21-31; 'More Theory of Secession: A Response to Birch', Political Studies, XXXVI (1988), pp. 316-23; 'The Place of Secession in Liberal Democratic Theory', in P. Gilbert and P. Gregory (eds), Nations, Cultures and Markets (Aldershot, 1994); 'A Democratic Theory of Political Self-Determination for a New World Order', paper presented to the 16th World Congress of the International Political Science Association, Berlin, 1994; 'An Attempt to Formulate a Democratic Theory of the Right of Political Self-Determination and Secession', paper presented at the 23rd Joint Sessions of Workshops, European Consortium for Political Research, Bordeaux, 1995.
16. H. Beran, 'A Liberal Theory of Secession', Political Studies, XXXII (1984), pp. 21-31; 'More Theory of Secession: A Response to Birch', Political Studies, XXXVI (1988), pp. 316-23; 'The Place of Secession in Liberal Democratic Theory', in P. Gilbert and P. Gregory (eds), Nations, Cultures and Markets (Aldershot, 1994); 'A Democratic Theory of Political Self-Determination for a New World Order', paper presented to the 16th World Congress of the International Political Science Association, Berlin, 1994; 'An Attempt to Formulate a Democratic Theory of the Right of Political Self-Determination and Secession', paper presented at the 23rd Joint Sessions of Workshops, European Consortium for Political Research, Bordeaux, 1995.
17. Beran, 'A Liberal Theory'.
18. Buchheit, Secession, pp. 19-20.
19. Beran, 'A Liberal Theory', pp. 29-30.
20. A. Cobban, The Nation-State and National Self-determination (London: Collins, 1969), pp. 291-2.
21. Beran, 'A Liberal Theory', p. 24.
22. Beran leaves this problem unsolved in the most recent version of his theory: H. Beran, 'A Democratic Theory of Political Self-determination for a New World Order', in P. B. Lehning (ed.), Theories of Secession (London: Routledge, 1998), p. 39.
23. A. Buchanan, Secession: The Morality of Political Divorce from Fort Sumter to Lithuania and Quebec (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991).
24. Buchanan, Secession, pp. 48-51.
25. A. Buchanan 'Self-determination, Secession and the Rule of Law', paper presented to the 23rd Joint Sessions of Workshops, European Consortium for Political Research, Bordeaux, 1995; 'The International Institutional Dimension of Secession', in Lehning (ed.), Theories of Secession, p. 232. In the latter work Buchanan characterises his original theory as a version of the remedial theory. I do not wish to question this characterisation, but I do wish to point out that it differs in certain significanct respects from the simple remedial theory of Birch.
26. A. Buchanan 'Self-determination, Secession and the Rule of Law', paper presented to the 23rd Joint Sessions of Workshops, European Consortium for Political Research, Bordeaux, 1995; 'The International Institutional Dimension of Secession', in Lehning (ed.), Theories of Secession, p. 232. In the latter work Buchanan characterises his original theory as a version of the remedial theory. I do not wish to question this characterisation, but I do wish to point out that it differs in certain significanct respects from the simple remedial theory of Birch.
27. J. Raz, The Morality of Freedom (Oxford, 1986); O. O'Neill, Towards Justice and Virtue: A Constructive Account of Practical Reasoning (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
28. J. Raz, The Morality of Freedom (Oxford, 1986); O. O'Neill, Towards Justice and Virtue: A Constructive Account of Practical Reasoning (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
29. J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (London: Oxford University Press, 1972).
30. A. Gewirth, 'Ethical Universalism and Particularism', Journal of Philosophy, LXXXV (1988), pp. 283-302; The Community of Rights (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1996); B. Barry, Justice as Impartiality (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995); 'Statism and Nationalism: A Cosmopolitan Critique', paper presented to the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, 1996; P Bauhn, Nationalism and Morality (Lund: Lund University Press, 1995).
31. A. Gewirth, 'Ethical Universalism and Particularism', Journal of Philosophy, LXXXV (1988), pp. 283-302; The Community of Rights (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1996); B. Barry, Justice as Impartiality (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995); 'Statism and Nationalism: A Cosmopolitan Critique', paper presented to the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, 1996; P Bauhn, Nationalism and Morality (Lund: Lund University Press, 1995).
32. A. Gewirth, 'Ethical Universalism and Particularism', Journal of Philosophy, LXXXV (1988), pp. 283-302; The Community of Rights (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1996); B. Barry, Justice as Impartiality (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995); 'Statism and Nationalism: A Cosmopolitan Critique', paper presented to the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, 1996; P Bauhn, Nationalism and Morality (Lund: Lund University Press, 1995).
33. A. Gewirth, 'Ethical Universalism and Particularism', Journal of Philosophy, LXXXV (1988), pp. 283-302; The Community of Rights (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1996); B. Barry, Justice as Impartiality (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995); 'Statism and Nationalism: A Cosmopolitan Critique', paper presented to the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, 1996; P Bauhn, Nationalism and Morality (Lund: Lund University Press, 1995).
34. A. Gewirth, 'Ethical Universalism and Particularism', Journal of Philosophy, LXXXV (1988), pp. 283-302; The Community of Rights (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1996); B. Barry, Justice as Impartiality (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995); 'Statism and Nationalism: A Cosmopolitan Critique', paper presented to the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, 1996; P Bauhn, Nationalism and Morality (Lund: Lund University Press, 1995).
35. Beran, 'A Liberal Theory'; 'The Place of Secession'; 'A Democratic Theory'. Beran has recently stated that his theory is intended to be 'consistent with democratic principles': Beran, 'A Democratic Theory', in Lehning (ed.), Theories of Secession p. 32.
36. Beran, 'A Liberal Theory'; 'The Place of Secession'; 'A Democratic Theory'. Beran has recently stated that his theory is intended to be 'consistent with democratic principles': Beran, 'A Democratic Theory', in Lehning (ed.), Theories of Secession p. 32.
37. Beran, 'A Liberal Theory'; 'The Place of Secession'; 'A Democratic Theory'. Beran has recently stated that his theory is intended to be 'consistent with democratic principles': Beran, 'A Democratic Theory', in Lehning (ed.), Theories of Secession p. 32.
38. Beran, 'A Liberal Theory'; 'The Place of Secession'; 'A Democratic Theory'. Beran has recently stated that his theory is intended to be 'consistent with democratic principles': Beran, 'A Democratic Theory', in Lehning (ed.), Theories of Secession p. 32.
39. Gewirth, The Community of Rights; D. Held, Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995).
40. Gewirth, The Community of Rights; D. Held, Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995).
41. D. Philpott, 'In Defense of Self-Determination', Ethics 105 (1995), pp. 352-85, especially at pp. 355-6.
42. A. Cassese, Self-determination of Peoples.
43. Y. Tamir, Liberal Nationalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993).
44. B. Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983); A. D. Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986); D. Miller, On Nationality (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995). For some controversy on this point, see J. O'Neill, 'Should Communitarians Be Nationalists?', Journal of Applied Philosophy, 11 (1994), pp. 135-43; D. Archard, 'Should Nationalists Be Communitarians?', Journal of Applied Philosophy, 13 (1996), pp. 215-20.
45. B. Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983); A. D. Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986); D. Miller, On Nationality (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995). For some controversy on this point, see J. O'Neill, 'Should Communitarians Be Nationalists?', Journal of Applied Philosophy, 11 (1994), pp. 135-43; D. Archard, 'Should Nationalists Be Communitarians?', Journal of Applied Philosophy, 13 (1996), pp. 215-20.
46. B. Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983); A. D. Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986); D. Miller, On Nationality (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995). For some controversy on this point, see J. O'Neill, 'Should Communitarians Be Nationalists?', Journal of Applied Philosophy, 11 (1994), pp. 135-43; D. Archard, 'Should Nationalists Be Communitarians?', Journal of Applied Philosophy, 13 (1996), pp. 215-20.
47. B. Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983); A. D. Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986); D. Miller, On Nationality (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995). For some controversy on this point, see J. O'Neill, 'Should Communitarians Be Nationalists?', Journal of Applied Philosophy, 11 (1994), pp. 135-43; D. Archard, 'Should Nationalists Be Communitarians?', Journal of Applied Philosophy, 13 (1996), pp. 215-20.
48. B. Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983); A. D. Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986); D. Miller, On Nationality (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995). For some controversy on this point, see J. O'Neill, 'Should Communitarians Be Nationalists?', Journal of Applied Philosophy, 11 (1994), pp. 135-43; D. Archard, 'Should Nationalists Be Communitarians?', Journal of Applied Philosophy, 13 (1996), pp. 215-20.
49. Raz, The Morality of Freedom, pp. 207-9.
50. A. Margalit and J. Raz, 'National Self-determination', Journal of Philosophy, LXXXVII (1990), pp. 439-61.
51. O'Neill, 'Should Communitarians be Nationalists?'; Archard, 'Should Nationalists Be Communitarians?'.
52. O'Neill, 'Should Communitarians be Nationalists?'; Archard, 'Should Nationalists Be Communitarians?'.
53. Miller, On Nationality, p. 23.
54. Miller, On Nationality.
55. Barry, 'Statism and Nationalism'.
56. Shehadi, Ethnic Self-determination. Buchanan has recently argued for the remedial theory on realist grounds: Buchanan, 'The International Institutional Dimension', pp. 237, 240. Shehadi's 'realism' allows more space to nationalism, whereas Buchanan's emphasises more the protection of liberal rights.
57. Shehadi, Ethnic Self-determination. Buchanan has recently argued for the remedial theory on realist grounds: Buchanan, 'The International Institutional Dimension', pp. 237, 240. Shehadi's 'realism' allows more space to nationalism, whereas Buchanan's emphasises more the protection of liberal rights.
58. H. Hannum, Autonomy, Sovereignty and Self-determination: The Accommodation of Conflicting Rights (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990); A. Eide, 'In Search of Constructive Alternatives to Secession', in C. Tomuschat (ed.), Modern Law of Self-determination (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1993).
59. H. Hannum, Autonomy, Sovereignty and Self-determination: The Accommodation of Conflicting Rights (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990); A. Eide, 'In Search of Constructive Alternatives to Secession', in C. Tomuschat (ed.), Modern Law of Self-determination (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1993).
60. J. McGarry and B. O'Leary (eds), The Politics of Ethnic Conflict Regulation: Case Studies of Protracted Ethnic Conflicts (London: Routledge, 1993).
61. Miller, On Nationality, p. 186.
62. M.C. Nussbaum and A. Sen (eds), The Quality of Life (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993); O. O'Neill, 'Justice and Boundaries', in C. Brown (ed.), Political Restructuring in Europe: Ethical Perspectives (London: Routledge, 1994); Gewirth, The Community of Rights.
63. M.C. Nussbaum and A. Sen (eds), The Quality of Life (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993); O. O'Neill, 'Justice and Boundaries', in C. Brown (ed.), Political Restructuring in Europe: Ethical Perspectives (London: Routledge, 1994); Gewirth, The Community of Rights.
64. M.C. Nussbaum and A. Sen (eds), The Quality of Life (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993); O. O'Neill, 'Justice and Boundaries', in C. Brown (ed.), Political Restructuring in Europe: Ethical Perspectives (London: Routledge, 1994); Gewirth, The Community of Rights.
65. Barry, 'Statism and Nationalism', p. 30.
66. M. Freeman, 'The Priority of Function to Structure: A New Approach to Secession', in Lehning (ed.), Theories of Secession, pp. 12-31.
67. Buchanan, Secession. In 'The International Institutional Dimension' Buchanan defends the ethical status of sovereign, territorial states, provided that they meet certain basic, liberal conditions, such as respect for human rights.
68. O'Neill, Towards Justice and Virtue.
69. J. Tully, Strange Multiplicity: Constitutionalism in an Age of Diversity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
70. T. Pogge, 'Cosmopolitanism and Sovereignty', in Brown (ed.), Political Restructuring in Europe.
71. Raz, The Morality of Freedom.
72. Beran, 'A Democratic Theory', in Lehning (ed.), Theories of Secession, pp. 53-4.
73. Buchanan argues against liberal theories, such as Beran's, and communitarian theories, such as that of Margalit and Raz, on the ground that they provide perverse incentives to governments to engage, for example, in ethnic cleansing or cultural genocide in order to prevent the conditions that would give rise to the right to self-determination from coming into being: Buchanan, 'The International Institutional Dimension', pp. 246-9. The concept of the 'heckler's veto' requires us to distinguish the perversity of such actions from the dilemmas of those who have to respond to, or anticipate them.
74. D. L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985).
75. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict.
76. Gewirth, 'Ethical Universalism'; Tamir, Liberal Nationalism; Barry, Justice as Impartiality; Bauhn, Nationalism and Morality; Miller, On Nationality; J. Cohen (ed.), For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism (Boston: Beacon Press, 1996).
77. Gewirth, 'Ethical Universalism'; Tamir, Liberal Nationalism; Barry, Justice as Impartiality; Bauhn, Nationalism and Morality; Miller, On Nationality; J. Cohen (ed.), For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism (Boston: Beacon Press, 1996).
78. Gewirth, 'Ethical Universalism'; Tamir, Liberal Nationalism; Barry, Justice as Impartiality; Bauhn, Nationalism and Morality; Miller, On Nationality; J. Cohen (ed.), For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism (Boston: Beacon Press, 1996).
79. Gewirth, 'Ethical Universalism'; Tamir, Liberal Nationalism; Barry, Justice as Impartiality; Bauhn, Nationalism and Morality; Miller, On Nationality; J. Cohen (ed.), For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism (Boston: Beacon Press, 1996).
80. Gewirth, 'Ethical Universalism'; Tamir, Liberal Nationalism; Barry, Justice as Impartiality; Bauhn, Nationalism and Morality; Miller, On Nationality; J. Cohen (ed.), For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism (Boston: Beacon Press, 1996).
81. Gewirth, 'Ethical Universalism'; Tamir, Liberal Nationalism; Barry, Justice as Impartiality; Bauhn, Nationalism and Morality; Miller, On Nationality; J. Cohen (ed.), For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism (Boston: Beacon Press, 1996).
82. O'Neill, Towards Justice and Virtue.