The social limits of state control: Time, the industrial wage relation, and social identity in Stalinist Hungary, 1948-1953

Journal of Historical Sociology

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 271-301

  Pittaway, Mark ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0033462288     PISSN: 09521909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-6443.00092     Document Type: Article

References (182)

1. The research for this article grew out of research for my PhD Thesis (Mark Pittaway Industrial Workers, Socialist Industrialisation and the State in Hungary, 1948-1958, Department of Economic and Social History, University of Liverpool, 1998). The author would like to thank the ESRC (Economic and Social Research Council) for the funding to carry out the research on which this article is based. He would also like to thank Nigel Swain, Martha Lampland, András Tóth, Padraic Kenney, Marley Weiss, and three anonymous referees for their comments.
2. Pamut Újság (Cotton Newspaper), 1 January 1950.
3. Miklós Haraszti A Worker in a Worker's State, p. 21, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1977.
4. There is an enormous social scientific literature which describes these phenomena in the 1970s and 1980s; see Nigel Swain Hungary: the Rise and Fall of Feasible Socialism, Chapter 6, Verso, London and New York, 1992 for an excellent overview of the research; for a sample of the more important studies see Michael Burawoy The Politics of Production: factory regimes under capitalism and socialism, especially Chapter 4, Verso, London and New York, 1985; Michael Burawoy & János Lukács The Radiant Past. Ideology and Reality in Hungary's Road to Capitalism, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1992; Péter Galasi & György Sziráczki (eds.) Labour Market and Second Economy in Hungary, Campus, Frankfurt & New York, 1985; Lajos Héthy & Csaba Makó Munkásmagatartások és gazdasági szervezet (Worker Behaviour and Economic Organisation), Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1972; Lajos Héthy & Csaba Makó Munkások, Érdekek, Érdekegyeztetés (Workers, Interests, Interest Reconciliation), Gondolat, Budapest, 1978; István Kemény Ouvriers hongrois, 1956-1985 (Hungarian Workers, 1956-1985), Éditions L'Harmattan, Paris, 1985; István Kemény Velük nevelkedett a gép. Magyar munkások a hetvenes évek elején (The machine grew up with us. Hungarian workers at the beginning of the seventies), VITA, Budapest, 1990; David Stark "The Micropolitics of the Firm and the Macropolitics of Reform: New Forms of Workplace Bargaining in Hungarian Enterprises" in Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschmeyer & Evelyne Huber Stephens (eds.) States versus Markets in the World-System, pp. 247-73, SAGE, Beverley Hills, 1985; David Stark "Rethinking Internal Labor Markets: New Insights from a Comparative Perspective," American Sociological Review, Vol.51, pp. 492-504, 1986; David Stark "Coexisting Organizational Forms in Hungary's Emerging Mixed Economy" in Victor Nee & David Stark with Mark Selden (eds.) Remaking the Economic Institutions of Socialism: China and Eastern Europe, pp. 137-168, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1989.
5. There is an enormous social scientific literature which describes these phenomena in the 1970s and 1980s; see Nigel Swain Hungary: the Rise and Fall of Feasible Socialism, Chapter 6, Verso, London and New York, 1992 for an excellent overview of the research; for a sample of the more important studies see Michael Burawoy The Politics of Production: factory regimes under capitalism and socialism, especially Chapter 4, Verso, London and New York, 1985; Michael Burawoy & János Lukács The Radiant Past. Ideology and Reality in Hungary's Road to Capitalism, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1992; Péter Galasi & György Sziráczki (eds.) Labour Market and Second Economy in Hungary, Campus, Frankfurt & New York, 1985; Lajos Héthy & Csaba Makó Munkásmagatartások és gazdasági szervezet (Worker Behaviour and Economic Organisation), Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1972; Lajos Héthy & Csaba Makó Munkások, Érdekek, Érdekegyeztetés (Workers, Interests, Interest Reconciliation), Gondolat, Budapest, 1978; István Kemény Ouvriers hongrois, 1956-1985 (Hungarian Workers, 1956-1985), Éditions L'Harmattan, Paris, 1985; István Kemény Velük nevelkedett a gép. Magyar munkások a hetvenes évek elején (The machine grew up with us. Hungarian workers at the beginning of the seventies), VITA, Budapest, 1990; David Stark "The Micropolitics of the Firm and the Macropolitics of Reform: New Forms of Workplace Bargaining in Hungarian Enterprises" in Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschmeyer & Evelyne Huber Stephens (eds.) States versus Markets in the World-System, pp. 247-73, SAGE, Beverley Hills, 1985; David Stark "Rethinking Internal Labor Markets: New Insights from a Comparative Perspective," American Sociological Review, Vol.51, pp. 492-504, 1986; David Stark "Coexisting Organizational Forms in Hungary's Emerging Mixed Economy" in Victor Nee & David Stark with Mark Selden (eds.) Remaking the Economic Institutions of Socialism: China and Eastern Europe, pp. 137-168, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1989.
6. There is an enormous social scientific literature which describes these phenomena in the 1970s and 1980s; see Nigel Swain Hungary: the Rise and Fall of Feasible Socialism, Chapter 6, Verso, London and New York, 1992 for an excellent overview of the research; for a sample of the more important studies see Michael Burawoy The Politics of Production: factory regimes under capitalism and socialism, especially Chapter 4, Verso, London and New York, 1985; Michael Burawoy & János Lukács The Radiant Past. Ideology and Reality in Hungary's Road to Capitalism, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1992; Péter Galasi & György Sziráczki (eds.) Labour Market and Second Economy in Hungary, Campus, Frankfurt & New York, 1985; Lajos Héthy & Csaba Makó Munkásmagatartások és gazdasági szervezet (Worker Behaviour and Economic Organisation), Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1972; Lajos Héthy & Csaba Makó Munkások, Érdekek, Érdekegyeztetés (Workers, Interests, Interest Reconciliation), Gondolat, Budapest, 1978; István Kemény Ouvriers hongrois, 1956-1985 (Hungarian Workers, 1956-1985), Éditions L'Harmattan, Paris, 1985; István Kemény Velük nevelkedett a gép. Magyar munkások a hetvenes évek elején (The machine grew up with us. Hungarian workers at the beginning of the seventies), VITA, Budapest, 1990; David Stark "The Micropolitics of the Firm and the Macropolitics of Reform: New Forms of Workplace Bargaining in Hungarian Enterprises" in Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschmeyer & Evelyne Huber Stephens (eds.) States versus Markets in the World-System, pp. 247-73, SAGE, Beverley Hills, 1985; David Stark "Rethinking Internal Labor Markets: New Insights from a Comparative Perspective," American Sociological Review, Vol.51, pp. 492-504, 1986; David Stark "Coexisting Organizational Forms in Hungary's Emerging Mixed Economy" in Victor Nee & David Stark with Mark Selden (eds.) Remaking the Economic Institutions of Socialism: China and Eastern Europe, pp. 137-168, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1989.
7. There is an enormous social scientific literature which describes these phenomena in the 1970s and 1980s; see Nigel Swain Hungary: the Rise and Fall of Feasible Socialism, Chapter 6, Verso, London and New York, 1992 for an excellent overview of the research; for a sample of the more important studies see Michael Burawoy The Politics of Production: factory regimes under capitalism and socialism, especially Chapter 4, Verso, London and New York, 1985; Michael Burawoy & János Lukács The Radiant Past. Ideology and Reality in Hungary's Road to Capitalism, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1992; Péter Galasi & György Sziráczki (eds.) Labour Market and Second Economy in Hungary, Campus, Frankfurt & New York, 1985; Lajos Héthy & Csaba Makó Munkásmagatartások és gazdasági szervezet (Worker Behaviour and Economic Organisation), Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1972; Lajos Héthy & Csaba Makó Munkások, Érdekek, Érdekegyeztetés (Workers, Interests, Interest Reconciliation), Gondolat, Budapest, 1978; István Kemény Ouvriers hongrois, 1956-1985 (Hungarian Workers, 1956-1985), Éditions L'Harmattan, Paris, 1985; István Kemény Velük nevelkedett a gép. Magyar munkások a hetvenes évek elején (The machine grew up with us. Hungarian workers at the beginning of the seventies), VITA, Budapest, 1990; David Stark "The Micropolitics of the Firm and the Macropolitics of Reform: New Forms of Workplace Bargaining in Hungarian Enterprises" in Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschmeyer & Evelyne Huber Stephens (eds.) States versus Markets in the World-System, pp. 247-73, SAGE, Beverley Hills, 1985; David Stark "Rethinking Internal Labor Markets: New Insights from a Comparative Perspective," American Sociological Review, Vol.51, pp. 492-504, 1986; David Stark "Coexisting Organizational Forms in Hungary's Emerging Mixed Economy" in Victor Nee & David Stark with Mark Selden (eds.) Remaking the Economic Institutions of Socialism: China and Eastern Europe, pp. 137-168, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1989.
8. There is an enormous social scientific literature which describes these phenomena in the 1970s and 1980s; see Nigel Swain Hungary: the Rise and Fall of Feasible Socialism, Chapter 6, Verso, London and New York, 1992 for an excellent overview of the research; for a sample of the more important studies see Michael Burawoy The Politics of Production: factory regimes under capitalism and socialism, especially Chapter 4, Verso, London and New York, 1985; Michael Burawoy & János Lukács The Radiant Past. Ideology and Reality in Hungary's Road to Capitalism, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1992; Péter Galasi & György Sziráczki (eds.) Labour Market and Second Economy in Hungary, Campus, Frankfurt & New York, 1985; Lajos Héthy & Csaba Makó Munkásmagatartások és gazdasági szervezet (Worker Behaviour and Economic Organisation), Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1972; Lajos Héthy & Csaba Makó Munkások, Érdekek, Érdekegyeztetés (Workers, Interests, Interest Reconciliation), Gondolat, Budapest, 1978; István Kemény Ouvriers hongrois, 1956-1985 (Hungarian Workers, 1956-1985), Éditions L'Harmattan, Paris, 1985; István Kemény Velük nevelkedett a gép. Magyar munkások a hetvenes évek elején (The machine grew up with us. Hungarian workers at the beginning of the seventies), VITA, Budapest, 1990; David Stark "The Micropolitics of the Firm and the Macropolitics of Reform: New Forms of Workplace Bargaining in Hungarian Enterprises" in Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschmeyer & Evelyne Huber Stephens (eds.) States versus Markets in the World-System, pp. 247-73, SAGE, Beverley Hills, 1985; David Stark "Rethinking Internal Labor Markets: New Insights from a Comparative Perspective," American Sociological Review, Vol.51, pp. 492-504, 1986; David Stark "Coexisting Organizational Forms in Hungary's Emerging Mixed Economy" in Victor Nee & David Stark with Mark Selden (eds.) Remaking the Economic Institutions of Socialism: China and Eastern Europe, pp. 137-168, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1989.
9. There is an enormous social scientific literature which describes these phenomena in the 1970s and 1980s; see Nigel Swain Hungary: the Rise and Fall of Feasible Socialism, Chapter 6, Verso, London and New York, 1992 for an excellent overview of the research; for a sample of the more important studies see Michael Burawoy The Politics of Production: factory regimes under capitalism and socialism, especially Chapter 4, Verso, London and New York, 1985; Michael Burawoy & János Lukács The Radiant Past. Ideology and Reality in Hungary's Road to Capitalism, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1992; Péter Galasi & György Sziráczki (eds.) Labour Market and Second Economy in Hungary, Campus, Frankfurt & New York, 1985; Lajos Héthy & Csaba Makó Munkásmagatartások és gazdasági szervezet (Worker Behaviour and Economic Organisation), Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1972; Lajos Héthy & Csaba Makó Munkások, Érdekek, Érdekegyeztetés (Workers, Interests, Interest Reconciliation), Gondolat, Budapest, 1978; István Kemény Ouvriers hongrois, 1956-1985 (Hungarian Workers, 1956-1985), Éditions L'Harmattan, Paris, 1985; István Kemény Velük nevelkedett a gép. Magyar munkások a hetvenes évek elején (The machine grew up with us. Hungarian workers at the beginning of the seventies), VITA, Budapest, 1990; David Stark "The Micropolitics of the Firm and the Macropolitics of Reform: New Forms of Workplace Bargaining in Hungarian Enterprises" in Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschmeyer & Evelyne Huber Stephens (eds.) States versus Markets in the World-System, pp. 247-73, SAGE, Beverley Hills, 1985; David Stark "Rethinking Internal Labor Markets: New Insights from a Comparative Perspective," American Sociological Review, Vol.51, pp. 492-504, 1986; David Stark "Coexisting Organizational Forms in Hungary's Emerging Mixed Economy" in Victor Nee & David Stark with Mark Selden (eds.) Remaking the Economic Institutions of Socialism: China and Eastern Europe, pp. 137-168, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1989.
10. There is an enormous social scientific literature which describes these phenomena in the 1970s and 1980s; see Nigel Swain Hungary: the Rise and Fall of Feasible Socialism, Chapter 6, Verso, London and New York, 1992 for an excellent overview of the research; for a sample of the more important studies see Michael Burawoy The Politics of Production: factory regimes under capitalism and socialism, especially Chapter 4, Verso, London and New York, 1985; Michael Burawoy & János Lukács The Radiant Past. Ideology and Reality in Hungary's Road to Capitalism, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1992; Péter Galasi & György Sziráczki (eds.) Labour Market and Second Economy in Hungary, Campus, Frankfurt & New York, 1985; Lajos Héthy & Csaba Makó Munkásmagatartások és gazdasági szervezet (Worker Behaviour and Economic Organisation), Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1972; Lajos Héthy & Csaba Makó Munkások, Érdekek, Érdekegyeztetés (Workers, Interests, Interest Reconciliation), Gondolat, Budapest, 1978; István Kemény Ouvriers hongrois, 1956-1985 (Hungarian Workers, 1956-1985), Éditions L'Harmattan, Paris, 1985; István Kemény Velük nevelkedett a gép. Magyar munkások a hetvenes évek elején (The machine grew up with us. Hungarian workers at the beginning of the seventies), VITA, Budapest, 1990; David Stark "The Micropolitics of the Firm and the Macropolitics of Reform: New Forms of Workplace Bargaining in Hungarian Enterprises" in Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschmeyer & Evelyne Huber Stephens (eds.) States versus Markets in the World-System, pp. 247-73, SAGE, Beverley Hills, 1985; David Stark "Rethinking Internal Labor Markets: New Insights from a Comparative Perspective," American Sociological Review, Vol.51, pp. 492-504, 1986; David Stark "Coexisting Organizational Forms in Hungary's Emerging Mixed Economy" in Victor Nee & David Stark with Mark Selden (eds.) Remaking the Economic Institutions of Socialism: China and Eastern Europe, pp. 137-168, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1989.
11. There is an enormous social scientific literature which describes these phenomena in the 1970s and 1980s; see Nigel Swain Hungary: the Rise and Fall of Feasible Socialism, Chapter 6, Verso, London and New York, 1992 for an excellent overview of the research; for a sample of the more important studies see Michael Burawoy The Politics of Production: factory regimes under capitalism and socialism, especially Chapter 4, Verso, London and New York, 1985; Michael Burawoy & János Lukács The Radiant Past. Ideology and Reality in Hungary's Road to Capitalism, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1992; Péter Galasi & György Sziráczki (eds.) Labour Market and Second Economy in Hungary, Campus, Frankfurt & New York, 1985; Lajos Héthy & Csaba Makó Munkásmagatartások és gazdasági szervezet (Worker Behaviour and Economic Organisation), Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1972; Lajos Héthy & Csaba Makó Munkások, Érdekek, Érdekegyeztetés (Workers, Interests, Interest Reconciliation), Gondolat, Budapest, 1978; István Kemény Ouvriers hongrois, 1956-1985 (Hungarian Workers, 1956-1985), Éditions L'Harmattan, Paris, 1985; István Kemény Velük nevelkedett a gép. Magyar munkások a hetvenes évek elején (The machine grew up with us. Hungarian workers at the beginning of the seventies), VITA, Budapest, 1990; David Stark "The Micropolitics of the Firm and the Macropolitics of Reform: New Forms of Workplace Bargaining in Hungarian Enterprises" in Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschmeyer & Evelyne Huber Stephens (eds.) States versus Markets in the World-System, pp. 247-73, SAGE, Beverley Hills, 1985; David Stark "Rethinking Internal Labor Markets: New Insights from a Comparative Perspective," American Sociological Review, Vol.51, pp. 492-504, 1986; David Stark "Coexisting Organizational Forms in Hungary's Emerging Mixed Economy" in Victor Nee & David Stark with Mark Selden (eds.) Remaking the Economic Institutions of Socialism: China and Eastern Europe, pp. 137-168, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1989.
12. There is an enormous social scientific literature which describes these phenomena in the 1970s and 1980s; see Nigel Swain Hungary: the Rise and Fall of Feasible Socialism, Chapter 6, Verso, London and New York, 1992 for an excellent overview of the research; for a sample of the more important studies see Michael Burawoy The Politics of Production: factory regimes under capitalism and socialism, especially Chapter 4, Verso, London and New York, 1985; Michael Burawoy & János Lukács The Radiant Past. Ideology and Reality in Hungary's Road to Capitalism, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1992; Péter Galasi & György Sziráczki (eds.) Labour Market and Second Economy in Hungary, Campus, Frankfurt & New York, 1985; Lajos Héthy & Csaba Makó Munkásmagatartások és gazdasági szervezet (Worker Behaviour and Economic Organisation), Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1972; Lajos Héthy & Csaba Makó Munkások, Érdekek, Érdekegyeztetés (Workers, Interests, Interest Reconciliation), Gondolat, Budapest, 1978; István Kemény Ouvriers hongrois, 1956-1985 (Hungarian Workers, 1956-1985), Éditions L'Harmattan, Paris, 1985; István Kemény Velük nevelkedett a gép. Magyar munkások a hetvenes évek elején (The machine grew up with us. Hungarian workers at the beginning of the seventies), VITA, Budapest, 1990; David Stark "The Micropolitics of the Firm and the Macropolitics of Reform: New Forms of Workplace Bargaining in Hungarian Enterprises" in Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschmeyer & Evelyne Huber Stephens (eds.) States versus Markets in the World-System, pp. 247-73, SAGE, Beverley Hills, 1985; David Stark "Rethinking Internal Labor Markets: New Insights from a Comparative Perspective," American Sociological Review, Vol.51, pp. 492-504, 1986; David Stark "Coexisting Organizational Forms in Hungary's Emerging Mixed Economy" in Victor Nee & David Stark with Mark Selden (eds.) Remaking the Economic Institutions of Socialism: China and Eastern Europe, pp. 137-168, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1989.
13. There is an enormous social scientific literature which describes these phenomena in the 1970s and 1980s; see Nigel Swain Hungary: the Rise and Fall of Feasible Socialism, Chapter 6, Verso, London and New York, 1992 for an excellent overview of the research; for a sample of the more important studies see Michael Burawoy The Politics of Production: factory regimes under capitalism and socialism, especially Chapter 4, Verso, London and New York, 1985; Michael Burawoy & János Lukács The Radiant Past. Ideology and Reality in Hungary's Road to Capitalism, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1992; Péter Galasi & György Sziráczki (eds.) Labour Market and Second Economy in Hungary, Campus, Frankfurt & New York, 1985; Lajos Héthy & Csaba Makó Munkásmagatartások és gazdasági szervezet (Worker Behaviour and Economic Organisation), Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1972; Lajos Héthy & Csaba Makó Munkások, Érdekek, Érdekegyeztetés (Workers, Interests, Interest Reconciliation), Gondolat, Budapest, 1978; István Kemény Ouvriers hongrois, 1956-1985 (Hungarian Workers, 1956-1985), Éditions L'Harmattan, Paris, 1985; István Kemény Velük nevelkedett a gép. Magyar munkások a hetvenes évek elején (The machine grew up with us. Hungarian workers at the beginning of the seventies), VITA, Budapest, 1990; David Stark "The Micropolitics of the Firm and the Macropolitics of Reform: New Forms of Workplace Bargaining in Hungarian Enterprises" in Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschmeyer & Evelyne Huber Stephens (eds.) States versus Markets in the World-System, pp. 247-73, SAGE, Beverley Hills, 1985; David Stark "Rethinking Internal Labor Markets: New Insights from a Comparative Perspective," American Sociological Review, Vol.51, pp. 492-504, 1986; David Stark "Coexisting Organizational Forms in Hungary's Emerging Mixed Economy" in Victor Nee & David Stark with Mark Selden (eds.) Remaking the Economic Institutions of Socialism: China and Eastern Europe, pp. 137-168, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1989.
14. There is an enormous social scientific literature which describes these phenomena in the 1970s and 1980s; see Nigel Swain Hungary: the Rise and Fall of Feasible Socialism, Chapter 6, Verso, London and New York, 1992 for an excellent overview of the research; for a sample of the more important studies see Michael Burawoy The Politics of Production: factory regimes under capitalism and socialism, especially Chapter 4, Verso, London and New York, 1985; Michael Burawoy & János Lukács The Radiant Past. Ideology and Reality in Hungary's Road to Capitalism, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1992; Péter Galasi & György Sziráczki (eds.) Labour Market and Second Economy in Hungary, Campus, Frankfurt & New York, 1985; Lajos Héthy & Csaba Makó Munkásmagatartások és gazdasági szervezet (Worker Behaviour and Economic Organisation), Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1972; Lajos Héthy & Csaba Makó Munkások, Érdekek, Érdekegyeztetés (Workers, Interests, Interest Reconciliation), Gondolat, Budapest, 1978; István Kemény Ouvriers hongrois, 1956-1985 (Hungarian Workers, 1956-1985), Éditions L'Harmattan, Paris, 1985; István Kemény Velük nevelkedett a gép. Magyar munkások a hetvenes évek elején (The machine grew up with us. Hungarian workers at the beginning of the seventies), VITA, Budapest, 1990; David Stark "The Micropolitics of the Firm and the Macropolitics of Reform: New Forms of Workplace Bargaining in Hungarian Enterprises" in Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschmeyer & Evelyne Huber Stephens (eds.) States versus Markets in the World-System, pp. 247-73, SAGE, Beverley Hills, 1985; David Stark "Rethinking Internal Labor Markets: New Insights from a Comparative Perspective," American Sociological Review, Vol.51, pp. 492-504, 1986; David Stark "Coexisting Organizational Forms in Hungary's Emerging Mixed Economy" in Victor Nee & David Stark with Mark Selden (eds.) Remaking the Economic Institutions of Socialism: China and Eastern Europe, pp. 137-168, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1989.
15. For this argument see Kemény Ouvriers hongrois, pp. 15-6; for the second argument see Burawoy & Lukács The Radiant Past, pp. 32-4.
16. For this argument see Kemény Ouvriers hongrois, pp. 15-6; for the second argument see Burawoy & Lukács The Radiant Past, pp. 32-4.
17. For the early literature dealing with the role of workers in the Soviet industrialisation drive in the 1930s see Hiroaki Kuromiya Stalin's Industrial Revolution: Politics and Workers 1929-1932, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 1988; Vladimir Andrle Workers in Stalin's Russia: Industrialisation and Social Change in a Planned Economy, Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hemel Hempstead, 1988; Lewis H. Siegelbaum Stakhanovism and the Politics of Productivity in the USSR, 1935-1941, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 1988; the contributions in William G. Rosenberg & Lewis H. Siegelbaum (eds.) Social Dimensions of Soviet Industrialisation, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1993, and Lewis H. Siegelbaum & Ronald Grigor Suny (eds.)Making Workers Soviet: Power, Class and Identity, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1994; for two recent excellent contributions to the literature see Stephen Kotkin Magnetic Mountain. Stalinism as a Civilisation, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles & London, 1995 and Kenneth M. Straus Factory and Community in Stalin's Russia: the Making of an Industrial Working Class, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 1998. For Poland in the late 1940s see Padraic Kenney Rebuilding Poland: Workers and Communists 1945-1950, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1997; for East Germany see Jeffrey Kopstein The Politics of Economic Decline in East Germany, 1945-1989, Chapter 1, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill & London, 1997.
18. For the early literature dealing with the role of workers in the Soviet industrialisation drive in the 1930s see Hiroaki Kuromiya Stalin's Industrial Revolution: Politics and Workers 1929-1932, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 1988; Vladimir Andrle Workers in Stalin's Russia: Industrialisation and Social Change in a Planned Economy, Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hemel Hempstead, 1988; Lewis H. Siegelbaum Stakhanovism and the Politics of Productivity in the USSR, 1935-1941, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 1988; the contributions in William G. Rosenberg & Lewis H. Siegelbaum (eds.) Social Dimensions of Soviet Industrialisation, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1993, and Lewis H. Siegelbaum & Ronald Grigor Suny (eds.)Making Workers Soviet: Power, Class and Identity, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1994; for two recent excellent contributions to the literature see Stephen Kotkin Magnetic Mountain. Stalinism as a Civilisation, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles & London, 1995 and Kenneth M. Straus Factory and Community in Stalin's Russia: the Making of an Industrial Working Class, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 1998. For Poland in the late 1940s see Padraic Kenney Rebuilding Poland: Workers and Communists 1945-1950, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1997; for East Germany see Jeffrey Kopstein The Politics of Economic Decline in East Germany, 1945-1989, Chapter 1, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill & London, 1997.
19. For the early literature dealing with the role of workers in the Soviet industrialisation drive in the 1930s see Hiroaki Kuromiya Stalin's Industrial Revolution: Politics and Workers 1929-1932, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 1988; Vladimir Andrle Workers in Stalin's Russia: Industrialisation and Social Change in a Planned Economy, Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hemel Hempstead, 1988; Lewis H. Siegelbaum Stakhanovism and the Politics of Productivity in the USSR, 1935-1941, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 1988; the contributions in William G. Rosenberg & Lewis H. Siegelbaum (eds.) Social Dimensions of Soviet Industrialisation, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1993, and Lewis H. Siegelbaum & Ronald Grigor Suny (eds.)Making Workers Soviet: Power, Class and Identity, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1994; for two recent excellent contributions to the literature see Stephen Kotkin Magnetic Mountain. Stalinism as a Civilisation, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles & London, 1995 and Kenneth M. Straus Factory and Community in Stalin's Russia: the Making of an Industrial Working Class, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 1998. For Poland in the late 1940s see Padraic Kenney Rebuilding Poland: Workers and Communists 1945-1950, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1997; for East Germany see Jeffrey Kopstein The Politics of Economic Decline in East Germany, 1945-1989, Chapter 1, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill & London, 1997.
20. For the early literature dealing with the role of workers in the Soviet industrialisation drive in the 1930s see Hiroaki Kuromiya Stalin's Industrial Revolution: Politics and Workers 1929-1932, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 1988; Vladimir Andrle Workers in Stalin's Russia: Industrialisation and Social Change in a Planned Economy, Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hemel Hempstead, 1988; Lewis H. Siegelbaum Stakhanovism and the Politics of Productivity in the USSR, 1935-1941, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 1988; the contributions in William G. Rosenberg & Lewis H. Siegelbaum (eds.) Social Dimensions of Soviet Industrialisation, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1993, and Lewis H. Siegelbaum & Ronald Grigor Suny (eds.)Making Workers Soviet: Power, Class and Identity, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1994; for two recent excellent contributions to the literature see Stephen Kotkin Magnetic Mountain. Stalinism as a Civilisation, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles & London, 1995 and Kenneth M. Straus Factory and Community in Stalin's Russia: the Making of an Industrial Working Class, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 1998. For Poland in the late 1940s see Padraic Kenney Rebuilding Poland: Workers and Communists 1945-1950, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1997; for East Germany see Jeffrey Kopstein The Politics of Economic Decline in East Germany, 1945-1989, Chapter 1, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill & London, 1997.
21. For the early literature dealing with the role of workers in the Soviet industrialisation drive in the 1930s see Hiroaki Kuromiya Stalin's Industrial Revolution: Politics and Workers 1929-1932, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 1988; Vladimir Andrle Workers in Stalin's Russia: Industrialisation and Social Change in a Planned Economy, Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hemel Hempstead, 1988; Lewis H. Siegelbaum Stakhanovism and the Politics of Productivity in the USSR, 1935-1941, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 1988; the contributions in William G. Rosenberg & Lewis H. Siegelbaum (eds.) Social Dimensions of Soviet Industrialisation, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1993, and Lewis H. Siegelbaum & Ronald Grigor Suny (eds.)Making Workers Soviet: Power, Class and Identity, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1994; for two recent excellent contributions to the literature see Stephen Kotkin Magnetic Mountain. Stalinism as a Civilisation, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles & London, 1995 and Kenneth M. Straus Factory and Community in Stalin's Russia: the Making of an Industrial Working Class, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 1998. For Poland in the late 1940s see Padraic Kenney Rebuilding Poland: Workers and Communists 1945-1950, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1997; for East Germany see Jeffrey Kopstein The Politics of Economic Decline in East Germany, 1945-1989, Chapter 1, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill & London, 1997.
22. For the early literature dealing with the role of workers in the Soviet industrialisation drive in the 1930s see Hiroaki Kuromiya Stalin's Industrial Revolution: Politics and Workers 1929-1932, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 1988; Vladimir Andrle Workers in Stalin's Russia: Industrialisation and Social Change in a Planned Economy, Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hemel Hempstead, 1988; Lewis H. Siegelbaum Stakhanovism and the Politics of Productivity in the USSR, 1935-1941, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 1988; the contributions in William G. Rosenberg & Lewis H. Siegelbaum (eds.) Social Dimensions of Soviet Industrialisation, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1993, and Lewis H. Siegelbaum & Ronald Grigor Suny (eds.)Making Workers Soviet: Power, Class and Identity, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1994; for two recent excellent contributions to the literature see Stephen Kotkin Magnetic Mountain. Stalinism as a Civilisation, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles & London, 1995 and Kenneth M. Straus Factory and Community in Stalin's Russia: the Making of an Industrial Working Class, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 1998. For Poland in the late 1940s see Padraic Kenney Rebuilding Poland: Workers and Communists 1945-1950, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1997; for East Germany see Jeffrey Kopstein The Politics of Economic Decline in East Germany, 1945-1989, Chapter 1, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill & London, 1997.
23. For the early literature dealing with the role of workers in the Soviet industrialisation drive in the 1930s see Hiroaki Kuromiya Stalin's Industrial Revolution: Politics and Workers 1929-1932, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 1988; Vladimir Andrle Workers in Stalin's Russia: Industrialisation and Social Change in a Planned Economy, Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hemel Hempstead, 1988; Lewis H. Siegelbaum Stakhanovism and the Politics of Productivity in the USSR, 1935-1941, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 1988; the contributions in William G. Rosenberg & Lewis H. Siegelbaum (eds.) Social Dimensions of Soviet Industrialisation, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1993, and Lewis H. Siegelbaum & Ronald Grigor Suny (eds.)Making Workers Soviet: Power, Class and Identity, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1994; for two recent excellent contributions to the literature see Stephen Kotkin Magnetic Mountain. Stalinism as a Civilisation, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles & London, 1995 and Kenneth M. Straus Factory and Community in Stalin's Russia: the Making of an Industrial Working Class, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 1998. For Poland in the late 1940s see Padraic Kenney Rebuilding Poland: Workers and Communists 1945-1950, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1997; for East Germany see Jeffrey Kopstein The Politics of Economic Decline in East Germany, 1945-1989, Chapter 1, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill & London, 1997.
24. For the early literature dealing with the role of workers in the Soviet industrialisation drive in the 1930s see Hiroaki Kuromiya Stalin's Industrial Revolution: Politics and Workers 1929-1932, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 1988; Vladimir Andrle Workers in Stalin's Russia: Industrialisation and Social Change in a Planned Economy, Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hemel Hempstead, 1988; Lewis H. Siegelbaum Stakhanovism and the Politics of Productivity in the USSR, 1935-1941, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 1988; the contributions in William G. Rosenberg & Lewis H. Siegelbaum (eds.) Social Dimensions of Soviet Industrialisation, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1993, and Lewis H. Siegelbaum & Ronald Grigor Suny (eds.)Making Workers Soviet: Power, Class and Identity, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1994; for two recent excellent contributions to the literature see Stephen Kotkin Magnetic Mountain. Stalinism as a Civilisation, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles & London, 1995 and Kenneth M. Straus Factory and Community in Stalin's Russia: the Making of an Industrial Working Class, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 1998. For Poland in the late 1940s see Padraic Kenney Rebuilding Poland: Workers and Communists 1945-1950, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1997; for East Germany see Jeffrey Kopstein The Politics of Economic Decline in East Germany, 1945-1989, Chapter 1, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill & London, 1997.
25. For the early literature dealing with the role of workers in the Soviet industrialisation drive in the 1930s see Hiroaki Kuromiya Stalin's Industrial Revolution: Politics and Workers 1929-1932, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 1988; Vladimir Andrle Workers in Stalin's Russia: Industrialisation and Social Change in a Planned Economy, Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hemel Hempstead, 1988; Lewis H. Siegelbaum Stakhanovism and the Politics of Productivity in the USSR, 1935-1941, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 1988; the contributions in William G. Rosenberg & Lewis H. Siegelbaum (eds.) Social Dimensions of Soviet Industrialisation, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1993, and Lewis H. Siegelbaum & Ronald Grigor Suny (eds.)Making Workers Soviet: Power, Class and Identity, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1994; for two recent excellent contributions to the literature see Stephen Kotkin Magnetic Mountain. Stalinism as a Civilisation, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles & London, 1995 and Kenneth M. Straus Factory and Community in Stalin's Russia: the Making of an Industrial Working Class, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 1998. For Poland in the late 1940s see Padraic Kenney Rebuilding Poland: Workers and Communists 1945-1950, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1997; for East Germany see Jeffrey Kopstein The Politics of Economic Decline in East Germany, 1945-1989, Chapter 1, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill & London, 1997.
26. Stephen E. Hanson has shown the way in which a specific concept of time was central in the design of Soviet economic institutions (see Stephen E. Hanson Time & Revolution: Marxism and the Design of Soviet Institutions, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill & London, 1997). The conception of time which Hanson describes in the Soviet context was in many ways similar to that which informed the design of Hungarian wage systems.
27. János Kornai The Socialist System: The Political Economy of Communism, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1992.
28. A Dolgozó Nép Alkotmánya ... Magyar Népköztársaság Alkotmánya (The Constitution of the Working People ... The Constitution of the Peoples' Republic of Hungary), pp. 37-9, Szikra, Budapest, 1949.
29. On the broad outlines of classical Soviet central planning in its Hungarian context see Swain Hungary, pp. 55-8; Iván T. Berend & György Ránki The Hungarian Economy in the Twentieth Century, pp. 208-10, Croom Helm, London & Sydney, 1985; Iván Petõ & Sándor Szakács A hazai gazdaság négy évtizedének története 1945-1985 I. Az újjáépités és a tervutasitásos irányitás idõszaka (The History of Four Decades of the Hungarian Economy. The Period of Reconstruction and Economic Planning), pp. 104-20, Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1985; on the importance of quantitative targets in Hungarian economic planning see Martha Lampland The Object of Labor: Commodification in Socialist Hungary, especially Chapter 5, Chicago University Press, Chicago and New York, 1995.
30. On the broad outlines of classical Soviet central planning in its Hungarian context see Swain Hungary, pp. 55-8; Iván T. Berend & György Ránki The Hungarian Economy in the Twentieth Century, pp. 208-10, Croom Helm, London & Sydney, 1985; Iván Petõ & Sándor Szakács A hazai gazdaság négy évtizedének története 1945-1985 I. Az újjáépités és a tervutasitásos irányitás idõszaka (The History of Four Decades of the Hungarian Economy. The Period of Reconstruction and Economic Planning), pp. 104-20, Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1985; on the importance of quantitative targets in Hungarian economic planning see Martha Lampland The Object of Labor: Commodification in Socialist Hungary, especially Chapter 5, Chicago University Press, Chicago and New York, 1995.
31. On the broad outlines of classical Soviet central planning in its Hungarian context see Swain Hungary, pp. 55-8; Iván T. Berend & György Ránki The Hungarian Economy in the Twentieth Century, pp. 208-10, Croom Helm, London & Sydney, 1985; Iván Petõ & Sándor Szakács A hazai gazdaság négy évtizedének története 1945-1985 I. Az újjáépités és a tervutasitásos irányitás idõszaka (The History of Four Decades of the Hungarian Economy. The Period of Reconstruction and Economic Planning), pp. 104-20, Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1985; on the importance of quantitative targets in Hungarian economic planning see Martha Lampland The Object of Labor: Commodification in Socialist Hungary, especially Chapter 5, Chicago University Press, Chicago and New York, 1995.
32. On the broad outlines of classical Soviet central planning in its Hungarian context see Swain Hungary, pp. 55-8; Iván T. Berend & György Ránki The Hungarian Economy in the Twentieth Century, pp. 208-10, Croom Helm, London & Sydney, 1985; Iván Petõ & Sándor Szakács A hazai gazdaság négy évtizedének története 1945-1985 I. Az újjáépités és a tervutasitásos irányitás idõszaka (The History of Four Decades of the Hungarian Economy. The Period of Reconstruction and Economic Planning), pp. 104-20, Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1985; on the importance of quantitative targets in Hungarian economic planning see Martha Lampland The Object of Labor: Commodification in Socialist Hungary, especially Chapter 5, Chicago University Press, Chicago and New York, 1995.
33. On the creation of the branch ministries see Petõ & Szakács A hazai gazdaság ... , pp. 110-2; Swain Hungary, p. 55; Iván T. Berend A Szocialista Gazdaság fejlõdése Magyarországon 1945-1968 (The Development of the Socialist Economy in Hungary, 1945-1968), pp. 86-7, Kossuth Könyvkiadó & Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1974; Nicolas Spulber The Economics of Communist Eastern Europe, p. 76, The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology & John Wiley & Sons. Inc., with Chapman & Hall Ltd., New York & London, 1957.
34. On the creation of the branch ministries see Petõ & Szakács A hazai gazdaság ... , pp. 110-2; Swain Hungary, p. 55; Iván T. Berend A Szocialista Gazdaság fejlõdése Magyarországon 1945-1968 (The Development of the Socialist Economy in Hungary, 1945-1968), pp. 86-7, Kossuth Könyvkiadó & Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1974; Nicolas Spulber The Economics of Communist Eastern Europe, p. 76, The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology & John Wiley & Sons. Inc., with Chapman & Hall Ltd., New York & London, 1957.
35. On the creation of the branch ministries see Petõ & Szakács A hazai gazdaság ... , pp. 110-2; Swain Hungary, p. 55; Iván T. Berend A Szocialista Gazdaság fejlõdése Magyarországon 1945-1968 (The Development of the Socialist Economy in Hungary, 1945-1968), pp. 86-7, Kossuth Könyvkiadó & Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1974; Nicolas Spulber The Economics of Communist Eastern Europe, p. 76, The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology & John Wiley & Sons. Inc., with Chapman & Hall Ltd., New York & London, 1957.
36. On the creation of the branch ministries see Petõ & Szakács A hazai gazdaság ... , pp. 110-2; Swain Hungary, p. 55; Iván T. Berend A Szocialista Gazdaság fejlõdése Magyarországon 1945-1968 (The Development of the Socialist Economy in Hungary, 1945-1968), pp. 86-7, Kossuth Könyvkiadó & Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1974; Nicolas Spulber The Economics of Communist Eastern Europe, p. 76, The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology & John Wiley & Sons. Inc., with Chapman & Hall Ltd., New York & London, 1957.
37. The classic study is János Kornai Overcentralisation in Economic Administration: A Critical Analysis Based on Experience in Hungarian Light Industry, translated by John Knapp, Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York, 1994; for an example of an analysis of classical Stalinist central planning which erroneously identifies the enterprise as the basic unit of the central planning system see Berend A szocialista gazdaság fejlõdése, pp. 87-93.
38. The classic study is János Kornai Overcentralisation in Economic Administration: A Critical Analysis Based on Experience in Hungarian Light Industry, translated by John Knapp, Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York, 1994; for an example of an analysis of classical Stalinist central planning which erroneously identifies the enterprise as the basic unit of the central planning system see Berend A szocialista gazdaság fejlõdése, pp. 87-93.
39. On the process of "profilisation" see Petõ & Szakács A hazai gazdaság ..., pp. 112-4; Iván T. Berend Gazdaságpolitika az elsõ ötéves terv megindulásakor 1948-1950 (Economic Policy at the Beginning of the First Five Year Plan 1948-1950), pp. 17-9, Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1964; Swain Hungary, pp. 57-8.
40. On the process of "profilisation" see Petõ & Szakács A hazai gazdaság ..., pp. 112-4; Iván T. Berend Gazdaságpolitika az elsõ ötéves terv megindulásakor 1948-1950 (Economic Policy at the Beginning of the First Five Year Plan 1948-1950), pp. 17-9, Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1964; Swain Hungary, pp. 57-8.
41. On the process of "profilisation" see Petõ & Szakács A hazai gazdaság ..., pp. 112-4; Iván T. Berend Gazdaságpolitika az elsõ ötéves terv megindulásakor 1948-1950 (Economic Policy at the Beginning of the First Five Year Plan 1948-1950), pp. 17-9, Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1964; Swain Hungary, pp. 57-8.
42. The best source for the various organisational changes to the mines in Tatabánya can be found in Sándor Rozsnyói "A város nagyüzemei (The large factories of the town)" in Gábor Gombkötö et al. (ed.) Tatabánya Története. Helytörténeti Tanulmányok II. Kötet (The History of Tatabánya. Studies in Local History. Volume 2), p. 87, Tatabánya Városi Tanács VB, Tatabánya, 1972.
43. For a description of "profilisation" in other cases see Péter Hanák & Katalin Hanák A Magyar Pamutipar Története, 1887-1962 (The History of the Magyar Pamutipar Cotton Enterprise, 1887-1962), pp. 314-5, A PNYV Magyar Pamutipar 1. sz. Gyáregysége, Budapest, 1964; József Szekeres & Árpád Tóth A Klement Gottwald (Ganz) Villámossági Gyár Története (The History of the Klement Gottwald (Ganz) Electrical Factory), p. 266, Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1962.
44. For a description of "profilisation" in other cases see Péter Hanák & Katalin Hanák A Magyar Pamutipar Története, 1887-1962 (The History of the Magyar Pamutipar Cotton Enterprise, 1887-1962), pp. 314-5, A PNYV Magyar Pamutipar 1. sz. Gyáregysége, Budapest, 1964; József Szekeres & Árpád Tóth A Klement Gottwald (Ganz) Villámossági Gyár Története (The History of the Klement Gottwald (Ganz) Electrical Factory), p. 266, Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1962.
45. Name translated from: Az Egyesült Izzó és Villámossági Gyár.
46. Budapest Fõváros Levéltára (Budapest City Archive, hereafter BFL) XXIX/321/2d.; Tervfelbontás a Rádiócsõgyártában 1951 augusztus 11-tõl 18-ig (The Breaking Down of the Plan in Radio Components Manufacture, 11-18 August 1951); for the best known example of Stakhanovite fulfilment of the plan see Károly Déri Pióker IgnácÖtéves Terv Huszonhárom Hónap Alatt (Ignác Pióker ... A Five Year Plan in under Twenty Three Months), p. 3, Népszava, Budapest, 1952.
47. Budapest Fõváros Levéltára (Budapest City Archive, hereafter BFL) XXIX/321/2d.; Tervfelbontás a Rádiócsõgyártában 1951 augusztus 11-tõl 18-ig (The Breaking Down of the Plan in Radio Components Manufacture, 11-18 August 1951); for the best known example of Stakhanovite fulfilment of the plan see Károly Déri Pióker IgnácÖtéves Terv Huszonhárom Hónap Alatt (Ignác Pióker ... A Five Year Plan in under Twenty Three Months), p. 3, Népszava, Budapest, 1952.
48. Budapest Fõváros Levéltára (Budapest City Archive, hereafter BFL) XXIX/321/2d.; Tervfelbontás a Rádiócsõgyártában 1951 augusztus 11-tõl 18-ig (The Breaking Down of the Plan in Radio Components Manufacture, 11-18 August 1951); for the best known example of Stakhanovite fulfilment of the plan see Károly Déri Pióker IgnácÖtéves Terv Huszonhárom Hónap Alatt (Ignác Pióker ... A Five Year Plan in under Twenty Three Months), p. 3, Népszava, Budapest, 1952.
49. This system of labour power planning was effectively incorporated into the yearly economic plans in 1950, that is for the 1951 Peoples' Economic Plan. For an explanation of this principle see Munkaerõtartalék (Labour Reserve), August 1951, pp. 251-7.
50. The best account of the policy background to this attempts is Sándor Rákosi "Normarendezések 1948-1950-ben (Norm Revisions Between 1948 and 1950)" in János Molnár, Sándor Orbán & Károly Urban (eds.) Tanulmányok a magyar népi demokrácia negyven évérõl (Studies on Forty Years of the Hungarian Peoples' Democracy), pp. 202-4, Kossuth Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1985
51. For the case of the railway repair shop see András Tóth Civil társadalom és szakszervezetek (Civil Society and Trade Unions), pp. 72-3, kandídátusi értekezés (dissertation for the degree of candidate), Budapest, 1994; on the United Lighting and Electrics Factory in 1948 see Magyar Országos Levéltár MSZMP Budapesti Bizottság Archiviuma (Hungarian National Archive, Archive of the Budapest Committee of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, hereafter MOL M-Bp. )-134f./4ö.e., p. 104.
52. For the case of the railway repair shop see András Tóth Civil társadalom és szakszervezetek (Civil Society and Trade Unions), pp. 72-3, kandídátusi értekezés (dissertation for the degree of candidate), Budapest, 1994; on the United Lighting and Electrics Factory in 1948 see Magyar Országos Levéltár MSZMP Budapesti Bizottság Archiviuma (Hungarian National Archive, Archive of the Budapest Committee of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, hereafter MOL M-Bp. )-134f./4ö.e., p. 104.
53. The 1948 labour competitions are described in Társadalmi Szemle
54. The 1948 labour competitions are described in Társadalmi Szemle (Societal Review), April-May 1948, pp. 299-315; Társadalmi Szemle (Societal Review), August-September 1948, pp. 513-36; Politiktörténeti Intézet Levéltára (Archive of the Institute for the History of Politics, hereafter PIL) 274f.20/23ö.e., pp. 73-6.
55. The 1948 labour competitions are described in Társadalmi Szemle (Societal Review), April-May 1948, pp. 299-315; Társadalmi Szemle (Societal Review), August-September 1948, pp. 513-36; Politiktörténeti Intézet Levéltára (Archive of the Institute for the History of Politics, hereafter PIL) 274f.20/23ö.e., pp. 73-6.
56. Pamutipari Értesítõ (Cotton Industry Information), 1 June 1948; MOL M-Bp. -136f./3ö.e., p. 65; MOL M-Bp. -136f./3ö.e., pp. 79-80.
57. Pamutipari Értesítõ (Cotton Industry Information), 1 June 1948; MOL M-Bp. -136f./3ö.e., p. 65; MOL M-Bp. -136f./3ö.e., pp. 79-80.
58. Pamutipari Értesítõ (Cotton Industry Information), 1 June 1948; MOL M-Bp. -136f./3ö.e., p. 65; MOL M-Bp. -136f./3ö.e., pp. 79-80.
59. Szakszervezetek Közpönti Levéltára (Central Archive of the Trade Unions, hereafter SZKL), Szakszervezetek Országos Tanácsa (National Council of Trade Unions, hereafter SZOT) Közgazdaság (Economics Department)/46d./1949; A Magyar Munkaverseny Mozgalom Fejlõdése (The Development of the Hungarian Labour Competition Movement), p. 4.
60. SZKL SZOT Közgazdaság /46d./1949; A Magyar Munkaverseny Mozgalom Fejlõdése (The Development of the Hungarian Labour Competition Movement), p. 4.
61. SZKL SZOT Közgazdaság /46d./1949; A Magyar Munkaverseny Mozgalom Fejlõdése (The Development of the Hungarian Labour Competition Movement), p. 4.
62. SZKL SZOT Kózgazdaság /46d./1949; A Magyar Munkaverseny Mozgalom Fejlõdése (The Development of the Hungarian Labour Competition Movement), p. 4.
63. SZKL SZOT Kózgazdaság /46d./1949; A Magyar Munkaverseny Mozgalom Fejlõdése (The Development of the Hungarian Labour Competition Movement), p. 4.
64. SZKL SZOT Közgazdaság/3d./1949; Kiváló teljesitmények vizsgálatáról készült összefoglalás (Summary of Results of a Study of Exceptional Performance in Production).
65. SZKL SZOT Közgazdaság/3d./1949; Kiváló teljesitmények vizsgálatáról készült összefoglalás (Summary of Results of a Study of Exceptional Performance in Production).
66. For the national picture with individual competition see MOL M-Bp. -95f.2/296ö.e., p. 157; for the factory case see MOL M-Bp. -95f.4/147ö.e., p. 42.
67. For the national picture with individual competition see MOL M-Bp. - 95f.2/296ö.e., p. 157; for the factory case see MOL M-Bp. -95f.4/147ö.e., p. 42.
68. For the intentions of the organisers of individual competition in the factory in this regard see MOL M-Bp. -95f.2/295ö.e., p. 224; on its beginnings see Tungsram Híradó (Tungsram News), 8 September 1949; Tungsram Híradó (Tungsram News), 5 December 1949.
69. For the intentions of the organisers of individual competition in the factory in this regard see MOL M-Bp. -95f.2/295ö.e., p. 224; on its beginnings see Tungsram Híradó (Tungsram News), 8 September 1949; Tungsram Híradó (Tungsram News), 5 December 1949.
70. For the intentions of the organisers of individual competition in the factory in this regard see MOL M-Bp. -95f.2/295ö.e., p. 224; on its beginnings see Tungsram Híradó (Tungsram News), 8 September 1949; Tungsram Híradó (Tungsram News), 5 December 1949.
71. Tungsram Híradó (Tungsram News), 5 January 1950; MOL Bp. -95f.4/ 147ö.e., pp. 134-6; MOL M-Bp. -95f.2/296ö.e., p. 81; Magyar Országos Levéltár MDP-MSZMP Közpönti Szervek iratai (Hungarian National Archive, Papers of the Central Organs of the Hungarian Workers' Party Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, hereafter MOL M-KS) 276f.65/76ö.e., pp. 30-1.
72. Tungsram Híradó (Tungsram News), 5 January 1950; MOL Bp. -95f.4/ 147ö.e., pp. 134-6; MOL M-Bp. -95f.2/296ö.e., p. 81; Magyar Országos Levéltár MDP-MSZMP Közpönti Szervek iratai (Hungarian National Archive, Papers of the Central Organs of the Hungarian Workers' Party Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, hereafter MOL M-KS) 276f.65/76ö.e., pp. 30-1.
73. Tungsram Híradó (Tungsram News), 5 January 1950; MOL Bp. -95f.4/ 147ö.e., pp. 134-6; MOL M-Bp. -95f.2/296ö.e., p. 81; Magyar Országos Levéltár MDP-MSZMP Közpönti Szervek iratai (Hungarian National Archive, Papers of the Central Organs of the Hungarian Workers' Party Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, hereafter MOL M-KS) 276f.65/76ö.e., pp. 30-1.
74. Tungsram Híradó (Tungsram News), 5 January 1950; MOL Bp. -95f.4/ 147ö.e., pp. 134-6; MOL M-Bp. -95f.2/296ö.e., p. 81; Magyar Országos Levéltár MDP-MSZMP Közpönti Szervek iratai (Hungarian National Archive, Papers of the Central Organs of the Hungarian Workers' Party Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, hereafter MOL M-KS) 276f.65/76ö.e., pp. 30-1.
75. For an explanation of the piece rate principle see Sándor Dekán Darrabérrendzerrela szocialista bérezés megvalósitása felé (In the Direction of Realising Socialist Wages with the Piece-rate), p. 7, Népszava, Budapest, 1950; for important documents on the design of the piece rate see SZKL SZOT Közgazdaság/3d./1949; Tervezet a Darrabérendszere Való Áttéres Elõkészitésére (Plan of Preparation for the Shift to the Piece-Rate System).
76. For an explanation of the piece rate principle see Sándor Dekán Darrabérrendzerrela szocialista bérezés megvalósitása felé (In the Direction of Realising Socialist Wages with the Piece-rate), p. 7, Népszava, Budapest, 1950; for important documents on the design of the piece rate see SZKL SZOT Közgazdaság/3d./1949; Tervezet a Darrabérendszere Való Áttéres Elõkészitésére (Plan of Preparation for the Shift to the Piece-Rate System).
77. For an explanation of the piece rate principle see Sándor Dekán Darrabérrendzerrela szocialista bérezés megvalósitása felé (In the Direction of Realising Socialist Wages with the Piece-rate), p. 7, Népszava, Budapest, 1950; for important documents on the design of the piece rate see SZKL SZOT Közgazdaság/3d./1949; Tervezet a Darrabérendszere Való Áttéres Elõkészitésére (Plan of Preparation for the Shift to the Piece-Rate System).
78. For this term see E.P. Thompson "Time, Work-Discipline and Industrial Capitalism" reprinted in his Customs in Common, pp. 352-403, Penguin Books, London, 1993.
79. On this process see SZKL SZOT Közgazdaság/3d./1949; Tervezet a Darrabérendszere Való Áttéres Elõkészitésére (Plan of Preparation for the Shift to the Piece-Rate System), pp. 6-7; Dekán Darrabérrendzerrel a szocialista, pp. 8-9.
80. On this process see SZKL SZOT Közgazdaság/3d./1949; Tervezet a Darrabérendszere Való Áttéres Elõkészitésére (Plan of Preparation for the Shift to the Piece-Rate System), pp. 6-7; Dekán Darrabérrendzerrel a szocialista, pp. 8-9.
81. On this process see SZKL SZOT Közgazdaság/3d./1949; Tervezet a Darrabérendszere Való Áttéres Elõkészitésére (Plan of Preparation for the Shift to the Piece-Rate System), pp. 6-7; Dekán Darrabérrendzerrel a szocialista, pp. 8-9.
82. For this see Munkaerõtartalék, August 1951, pp. 251-7.
83. MOL M-KS-276f.116/ 18ö.e., p. 34.
84. For a more detailed description of the 1950 norm revision campaign see Pittaway Industrial Workers, Socialist Industrialisation and the State, pp. 99-104; MOLM-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., pp. 129-30; MOL M-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., pp. 220-3; MOL M-KS-276f.116/18ö.e., pp. 180-3; MOL M-KS-276f.116/ 18ö.e., pp. 197-9; MOL M-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., p. 1; MOL M-KS-276f.116/ 19ö.e., p. 5; MOL M-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., p. 58; MOLM-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., pp. 43-5.
85. For a more detailed description of the 1950 norm revision campaign see Pittaway Industrial Workers, Socialist Industrialisation and the State, pp. 99-104; MOLM-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., pp. 129-30; MOL M-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., pp. 220-3; MOL M-KS-276f.116/18ö.e., pp. 180-3; MOL M-KS-276f.116/ 18ö.e., pp. 197-9; MOL M-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., p. 1; MOL M-KS-276f.116/ 19ö.e., p. 5; MOL M-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., p. 58; MOLM-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., pp. 43-5.
86. For a more detailed description of the 1950 norm revision campaign see Pittaway Industrial Workers, Socialist Industrialisation and the State, pp. 99-104; MOLM-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., pp. 129-30; MOL M-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., pp. 220-3; MOL M-KS-276f.116/18ö.e., pp. 180-3; MOL M-KS-276f.116/ 18ö.e., pp. 197-9; MOL M-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., p. 1; MOL M-KS-276f.116/ 19ö.e., p. 5; MOL M-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., p. 58; MOLM-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., pp. 43-5.
87. For a more detailed description of the 1950 norm revision campaign see Pittaway Industrial Workers, Socialist Industrialisation and the State, pp. 99-104; MOLM-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., pp. 129-30; MOL M-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., pp. 220-3; MOL M-KS-276f.116/18ö.e., pp. 180-3; MOL M-KS-276f.116/ 18ö.e., pp. 197-9; MOL M-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., p. 1; MOL M-KS-276f.116/ 19ö.e., p. 5; MOL M-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., p. 58; MOLM-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., pp. 43-5.
88. For a more detailed description of the 1950 norm revision campaign see Pittaway Industrial Workers, Socialist Industrialisation and the State, pp. 99-104; MOLM-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., pp. 129-30; MOL M-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., pp. 220-3; MOL M-KS-276f.116/18ö.e., pp. 180-3; MOL M-KS-276f.116/ 18ö.e., pp. 197-9; MOL M-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., p. 1; MOL M-KS-276f.116/ 19ö.e., p. 5; MOL M-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., p. 58; MOLM-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., pp. 43-5.
89. For a more detailed description of the 1950 norm revision campaign see Pittaway Industrial Workers, Socialist Industrialisation and the State, pp. 99-104; MOLM-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., pp. 129-30; MOL M-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., pp. 220-3; MOL M-KS-276f.116/18ö.e., pp. 180-3; MOL M-KS-276f.116/ 18ö.e., pp. 197-9; MOL M-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., p. 1; MOL M-KS-276f.116/ 19ö.e., p. 5; MOL M-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., p. 58; MOLM-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., pp. 43-5.
90. For a more detailed description of the 1950 norm revision campaign see Pittaway Industrial Workers, Socialist Industrialisation and the State, pp. 99-104; MOLM-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., pp. 129-30; MOL M-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., pp. 220-3; MOL M-KS-276f.116/18ö.e., pp. 180-3; MOL M-KS-276f.116/ 18ö.e., pp. 197-9; MOL M-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., p. 1; MOL M-KS-276f.116/ 19ö.e., p. 5; MOL M-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., p. 58; MOLM-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., pp. 43-5.
91. For a more detailed description of the 1950 norm revision campaign see Pittaway Industrial Workers, Socialist Industrialisation and the State, pp. 99-104; MOLM-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., pp. 129-30; MOL M-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., pp. 220-3; MOL M-KS-276f.116/18ö.e., pp. 180-3; MOL M-KS-276f.116/ 18ö.e., pp. 197-9; MOL M-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., p. 1; MOL M-KS-276f.116/ 19ö.e., p. 5; MOL M-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., p. 58; MOLM-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., pp. 43-5.
92. For a more detailed description of the 1950 norm revision campaign see Pittaway Industrial Workers, Socialist Industrialisation and the State, pp. 99-104; MOLM-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., pp. 129-30; MOL M-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., pp. 220-3; MOL M-KS-276f.116/18ö.e., pp. 180-3; MOL M-KS-276f.116/ 18ö.e., pp. 197-9; MOL M-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., p. 1; MOL M-KS-276f.116/ 19ö.e., p. 5; MOL M-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., p. 58; MOLM-KS-276f.116/19ö.e., pp. 43-5.
93. MOL M-Bp. -95f.4/120ö.e., p. 252; MOL M-Bp. -95f.4/120ö.e., p. 238; MOL M-Bp. -95f.4/120ö.e., p. 58; Open Society Archives, Radio Free Europe, Interviews with Escapees, hereafter OSA RFE Magyar Gy. 6/ Item No. 5898/ 54, p. 2.
94. MOL M-Bp. -95f.4/120ö.e., p. 252; MOL M-Bp. -95f.4/120ö.e., p. 238; MOL M-Bp. -95f.4/120ö.e., p. 58; Open Society Archives, Radio Free Europe, Interviews with Escapees, hereafter OSA RFE Magyar Gy. 6/ Item No. 5898/ 54, p. 2.
95. MOL M-Bp. -95f.4/120ö.e., p. 252; MOL M-Bp. -95f.4/120ö.e., p. 238; MOL M-Bp. -95f.4/120ö.e., p. 58; Open Society Archives, Radio Free Europe, Interviews with Escapees, hereafter OSA RFE Magyar Gy. 6/ Item No. 5898/ 54, p. 2.
96. MOL M-Bp. -95f.4/120ö.e., p. 252; MOL M-Bp. -95f.4/120ö.e., p. 238; MOL M-Bp. -95f.4/120ö.e., p. 58; Open Society Archives, Radio Free Europe, Interviews with Escapees, hereafter OSA RFE Magyar Gy. 6/ Item No. 5898/ 54, p. 2.
97. See Kornai Overcentralisation, pp. 1-27 for a discussion of how the plans were broken down temporally into quarterly planning units and of how non-fulfilment at various points was regarded by the authorities.
98. For general information on the First Five Year Plan see Petõ & Szakács A hazai gazdaság..., pp. 151-67; Berend A Szocialista Gazdaság fejlõdése, p. 76; Berend Gazdaságpolitika az elsõ ötéves terv and István Birta "A szocialista iparositási politika néhány kérdése az elsõ ötéves terv idõszakában (Several Issues of the Policy of Socialist Industrialisation during the Period of the First Five Year Plan)," Párttörténeti Közlemények (Reviews of Party History), No. 3, pp. 113-151, 1970.
99. For general information on the First Five Year Plan see Petõ & Szakács A hazai gazdaság..., pp. 151-67; Berend A Szocialista Gazdaság fejlõdése, p. 76; Berend Gazdaságpolitika az elsõ ötéves terv and István Birta "A szocialista iparositási politika néhány kérdése az elsõ ötéves terv idõszakában (Several Issues of the Policy of Socialist Industrialisation during the Period of the First Five Year Plan)," Párttörténeti Közlemények (Reviews of Party History), No. 3, pp. 113-151, 1970.
100. For general information on the First Five Year Plan see Petõ & Szakács A hazai gazdaság..., pp. 151-67; Berend A Szocialista Gazdaság fejlõdése, p. 76; Berend Gazdaságpolitika az elsõ ötéves terv and István Birta "A szocialista iparositási politika néhány kérdése az elsõ ötéves terv idõszakában (Several Issues of the Policy of Socialist Industrialisation during the Period of the First Five Year Plan)," Párttörténeti Közlemények (Reviews of Party History), No. 3, pp. 113-151, 1970.
101. For general information on the First Five Year Plan see Petõ & Szakács A hazai gazdaság..., pp. 151-67; Berend A Szocialista Gazdaság fejlõdése, p. 76; Berend Gazdaságpolitika az elsõ ötéves terv and István Birta "A szocialista iparositási politika néhány kérdése az elsõ ötéves terv idõszakában (Several Issues of the Policy of Socialist Industrialisation during the Period of the First Five Year Plan)," Párttörténeti Közlemények (Reviews of Party History), No. 3, pp. 113-151, 1970.
102. Petõ & Szakács A hazai gazdaság, p. 189; for a brief contemporary discussion by a senior party economic expert see Társadalmi Szemle (Societal Review), February 1953, pp. 143-4; for the problems this caused on some construction sites see the example of the Budapest metro as discussed in Endre Prakfalvi "A budapesti õs-metró (1949-1956) (The Old Budapest Metro (1949-1956))," Budapesti Negyed (Budapest Quarter), No. 5, especially pp. 31-6, Autumn 1994, for a discussion of similar problem on the Sztálinváros construction site, the biggest single investment of the First Five Year Plan, see Miklós Miskolczi & András Rózsa A Huszéves Dunai Vasmû (The Twenty Year Old Danube Steel Works), p. 41, unpublished manuscript, Dunaújvaros, 1969. For the situation of the cement industry see Ernõ Gerõ A vas, az acél a gépek országért (For a Country of Iron, Steel and Machines), p. 303, Szikra, Budapest, 1952, and for Tatabánya see Harc a Szénért (The Struggle for Coal), 25 January 1952. On the plan in general see Petõ & Szakács A hazai gazdaság, pp. 195-197.
103. Petõ & Szakács A hazai gazdaság, p. 189; for a brief contemporary discussion by a senior party economic expert see Társadalmi Szemle (Societal Review), February 1953, pp. 143-4; for the problems this caused on some construction sites see the example of the Budapest metro as discussed in Endre Prakfalvi "A budapesti õs-metró (1949-1956) (The Old Budapest Metro (1949-1956))," Budapesti Negyed (Budapest Quarter), No. 5, especially pp. 31-6, Autumn 1994, for a discussion of similar problem on the Sztálinváros construction site, the biggest single investment of the First Five Year Plan, see Miklós Miskolczi & András Rózsa A Huszéves Dunai Vasmû (The Twenty Year Old Danube Steel Works), p. 41, unpublished manuscript, Dunaújvaros, 1969. For the situation of the cement industry see Ernõ Gerõ A vas, az acél a gépek országért (For a Country of Iron, Steel and Machines), p. 303, Szikra, Budapest, 1952, and for Tatabánya see Harc a Szénért (The Struggle for Coal), 25 January 1952. On the plan in general see Petõ & Szakács A hazai gazdaság, pp. 195-197.
104. Petõ & Szakács A hazai gazdaság, p. 189; for a brief contemporary discussion by a senior party economic expert see Társadalmi Szemle (Societal Review), February 1953, pp. 143-4; for the problems this caused on some construction sites see the example of the Budapest metro as discussed in Endre Prakfalvi "A budapesti õs-metró (1949-1956) (The Old Budapest Metro (1949-1956))," Budapesti Negyed (Budapest Quarter), No. 5, especially pp. 31-6, Autumn 1994, for a discussion of similar problem on the Sztálinváros construction site, the biggest single investment of the First Five Year Plan, see Miklós Miskolczi & András Rózsa A Huszéves Dunai Vasmû (The Twenty Year Old Danube Steel Works), p. 41, unpublished manuscript, Dunaújvaros, 1969. For the situation of the cement industry see Ernõ Gerõ A vas, az acél a gépek országért (For a Country of Iron, Steel and Machines), p. 303, Szikra, Budapest, 1952, and for Tatabánya see Harc a Szénért (The Struggle for Coal), 25 January 1952. On the plan in general see Petõ & Szakács A hazai gazdaság, pp. 195-197.
105. Petõ & Szakács A hazai gazdaság, p. 189; for a brief contemporary discussion by a senior party economic expert see Társadalmi Szemle (Societal Review), February 1953, pp. 143-4; for the problems this caused on some construction sites see the example of the Budapest metro as discussed in Endre Prakfalvi "A budapesti õs-metró (1949-1956) (The Old Budapest Metro (1949-1956))," Budapesti Negyed (Budapest Quarter), No. 5, especially pp. 31-6, Autumn 1994, for a discussion of similar problem on the Sztálinváros construction site, the biggest single investment of the First Five Year Plan, see Miklós Miskolczi & András Rózsa A Huszéves Dunai Vasmû (The Twenty Year Old Danube Steel Works), p. 41, unpublished manuscript, Dunaújvaros, 1969. For the situation of the cement industry see Ernõ Gerõ A vas, az acél a gépek országért (For a Country of Iron, Steel and Machines), p. 303, Szikra, Budapest, 1952, and for Tatabánya see Harc a Szénért (The Struggle for Coal), 25 January 1952. On the plan in general see Petõ & Szakács A hazai gazdaság, pp. 195-197.
106. Petõ & Szakács A hazai gazdaság, p. 189; for a brief contemporary discussion by a senior party economic expert see Társadalmi Szemle (Societal Review), February 1953, pp. 143-4; for the problems this caused on some construction sites see the example of the Budapest metro as discussed in Endre Prakfalvi "A budapesti õs-metró (1949-1956) (The Old Budapest Metro (1949-1956))," Budapesti Negyed (Budapest Quarter), No. 5, especially pp. 31-6, Autumn 1994, for a discussion of similar problem on the Sztálinváros construction site, the biggest single investment of the First Five Year Plan, see Miklós Miskolczi & András Rózsa A Huszéves Dunai Vasmû (The Twenty Year Old Danube Steel Works), p. 41, unpublished manuscript, Dunaújvaros, 1969. For the situation of the cement industry see Ernõ Gerõ A vas, az acél a gépek országért (For a Country of Iron, Steel and Machines), p. 303, Szikra, Budapest, 1952, and for Tatabánya see Harc a Szénért (The Struggle for Coal), 25 January 1952. On the plan in general see Petõ & Szakács A hazai gazdaság, pp. 195-197.
107. Petõ & Szakács A hazai gazdaság, p. 189; for a brief contemporary discussion by a senior party economic expert see Társadalmi Szemle (Societal Review), February 1953, pp. 143-4; for the problems this caused on some construction sites see the example of the Budapest metro as discussed in Endre Prakfalvi "A budapesti õs-metró (1949-1956) (The Old Budapest Metro (1949-1956))," Budapesti Negyed (Budapest Quarter), No. 5, especially pp. 31-6, Autumn 1994, for a discussion of similar problem on the Sztálinváros construction site, the biggest single investment of the First Five Year Plan, see Miklós Miskolczi & András Rózsa A Huszéves Dunai Vasmû (The Twenty Year Old Danube Steel Works), p. 41, unpublished manuscript, Dunaújvaros, 1969. For the situation of the cement industry see Ernõ Gerõ A vas, az acél a gépek országért (For a Country of Iron, Steel and Machines), p. 303, Szikra, Budapest, 1952, and for Tatabánya see Harc a Szénért (The Struggle for Coal), 25 January 1952. On the plan in general see Petõ & Szakács A hazai gazdaság, pp. 195-197.
108. Petõ & Szakács A hazai gazdaság, p. 189; for a brief contemporary discussion by a senior party economic expert see Társadalmi Szemle (Societal Review), February 1953, pp. 143-4; for the problems this caused on some construction sites see the example of the Budapest metro as discussed in Endre Prakfalvi "A budapesti õs-metró (1949-1956) (The Old Budapest Metro (1949-1956))," Budapesti Negyed (Budapest Quarter), No. 5, especially pp. 31-6, Autumn 1994, for a discussion of similar problem on the Sztálinváros construction site, the biggest single investment of the First Five Year Plan, see Miklós Miskolczi & András Rózsa A Huszéves Dunai Vasmû (The Twenty Year Old Danube Steel Works), p. 41, unpublished manuscript, Dunaújvaros, 1969. For the situation of the cement industry see Ernõ Gerõ A vas, az acél a gépek országért (For a Country of Iron, Steel and Machines), p. 303, Szikra, Budapest, 1952, and for Tatabánya see Harc a Szénért (The Struggle for Coal), 25 January 1952. On the plan in general see Petõ & Szakács A hazai gazdaság, pp. 195-197.
109. SZKL SZOT Közgazdaság/18d./1953; Jelentés a munkaverseny, munkafegyelem és a munkavédelem alkulásáról a kormányprogramm elhangzása óta (Report on the Development of the Labour Competition, Work Discipline and Health and Safety at Work Since the Announcement of the New Government Programme), p. 2.
110. SZKL SZOT Közgazdaság/18d./1953; Jelentés a munkaverseny, munkafegyelem és a munkavédelem alkulásáról a kormányprogramm elhangzása óta (Report on the Development of the Labour Competition, Work Discipline and Health and Safety at Work Since the Announcement of the New Government Programme), p. 2.
111. MOL M-KS-276f.53/145ö.e.; Tájékoztató az üzemi dolgozók és az üzemi vezetõk által felvetett szociális és kultúrális problémákról (Information on the Social and Cultural Problems Raised by Factory Workers and Factory Leaders), p. 28.
112. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály (Wage Department) /28 d./1953; Feljegyzés ... (Report...).
113. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/15d./1953; Feljegyzés Varga Elvtársnak a NIM-ben tartott értekezletrõl-a munkaerõátcsoportositás terén eddig tett intézkedésekrõl (Report to Comrade Varga on the Meeting that Took Place at the Ministry of Heavy Industry Dealing with Measures Already Taken to Reallocate Labour), p. 1.
114. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/15d./1953; Feljegyzés Varga Elvtársnak a NIM-ben tartott értekezletrõl-a munkaerõátcsoportositás terén eddig tett intézkedésekrõl (Report to Comrade Varga on the Meeting that Took Place at the Ministry of Heavy Industry Dealing with Measures Already Taken to Reallocate Labour), p. 1.
115. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/2d./1953; A Közpönti Vezetõség Terv-, Pénzügyi és Kereskedelmi Osztályának, valamint a Minisztertanács Bértitkárságának észrevétele a Nehézipari Minisztérium "A szénbányászat bérhelyzetérõl" szólá elõterjesztéséhez (Considerations Based on the Ministry of Heavy Industry Report "The Wage Situation in Coal Mining" for the Planning, Finance and Commerce Department of the Central Leadership as well as the Wage Secretariat of the Council of Ministers), p. 3.
116. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/2d./1953; A Közpönti Vezetõség Terv-, Pénzügyi és Kereskedelmi Osztályának, valamint a Minisztertanács Bértitkárságának észrevétele a Nehézipari Minisztérium "A szénbányászat bérhelyzetérõl" szólá elõterjesztéséhez (Considerations Based on the Ministry of Heavy Industry Report "The Wage Situation in Coal Mining" for the Planning, Finance and Commerce Department of the Central Leadership as well as the Wage Secretariat of the Council of Ministers), p. 3.
117. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/30d./1953; Bányaipari Dolgozók Szakszervezete Jelentés a bányászat jelenlegi bérhelyzetról (Report of the Mineworkers' Union on the Current Wage Situation in the Mines), p. 1; it is interesting to note that the Mineworkers' Union which submitted the report did not believe that a monthly wage of 700-800 Forints was sufficient to cover a miners' living expenses, let alone 522 Forints, see ibid., p. 2.
118. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/30d./1953; Bányaipari Dolgozók Szakszervezete Jelentés a bányászat jelenlegi bérhelyzetról (Report of the Mineworkers' Union on the Current Wage Situation in the Mines), p. 1; it is interesting to note that the Mineworkers' Union which submitted the report did not believe that a monthly wage of 700-800 Forints was sufficient to cover a miners' living expenses, let alone 522 Forints, see ibid., p. 2.
119. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/30d./1953; Bányaipari Dolgozók Szakszervezete Jelentés a bányászat jelenlegi bérhelyzetról (Report of the Mineworkers' Union on the Current Wage Situation in the Mines), p. 1; it is interesting to note that the Mineworkers' Union which submitted the report did not believe that a monthly wage of 700-800 Forints was sufficient to cover a miners' living expenses, let alone 522 Forints, see ibid., p. 2.
120. MOL M-KS-276f.53/145ö.e.; Tájékoztató az üzemi dolgozók és az üzemi vezetõk által felvetett szociális és kultúrális problémákról (Information on the Social and Cultural Problems Raised by Factory Workers and Factory Leaders), pp. 35-6.
121. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály /28d./1953; Minisztertanács Bértitkársága Javaslat az 1954. évben végrehajtandó bérügyi intézkedésekre (Proposal of the Wage Secretariat of the Council of Ministers for Wage-based Measures to be Undertaken in 1954), p. 3.
122. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály /28d./1953; Minisztertanács Bértitkársága Javaslat az 1954. évben végrehajtandó bérügyi intézkedésekre (Proposal of the Wage Secretariat of the Council of Ministers for Wage-based Measures to be Undertaken in 1954), p. 3.
123. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/30d./1953; Feljegyzés Jamrik elvtárs részére (Report for Comrade Jamrik); for more detail on the findings of the investigation see MOL M-KS-276f.94/588ö.e., p. 130.
124. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/30d./1953; Feljegyzés Jamrik elvtárs részére (Report for Comrade Jamrik); for more detail on the findings of the investigation see MOL M-KS-276f.94/588ö.e., p. 130.
125. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/30d./1953; Feljegyzés Jamrik elvtárs részére (Report for Comrade Jamrik); for more detail on the findings of the investigation see MOL M-KS-276f.94/588ö.e., p. 130.
126. SZKL SZOT Közgazdaság/18d./1953; Jelentés a munkaverseny, munkafegyelem és a munkavédelem alkulásáról a kormányprogramm elhangzása óta (Report on the Development of Labour Competition, Work Discipline and Health and Safety at Work since the Announcement of the New Government Programme), p. 3.
127. SZKL SZOT Közgazdaság/18d./1953; Jelentés a munkaverseny, munkafegyelem és a munkavédelem alkulásáról a kormányprogramm elhangzása óta (Report on the Development of Labour Competition, Work Discipline and Health and Safety at Work since the Announcement of the New Government Programme), p. 3.
128. nd October 1992)), p. 127, Komárom-Esztergom Megyei Önkormányzat Múzeumainak Igazgatósága, Tata, 1992.
129. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/30d./1953; Bõripari Dolgozók Szakszervezete Munkabérosztály Vezetõ levél ... (Letter Written by the Head of the Wage Department of the Leather Workers' Union), p. 2.
130. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/30d./1953; Bõripari Dolgozók Szakszervezete Munkabérosztály Vezetõ levél ... (Letter Written by the Head of the Wage Department of the Leather Workers' Union), p. 2.
131. 62 MOL M-KS-276f.53/145ö.e.; Tájékoztató az üzemi dolgozók és az üzemi vezetõk által felvetett szociális és kultúrális problémákról (Information on the Social and Cultural Problems Raised by Factory Workers and Factory Leaders), p. 44.
132. MOL M-KS-276f.53cs./ 145 ö.e.; Tájékoztató az üzemi dolgozók és az üzemi vezetõk által felvetett szociális és kultúrális problémákról (Information on the Social and Cultural Problems Raised by Factory Workers and Factory Leaders), p. 30.
133. MOL M-KS-276f.53/145ö.e.; Tájékoztató az üzemi dolgozók és az üzemi vezetõk által felvetett szociális és kultúrális problémákról (Information on the Social and Cultural Problems Raised by Factory Workers and Factory Leaders), p. 30.
134. SZKL SZOT Közgazdaság/18d./1953; Jelentés a munkaverseny, munkafegyelem és a munkavédelem alkulásáról a kormányprogramm elhangzása óta (Report on the Development of the Labour Competition, Work Discipline and Health and Safety at Work Since the Announcement of the New Government Programme), p. 2.
135. SZKL SZOT Közgazdaság/18d./1953; Jelentés a munkaverseny, munkafegyelem és a munkavédelem alkulásáról a kormányprogramm elhangzása óta (Report on the Development of the Labour Competition, Work Discipline and Health and Safety at Work Since the Announcement of the New Government Programme), p. 2.
136. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/30d./1953; A vegyiparban lévõ munkaügyi-és bérproblémák (Labour and Wage Problems in the Chemical Industry), p. 6.
137. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/30d./1953; A vegyiparban lévõ munkaügyi-és bérproblémák (Labour and Wage Problems in the Chemical Industry), p. 6.
138. MOL M-KS-276f.53/145ö.e.; Tájékoztató az üzemi dolgozók és az üzemi vezetõk által felvetett szociális és kultúrális problémákról (Information on the Social and Cultural Problems Raised by Factory Workers and Factory Leaders), p. 7.
139. For this see Petõ & Szakács A hazai gazdaság, p. 195.
140. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/30d./1953; Jelentés az élelmezései ipar bérnorma és premiumrendszer felülvizsgaläsäröl (Report on the Examination of Wages, Norms and Premiums in the Food Processing Sector), p. 7.
141. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/30d./1953; Jelentés az élelmezései ipar bérnorma és premiumrendszer felülvizsgaläsäröl (Report on the Examination of Wages, Norms and Premiums in the Food Processing Sector), p. 7.
142. SZKL SZOT Bérosztäly/30 d./1953; Bõripari Dolgozók Szakszervezete Munkabérosztály Vezetõ levél ... (Letter Written by the Head of the Wage Department of the Leather Workers' Union), p. 10.
143. SZKL SZOT Bérosztäly/30 d./1953; Bõripari Dolgozók Szakszervezete Munkabérosztály Vezetõ levél ... (Letter Written by the Head of the Wage Department of the Leather Workers' Union), p. 10.
144. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/30 d./1953; Bõripari Dolgozók Szakszervezete Munkabérosztály Vezetõ levél ... (Letter Written by the Head of the Wage Department of the Leather Workers' Union), pp. 9-10.
145. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/30 d./1953; Bõripari Dolgozók Szakszervezete Munkabérosztály Vezetõ levél ... (Letter Written by the Head of the Wage Department of the Leather Workers' Union), pp. 9-10.
146. MOL M-KS-276f.94/590ö.e., p. 43.
147. th October 1953), p. 2.
148. th October 1953), p. 2.
149. 54 The innovation movement (újitási mozgalom) was a nation wide campaign. Workers were invited to make suggestions in order to improve working practices, increase productivity or reduce production costs. Workers could receive financial rewards for improving productivity through the innovation movement. It was closely linked to labour competition.
150. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/28 d./1953; Feljegyzés ... (Report...).
151. ibid., p. 2.
152. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/31d./1953; Jelentés Bér és norma észrevételekrõl (Report on Observations about Wages and Norms), p. 1.
153. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/31d./1953; Jelentés Bér és norma észrevételekrõl (Report on Observations about Wages and Norms), p. 1.
154. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/28 d./1953; Jelentés a bérhelyzeterõl (Report on the Wage Situation). SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/30d./1953; Jelentés az élelmezései ipar bérnorma és premiumrendszer felülvizsgalásáról (Report on the Examination of Wages, Norms and Premiums in the Food Processing Industry), p. 16.
155. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/28 d./1953; Jelentés a bérhelyzeterõl (Report on the Wage Situation). SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/30d./1953; Jelentés az élelmezései ipar bérnorma és premiumrendszer felülvizsgalásáról (Report on the Examination of Wages, Norms and Premiums in the Food Processing Industry), p. 16.
156. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/28 d./1953; Jelentés a bérhelyzeterõl (Report on the Wage Situation). SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/30d./1953; Jelentés az élelmezései ipar bérnorma és premiumrendszer felülvizsgalásáról (Report on the Examination of Wages, Norms and Premiums in the Food Processing Industry), p. 16.
157. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/28 d./1953; Jelentés a bérhelyzeterõl (Report on the Wage Situation). SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/30d./1953; Jelentés az élelmezései ipar bérnorma és premiumrendszer felülvizsgalásáról (Report on the Examination of Wages, Norms and Premiums in the Food Processing Industry), p. 16.
158. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/31d./1953; Bérproblémák az Épitõ-és Épitõanyagipar területén (Wage Problems across the Construction and Construction Materials Industry Sectors), p. 2.
159. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/31d./1953; Bérproblémák az Épitõ-és Épitõanyagipar területén (Wage Problems across the Construction and Construction Materials Industry Sectors), p. 2.
160. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/31d./1953; Jelentés Bér és normával kapcsolatos észrevételekrõl (Report on Observations about Wages and Norms), p. 1.
161. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/31d./1953; Jelentés Bér és normával kapcsolatos észrevételekrõl (Report on Observations about Wages and Norms), p. 1.
162. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/30d./1953; Tapasztalaink alapján megállapitottuk azt ... (On the basis of our experiences we have established that...), pp. 3-4.
163. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/30d./1953; Tapasztalaink alapján megállapitottuk azt ... (On the basis of our experiences we have established that...), pp. 3-4.
164. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/30d./1953; Könnyüipari és Mezõgazdasági Osztály Jelentés (Light Industry and Agriculture Department Report), p. 3.
165. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/30d./1953; Könnyüipari és Mezõgazdasági Osztály Jelentés (Light Industry and Agriculture Department Report), p. 3.
166. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/30d./1953; A vegyiparban lévõ munkaügyi-és bérproblémák (Labour and Wage Problems in the Chemical Industry), p. 4.
167. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/30d./1953; A vegyiparban lévõ munkaügyi-és bérproblémák (Labour and Wage Problems in the Chemical Industry), p. 4.
168. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/30d./1953; Könnyüipari és Mezõgazdasági Osztály Jelentés (Light Industry and Agriculture Department Report), p. 3.
169. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/30d./1953; Könnyüipari és Mezõgazdasági Osztály Jelentés (Light Industry and Agriculture Department Report), p. 3.
170. th October 1953), p. 2. The information on the tightness of the norms for machinists in light industry can be found in ibid., p. 3.
171. th October 1953), p. 2. The information on the tightness of the norms for machinists in light industry can be found in ibid., p. 3.
172. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/30d./1953; Jelentés az élelmezései ipar bérnorma és premiumrendszer felülvizsgalásáról (Report on the Examination of Wages, Norms and Premiums in the Food Processing Industry), pp. 12-3.
173. SZKL SZOT Bérosztály/30d./1953; Jelentés az élelmezései ipar bérnorma és premiumrendszer felülvizsgalásáról (Report on the Examination of Wages, Norms and Premiums in the Food Processing Industry), pp. 12-3.
174. MOL M-Bp. -176f.2/191/4ö.e., p. 146.
175. th November 1951), p. 2.
176. th November 1951), p. 2.
177. "A magyar munkásosztály fejlõdése (The Development of the Hungarian Working Class)," p. 14, Unpublished manuscript in the Library of the Central Statistical Office, Budapest, 1954.
178. th September 1998; see also Pittaway Industrial Workers, Socialist Industrialisation and the State, pp. 246-83.
179. th September 1998; see also Pittaway Industrial Workers, Socialist Industrialisation and the State, pp. 246-83.
180. rd June 1955), p. 4.
181. SZKL Bányász (Mineworkers' Union)/922d./1955; Jegyzõkönyv felvétetett 1955. VI. 3.-án a Tröszt
182. Pittaway Industrial Workers, Socialist Industrialisation and the State, pp. 246-83.