Alternative pathways for processing exogenous and endogenous antigens that can generate peptides for MHC class I-restricted presentation

Immunological Reviews

Volumn 172, Issue , 1999, Pages 131-152

  Reimann, Jörg ^a   Schirmbeck, Reinhold ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ULM   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CD4 ANTIGEN; CD8 ANTIGEN; HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN CLASS 1; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN CLASS 2; VIRUS ANTIGEN;

ANTIGEN PRESENTATION; ARTICLE; CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE; LYSOSOME; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BINDING; T LYMPHOCYTE;

EID: 0033458754     PISSN: 01052896     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.1999.tb01362.x     Document Type: Article

References (199)

1. 1. Germain RN. Antigen processing and presentation. In: Paul WE, ed. Fundamental immunology. Philadelphia. New York: Lippincott-Raven; 1999. p. 287-341.
2. 2. Pamer EG, Cresswell P. Mechanisms of MHC class I-restricted antigen processing. Annu Rev Immunol 1998;16:323-358.
3. 3. Momburg F, Hämmerling GJ. Generation and TAP-mediated transport of peptides for major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. Adv Immunol 1998;68:191-256.
4. 4. Raz E, et al. Intradermal gene immunization: the possible role of DNA uptake in the induction of cellular immunity to viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:9519-9523.
5. 5. Boyle JS, Koniaras C, Lew AM. Influence of cellular location of expressed antigen on the efficacy of DNA vaccination: cytotoxic T lymphocyte and antibody responses are suboptimal when antigen is cytoplasmic after intramuscular DNA immunization. Int Immunol 1997;9:1897-1906.
6. 6. Ulmer JB, et al. Expression of a viral protein by muscle cells in vivo induces protective cell-mediated immunity. Vaccine 1997;15:839-841.
7. + T cells after gene gun immunization. J Exp Med 1998;188:1075-1082.
8. 8. Kurts C, Heath WR, Carbone FR, Allison JP, Miller JFAP, Kosaka H. Constitutive class I-restricted exogenous presentation of self antigens in vivo. J Exp Med 1996;184:923-930.
9. 9. Kurts C, Miller JF, Subramaniam RM, Carbone FR, Heath WR. Major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted cross-presentation is biased towards high dose antigens and those released during cellular destruction. J Exp Med 1998;188:409-414.
10. + T cell deletion induced by cross-presentation of self-antigens and favors autoimmunity. J Exp Med 1997;186:2057-2062.
11. 11. Heath WR, Kurts C, Miller JF, Carbone FR. Cross-tolerance: a pathway for inducing tolerance to peripheral tissue antigens. J Exp Med 1998;187:1549-1553.
12. 12. Goletz TJ, Klimpel KR, Leppla SH, Keith JM, Berzofsky JA. Delivery of antigens to the MHC class I pathway using bacterial toxins. Hum Immunol 1997;54:129-136.
13. + cytotoxic T lymphocytes in mice. Eur J Immunol 1992;22:759-766.
14. 14. Schirmbeck R, Zerrahn J, Kuhröber A, Deppert W, Reimann J. Immunization of mice with the N-terminal (1-272) fragment of simian virus 40 large T-antigen (without adjuvants) specifically primes cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 1993;23:1528-1534.
15. 15. Schirmbeck R, Melber K, Mertens T, Reimann J. Selective stimulation of murine cytotoxic T cell and antibody responses by particulate or monomeric hepatitis B virus surface (S) antigen. Eur J Immunol 1994;24:1088-1096.
16. 16. Schirmbeck R, Böhm W, Reimann J. Injection of detergent-denatured ovalbumin primes murine class I-restricted cytotoxic T cells in vivo. Eur J Immunol 1994;24:2068-2072.
17. + T lymphocyte-mediated antiviral immunity in mice as a result of injection of recombinant viral proteins. J Immunol 1994;153:2554-2561.
18. 18. Schirmbeck R, Deml L, Melber K, Wolf H, Wagner R, Reimann J. Priming of class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes by vaccination with recombinant protein antigens. Vaccine 1995;13:857-865.
19. 19. Allsopp CE, et al. Comparison of numerous delivery systems for the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by immunization. Eur J Immunol 1996;26:1951-1959.
20. 20. Diminsky D, Schirmbeck R, Reimann J, Barenholz Y. Comparison between surface antigen (HBsAg) particles derived from mammalian cells (CHO) and yeast cells (Hansenula polymorpha): composition, structure and immunogenicity. Vaccine 1997;15:637-647.
21. + cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in vivo. J Immunol 1994;152:1110-1119.
22. 22. Schirmbeck R, Melber K, Mertens T, Reimann J. Antibody and cytotoxic T-cell responses to soluble hepatitis B virus (HBV) S antigen in mice: implication for the pathogenesis of HBV-induced hepatitis. J Virol 1994;68:1418-1425.
23. + T cell-dependent. J Immunol 1999;163:1880-1887.
24. 23. Davis HL, Michel M-L, Whalen RG. DNA-based immunization induces continuous secretion of hepatitis B surface antigen and high levels of circulating antibody. Hum Mol Genet 1993;2:1847-1851.
25. 24. Fuller JT, Fuller DH, McCabe D, Haynes JR, Widera G. Immune responses to hepatitis B virus surface and core antigens in mice, monkeys, and pigs after Accell particle-mediated DNA immunization. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995;772:282-284.
26. 25. Michel M-L, Davis HL, Schleef M, Mancini M, Tiollais P, Whalen RG. DNA-mediated immunization to the hepatitis B surface antigen in mice: aspects of the humoral response mimic hepatitis B viral infection in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:5307-5311.
27. 26. Böhm W, Kuhröber A, Paier T, Mertens T, Reimann J, Schirmbeck R. DNA vector constructs that prime hepatitis B surface antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and antibody responses in mice after intramuscular injection. J Immunol Methods 1996;193:29-40.
28. 27. Davis HL, Mancini M, Michel M-L, Whalen RG. DNA-mediated immunization to hepatitis B surface antigen: longevity of primary response and effect of boost. Vaccine 1996;14:910-915.
29. 28. Chow YH, Huang WL, Chi WK, Chu YD, Tao MH. Improvement of hepatitis B virus DNA vaccines by plasmids coexpressing hepatitis B surface antigen and interleukin-2. J Virol 1997;71:169-178.
30. 29. Geissler M, Tokushige K, Chante CC, Zurawski VRJ, Wands JR. Cellular and humoral immune response to hepatitis B virus structural proteins in mice after DNA-based immunization. Gastroenterology 1997;112:1307-1320.
31. 30. Davis HL, Schirmbeck R, Reimann J, Whalen RG. DNA-mediated immunization in mice induces a potent MHC class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to hepatitis B virus surface antigen. Hum Gene Ther 1995;6:1447-1456.
32. 31. He XS, Chen HS, Chu K, Rivkina M, Robinson WS. Costimulatory protein B7-1 enhances the cytotoxic T cell response and antibody response to hepatitis B surface antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:7274-7278.
33. 32. Vitiello A, et al. Comparison of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses induced by peptide or DNA immunization: implications on immunogenicity and immunodominance. Eur J Immunol 1997;27:671-678.
34. 33. Geissler M, Schirmbeck R, Reimann J, Blum HE, Wands JR. Cytokine and hepatitis B virus DNA co-immunizations enhance cellular and humoral immune responses to the middle but not to the large hepatitis B virus surface antigen in mice. Hepatology 1998;18:202-210.
35. 34. Le BS, et al. In vivo induction of specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in mice and rhesus macaques immunized with DNA vector encoding an HIV epitope fused with hepatitis B surface antigen. Virology 1998;140:304-315.
36. 35. Böhm W, Mertens T, Schirmbeck R, Reimann J. Routes of plasmid DNA vaccination that prime murine humoral and cellular immune responses. Vaccine 1998;16:949-954.
37. 36. Wild J, et al. Polyvalent vaccination against hepatitis B surface and core antigen using dicistronic expression plasmids. Vaccine 1998;16:353-360.
38. 37. Schirmbeck R, Böhm W, Ando K-I, Chisari FV, Reimann J. Nucleic acid vaccination primes hepatitis B surface antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in nonresponder mice. J Virol 1995;69:5929-5934.
39. 38. Böhm W, Thoma S, Leithäuser F, Möller P, Schirmbeck R, Reimann J. T cell-mediated, IFNγ-facilitated rejection of murine B16 melanomas. J Immunol 1998;161:897-908.
40. d mice that reject syngeneic tumors. J Immunol 1996;157:3550-3558.
41. b-restricted cytotoxic T cell responses to exogenous hepatitis B surface antigen in 'low responder' mice. Int Immunol 1999;11:1093-1102.
42. 41. Ishikawa T, Kono DH, Fowler P, Theofilopoulos AN, Kakumu S, Chisari FV. Polyclonality and multispecificity of the CTL response to a single viral epitope. J Immunol 1998;161:5842-5850.
43. 42. Schirmbeck R, Wild J, Reimann J. Similar as well as distinct MHC-I-binding peptides are generated by exogenous and endogenous processing of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg). Eur J Immunol 1998;28:4149-4161.
44. 43. Böhm W, et al. Exogenous hepatitis B surface antigen particles processed by dendritic cells or macrophages prime murine MHC class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vivo. J Immunol 1995;155:3313-3321.
45. + cytolytic T cell response by chimeric HIV-1 virus-like particles in vivo. Implications on HIV vaccine development. Behring Inst Mitt 1994;95:23-34.
46. 45. Deml L, Schirmbeck R. Reimann J, Wolf H, Wagner R. Recombinant human immunodeficiency Pr55gag virus-like particles presenting chimeric envelope glycoproteins induce cytotoxic T-cells and neutralizing antibodies. Virology 1997;235:26-39.
47. 46. Chisari FV, Ferrari C. Hepatitis B virus immunopathogenesis. Annu Rev Immunol 1995;13:29-60.
48. b mice. J Immunol 1996;156:3687-3695.
49. 48. Kuhröber A, Wild J, Pudollek HP, Chisari FV, Reimann J. DNA vaccination with plasmids encoding the intracellular (HBcAg) or secreted (HBeAg) form of the core protein of hepatitis B virus primes T cell responses to two overlapping Kb-and Kd-restricted epitopes. Int Immunol 1997;9:1203-1212.
50. 49. Schirmbeck R, Melber K, Reimann J. Hepatitis B virus surface particles are processed in a novel endosomal pathway lor MHC class I-restricted epitope presentation. Eur J Immunol 1995;25:1063-1070.
51. d molecules capture peptides from endocytosed, exogenous antigens for MHC class I-restricted presentation. Eur J Immunol 1996;26:2812-2821.
52. 51. Lie W-R, Myers NB, Gorka J, Rubocki RJ, Connolly JM, Hansen TH. Peptide ligand-induced conformation and surface expression of the Ld class I MHC molecule. Nature 1990;344:439-441.
53. 52. Lie W-R, Myers NB, Connolly JM, Gorka J, Lee DR, Hansen TH. The specific binding of peptide ligand to Ld class I major histocompatibility complex molecules determines their antigenic structure. J Exp Med 1991;173.44-9-459.
54. 53. Smith JD, Lie W-R, Gorka J, Kindle CS, Myers NB, Hansen TH. Disparate interaction of peptide ligand with nascent versus mature class I major histocompatibility complex molecules: comparisons of peptide binding to alternative forms of Ld in cell lysates and the cell surface. J Exp Med 1992;175:191-202.
55. 54. Smith JD, Lie W-R, Gorka J, Myers NB, Hansen TH. Extensive peptide ligand exchange by surface class I major histocompatibility complex molecules independent of exogenous β2-microglobulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;89:7767-7771.
56. d molecules at the cell surface. J Exp Med 1993;178:2035-2046.
57. 56. Tse DB, Pernis B. Spontaneous internalization of class I major histocompatibility complex molecules in T lymphoid cells. J Exp Med 1984;159:193-207.
58. 57. Machy P, Truneh A, Gennaro D, Hoffstein S. Endocytosis and de novo expression of major histocompatibility complex encoded class I molecules: kinetic and ultrastructural studies. Eur J Cell Biol 1987;45:126-136.
59. 58. Dasgupta JD, Watkins S, Slayter H, Yunis EJ. Receptor-like nature of class I HLA: endocytosis via coated pits. J Immunol 1988;141:2577-2580.
60. 59. Reid PA, Watts C. Cycling of cell-surface MHC glycoproteins through primaquine-sensitive intracellular compartments. Nature 1990;346:655-657.
61. 60. Hochman JH, Jiang H, Matyus L, Edidin M, Pernis B. Endocytosis and dissociation of class I MHC molecules labeled with fluorescent β-2 microglobulin. J Immunol 1991;146:1862-1867.
62. 61. Abdel Motal UM, et al. Major histocompatibility complex class I-binding peptides are recycled to the cell surface after internalization. Eur J Immunol 1993;23:3224-3229.
63. 62. Machold RP, Ploegh HL. Intermediates in the assembly and degradation of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules probed with free heavy chain-specific monoclonal antibodies. J Exp Med 1996;184:2251-2259.
64. 63. Vega MA, Strominger JL. Constitutive endocytosis of HLA class I antigens requires a specific portion of the intracytoplasmic tail that shares structural features with other endocytosed molecules. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989;86:2688-2692.
65. 64. Abdel Motal UM, Sentman CL, Zhou X, Robinson PJ, Dahmen J, Jondal M. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked Db does not induce an influenza-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response or recycle membrane-bound peptides. Eur J Immunol 1995;25:1121-1124.
66. 65. Cariappa A, et al. Glycosylphosphatidylinosuol-anchored H-2Db molecules are defective in antigen processing and presentation to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 1996;26:2215-2224.
67. 66. Zitvogel L, et al. Eradication of established murine tumors using a novel cell-free vaccine: dendritic cell-derived exosomes. Nat Med 1998;4:594-600.
68. b. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986;83:7447-7451.
69. 68. Pickl WF, Majdic O, Fae I, Reuschel R, Holter W, Knapp W. The soluble pool of β2-microglobulin free HLA class I β-chains. Qualitative and quantitative characterization. J Immunol 1993;151:2613-2622.
70. 69. Carreno BM, Hansen TH. Exogenous peptide ligand influences the expression and half-life of free HLA class I heavy chains ubiquitously-detected at the cell surface. Eur J Immunol 1994;24:1285-1292.
71. 70. Machold RP, Andree S, Van Kaer L, Ljunggren H-G, Ploegh HL. Peptide influences the folding and intracellular transport of free major histocompatibility complex class I heavy chains. J Exp Med 1995;181:1111-1122.
72. 71. Lagaudriere GC, Lebel BS, Wiertz E, Ploegh HL, Fradelizi D, Conjeaud H. The tetraspanin protein CD82 associates with both free HLA class I heavy chain and heterodimeric β2-microglobulin complexes. J Immunol 1997;158:2790-2797.
73. 72. Wang Z, Arienti F, Parmiani G, Ferrone S. Induction and functional characterization of β2-microglobulin (β2-m)-free HLA class I heavy chains expressed by β2-m-deficient human FO-1 melanoma cells. Eur J Immunol 1998;28:2817-2826.
74. 73. Day PM, Esquivel F, Lukszo J, Bennink JR, Yewdell JW. Effect of TAP on the generation and intracellular trafficking of peptide-receptive major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. Immunity 1995;2:137-147.
75. 74. Ljunggren H-G, et al. Empty MHC class I molecules come out in the cold. Nature 1990;346:476-480.
76. 75. De Bruijn MLH, Schuhmacher TNM, Nieland JD, Ploegh HL, Kast WM, Melief CJM. Peptide loading of empty major histocompatibility complex molecules on RMA-S cells allows the induction of primary cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. Eur J Immunol 1991;21:2963-2970.
77. 76. Bernabeu C, van de Rijn M, Lerch PG, Terhorst C. β2-microglobulin from serum associates with MHC class I antigens on the surface of cultured cells. Nature 1984;308:642-645.
78. 77. Perarneau B, Siegrist C-A, Gillet A, Vincent C, Kimura S, Lemonnier FA. β2-microglobulin restriction of antigen presentation. Nature 1990;346:751-753.
79. b class I major histocompatibility complex binding of exogenous peptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:7517-7521.
80. 79. Vitiello A, Potter TA, Sherman LA. The role of β2-microglobulin in peptide binding by class I molecules. Science 1990;250:1423-1426.
81. 80. Kozlowski S, et al. Excess β2 microglobulin promoting functional peptide association with purified soluble class I MHC molecules. Nature 1991;349:74-77.
82. 81. Rock KL, Gamble S, Rothstein L, Gramm C, Benacerraf B. Dissociation of β2-microglobulin leads to the accumulation of a substantial pool of inactive class I MHC heavy chains on the cell surface. Cell 1991;65:611-620.
83. d and a novel 50-kD glycoprotein encoded centromeric to I-E β. J Exp Med 1995;181:657-668.
84. d-restricted epitope presentation depends on exogenous β2m. Eur J Immunol 1997;27:3471-3484.
85. 84. Prigozy TI, et el. The mannose receptor delivers lipoglycan antigens to endosomes for presentation to T cells by CD1b molecules. Immunity 1997;6:187-197.
86. 85. Schirmbeck R, Böhm W, Melber K, Reimann J. Processing of exogenous heat-aggregated (denatured) or paniculate (native) hepatitis B surface antigen for class I-restricted epitope presentation. J Immunol 1995;155:4676-4684.
87. 86. Suzue K, Young R. Adjuvant-free hsp70 fusion protein system elicits humoral and cellular immune responses to HIV-1 p24. J Immunol 1996;156:873-879.
88. 87. Schirmbeck R, Reimann J. Peptide transporter-independent, stress protein-mediated endosomal processing of endogenous protein antigens for major histocompatibility complex class I presentation. Eur J Immunol 1994;24:1478-1486.
89. 88. Schirmbeck R, Bohm W, Reimann J. Stress protein (hsp73)-mediated, TAP-independent processing of endogenous, truncated SV40 large T antigen for Db-restricted peptide presentation. Eur J Immunol 1997;27:2016-2023.
90. 89. Schirmbeck R, Gerstner O, Reimann J. Truncated or chimeric endogenous protein antigens gain immunogenicity for B cells by stress protein-facilitated expression. Eur J Immunol 1999;29:1740-1749.
91. 90. Grussenmeyer J, Scheidtmann KH, Hutchinson MA, Eckhart W, Walter G. Complexes of polyoma virus medium T antigen and cellular proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985;82:7952-7954.
92. 91. Walter G, Carbone A, Welch WJ. Medium tumor antigen of polyoma virus transformation-defective mutant NG59 is associated with 73-kilodalton heat shock protein. J Virol 1987;61:405-410.
93. 92. Hightower LE, Sadis SE, Takenaka IM. Interaction of vertebrate hsc70 and hsp70 with unfolded proteins and peptides. In: Morimoto RI, Tissieres A, Georgopoulos C, eds. The biology of heat shock proteins and molecular chaperones. Cold Spring Harbor: CSHL Press; 1994. p. 179-207.
94. 93. Dice JF, Agarraberes F, Kirven-Brooks M, Terlecky LJ, Terlecky SR. Heat shock 70-kD proteins and lysosomal proteolysis. In: Morimoto RI, Tissieres A, Georgopoulos C, eds. The biology of heat shock proteins and molecular chaperones. Cold Spring Harbor: CSHL Press; 1994. p. 137-151.
95. 94. Dice JF, Terlecky SR. Selective degradation of cytosolic proteins by lysosomes. In: Ciechanover AJ, Schwanz AL, eds. Cellular proteolytic systems. New York: Wiley-Liss; 1994. p. 55-64.
96. 95. Hayes SA, Dice JF. Roles of molecular chaperones in protein degradation. J Cell Biol 1996;132:255-258.
97. 96. Chiang H-L, Terlecky SR, Plant CP, Dice JF. A role for a 70-kilodalton heat shock protein in lysosomal degradation of intracellular proteins. Science 1989;246:382-385.
98. 97. Terlecky SR, Chiang H-L, Olson TS, Dice JF. Protein and peptide binding and stimulation of in vitro lysosomal proteolysis by the 73-kDa heat shock cognate protein. J Biol Chem 1992;267:9202
99. 98. Cuervo AM, Knecht E, Terlecky SR, Dice JF. Activation of a selective pathway of lysosomal proteolysis in rat liver by prolonged starvation. Am J Physiol 1995;269: C1200-1208.
100. 99. Cuervo AM, Dice JF. A receptor for the selective uptake and degradation of proteins by lysosomes. Science 1996;273:501-503.
101. 100. Yewdell JW, Anton LC, Bennink JR. Defective ribosomal products (DRiPs). A major source of antigenic peptides for MHC class I molecules? J Immunol 1996;157:1823-1826.
102. 101. DeNagel DC, Pierce SK. Heat shock proteins in immune responses. Crit Rev Immunol 1993;13:71-81.
103. 101. Sargent CA, Dunham I, Trowsdale J, Campbell RD. Human major histocompatibility complex contains genes for the major heat shock protein Hsp70. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986;86:1986-1972.
104. 103. Nieland TJF, Tan MCA, Van Muijen MM, Koning F, Kruisbeek AM, van Bleek GM. Isolation of an immunodominant viral peptide that is endogenously bound to the stress protein GP96/GRP94. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:6135-6139.
105. 104. Li Z, Srivastava PK. Tumor rejection antigen gp96/grp94 is an ATPase: implications for protein folding and antigen presentation. EMBO J 1993;12:3143-3151.
106. 105. Srivastava PK. Peptide-binding heat shock proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum: role in immune response to cancer and in antigen presentation. Adv Cancer Res 1993;62:153-177.
107. 106. Udono H, Srivastava PK. Heat shock protein 70-associated peptides elicit specific cancer immunity. J Exp Med 1993;178:1391-1396.
108. 107. Srivastava PK, Udono H, Blachere NE, Li Z. Heat shock proteins transfer peptides during antigen processing and CTL priming. Immunogenetics 1994;39:93-98.
109. 108. Udono H, Srivastava PK. Comparison of tumor-specific immunogenicity of stress-induced protein gp96, hsp90, and hsp70. J Immunol 1994;152:5398-5403.
110. + T cells in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:3077-3081.
111. 110. Arnold D, Faath S, Rammensee HG, Schild H. Cross-priming of minor histocompatibility antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells upon immunization with the heat shock protein gp96. J Exp Med 1995;182:885-889.
112. 111. Roman E, Moreno C. Synthetic peptides non-covalently bound to bacterial hsp70 elicit peptide-specific T-cell responses in vivo. Immunology 1996;88:487-492.
113. 112. Gabathuler R, Reid G, Kolaitis G, Driscoll J, Jefferies WA. Comparison of cell lines deficient in antigen presentation reveals a functional role for TAP-1 alone in antigen processing. J Exp Med 1994;180:1415-1425.
114. 113. Suto R, Srivastava PK. A mechanism for the specific immunogenicity of heat shock protein-chaperoned peptides. Science 1995;269:1585-1588.
115. 114. Wood P, Elliott T. Glycan-regulated antigen processing of a protein in the endoplasmic reticulum can uncover cryptic cytotoxic T cell epitopes. J Exp Med 1998;188:773-778.
116. 115. Bacik I, et al. Introduction of a glycosylation site into a secreted protein provides evidence for an alternative antigen processing pathway: transport of precursors of major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted peptides from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. J Exp Med 1997;186:479-487.
117. 116. Snyder HL, et al. Two novel routes of transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)-independent major histocompatibility complex class I antigen processing. J Exp Med 1997;186:1087-1098.
118. 117. Snyder HL, Bacik I, Yewdell JW, Behrens TW, Bennink JR. Promiscuous liberation of MHC-class I-binding peptides from the C termini of membrane and soluble proteins in the secretory pathway. Eur J Immunol 1998;28:1339-1346.
119. 118. Gil-Torregrosa BC, Castano AR, Del Val M. Major histocompatibility complex class I viral antigen processing in the secretory pathway defined by the trans-Golgi network protease furin. J Exp Med 1998;188:1105-1116.
120. 119. Mortimore GE, Kadowaki M. Autophagy: its mechanism and regulation. In: Ciechanover AJ, Schwartz AL, eds. Cellular proteolytic systems. New York: Wiley-Liss; 1994. p. 65-87.
121. 120. Lindner R, Unanue ER. Distinct antigen MHC class II complexes generated by separate processing pathways. EMBO J 1996;15:6910-6920.
122. 121. Griffin JP, Chu R, Harding CV. Early endosomes and a late endocytic compartment generate different peptide-class II MHC complexes via distinct processing mechanisms. J Immunol 1997;158:1523-1532.
123. 122. Ma C, Blum JS. Receptor-mediated endocytosis of antigens overcomes the requirement for HLA-DM in class II-restricted antigen presentation. J Immunol 1997;158:1-4.
124. 123. Watts C. Capture and processing of exogenous antigens for presentation on MHC molecules. Annu Rev Immunol 1997;15:821-850.
125. 124. Sigal LJ, Crotty S, Andino R, Rock KL. Cytotoxic T-cell immunity to virus-infected non-haemopoietic cells requires presentation of exogenous antigen. Nature 1999;398:77-80.
126. 125. Bevan MJ. Minor H antigens introduced on H-2 different stimulating cells cross-react at the cytotoxic T cell level during in vivo priming. J Immunol 1976;117:2233-2238.
127. 126. Bevan MJ, Cross-priming for a secondary cytotoxic response to minor H antigens with H-2 congenic cells which do not cross-react in the cytotoxic assay. J Exp Med 1976;143:1283-1288.
128. 127. Bevan MJ. In a radiation chimera, host H-2 antigens determine immune responsiveness of donor cytotoxic cells. Nature 1977;269:417-418.
129. 128. Gordon RD, Mathieson BJ, Samelson LE, Boyse EA, Simpson E. The effect of allogeneic presensitization on H-Y graft survival and in vitro cell-mediated responses to H-y antigen. J Exp Med 1976;144:810-820.
130. 129. Gooding L, Edwards CB. H-2 antigen requirements in the in vitro induction of SV0-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Immunol 1980;124:1258-1262.
131. 130. Huang AY, Golumbek P, Ahmadzadeh M, Jaffee E, Pardoll D, Levitsky HI. Role of bone marrow-derived cells in presenting MHC class I-restricted tumor antigens. Science 1994;264:961-965.
132. 131. Wu TC, Huang AY, Jaffee EM, Levitsky HI, Pardoll DM. A reassessment of the role of B7-1 expression in tumor rejection. J Exp Med 1995;182:1415-1421.
133. 132. Carbone FR, Bevan MJ. Class I-restricted processing and presentation of exogenous cell-associated antigen in vivo. J Exp Med 1990;171:377-387.
134. 133. Corr M, Lee DJ, Carson DA, Tighe H. Gene vaccination with naked plasmid DNA: mechanism of CTL priming. J Exp Med 1996;184:1555-1560.
135. 134. Doe B, Selby M, Barnett S, Baenziger J, Walker CM. Induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by intramuscular immunization with plasmid DNA is facilitated by bone marrow-derived cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:8578-8583.
136. 135. Ulmer JB, Deck RR, DeWitt CM, Donnhly JI, Liu MA. Generation of MHC class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes by expression of a viral protein in muscle cells: antigen presentation by non-muscle cells. Immunology 1996;89:59-67.
137. 136. Iwasaki A, Torres CA, Ohashi PS, Robinson HL, Barber BH. The dominant role of bone marrow-derived cells in CTL induction following plasmid DNA immunization at different sites. J Immunol 1997;159:11-14.
138. + T cells. J Exp Med 1997;186:239-245.
139. 138. Bellone M, et al. Processing of engulfed apoptotic bodies yields T cell epitopes. J Immunol 1997;159:5391-5399.
140. 139. Albert ML, et al. Immature dendritic cells phagocytose apoptotic cells via αvβ5 and CD36, and cross-present antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 1998;188:1359-1368.
141. 140. Melcher A, Todryk S, Hardwick N, Ford M, Jacobson M, Vile RG. Tumor immunogenicity is determined by the mechanism of cell death via induction of heat shock protein expression. Nat Med 1998;4:581-587.
142. 141. Rovere P, et al. Bystander apoptosis triggers dendritic cell maturation and antigen-presenting function. J Immunol 1998;161:4467-4471.
143. 142. Nestle FO, et al. Vaccination of melanoma patients with peptide- or tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells. Nat Med 1998;4:328-332.
144. 143. Pamer EG, Sijts AJ, Villanueva MS, Busch DH, Vijh S. MHC class I antigen processing of Listeria monocytogenes proteins: implications for dominant and subdominant CTL responses. Immunol Rev 1997;158:129-136.
145. 144. Darji A, Chakraborty T, Wehland J, Weiss S. TAP-dependent major histocompatibility complex class I presentation of soluble proteins using listeriolysin. Eur J Immunol 1997;27:1353-1359.
146. 145. Mazzaccaro RJ, et al. Major histocompatibility class I presentation of soluble antigen facilitated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:11786-11791.
147. 146. Pfeifer JD, Wick MJ, Roberts RL, Findlay K, Normark SJ, Harding CV. Phagocytic processing of bacterial antigens for class I MHC presentation to T cells. Nature 1993;361:359-362.
148. 147. Harding CV, et al. Novel dipeptide aldehydes are proteasome inhibitors and block the MHC-I antigen-processing pathway. J Immunol 1995;155:1767-1775.
149. 148. Wick MJ, Pfeifer JD. Major histocompatibility complex class I presentation of ovalbumin peptide 257-264 from exogenous sources: protein context influences the degree of TAP-independent presentation. Eur J Immunol 1996;26:2790-2799.
150. 149. Svensson M, Stockinger B, Wick MJ. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells can process bacteria for MHC-I and MHC-II presentation to T cells. J Immunol 1997;158:4229-4236.
151. 150. Harding CV, Song R. Phagocytic processing of exogenous paniculate antigens by macrophages for presentation by class I MHC molecules. J Immunol 1994;153:4925-4933.
152. 151. Rock KL, Rothstein LE, Fleischacker C, Gamble SR. Inhibition of class I and class II MHC-restricted antigen presentation by cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for an exogenous antigen. J Immunol 1992;148:3028-3033.
153. 152. Kovacsovics Bankowski M, Clark K, Benacerraf B, Rock KL. Efficient major histocompatibility complex class I presentation of exogenous antigen upon phagocytosis by macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:4942-4946.
154. 153. Kovacsovics Bankowski M, Rock KL. A phagosome-to-cytosol pathway for exogenous antigens presented on MHC class I molecules. Science 1995;267:243-246.
155. 154. Raposo G, et al. B lymphocytes secrete antigen-presenting vesicles. J Exp Med 1996;183:1161-1172.
156. 155. Nair S, Zhou X, Huang L, Rouse BT. Class I restricted CTL recognition of a soluble protein delivered by liposomes containing lipophilic polylysines. J Immunol Methods 1992;152:237-243.
157. 156. Reddy R, Zhou F, Nair S, Huang L, Rouse BT. In vivo cytotoxic T lymphocyte induction with soluble proteins administered in liposomes. J Immunol 1992;148:1585-1589.
158. 157. Zhou F, Rouse BT, Huang L. Induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vivo with protein antigen entrapped in membranous vehicles. J Immunol 1992;149:1599-1604.
159. 158. Collins DS, Findlay K, Harding CV. Processing of exogenous liposome-encapsulated antigens in vivo generates class I MHC-restricted T cell responses. J Immunol 1992;148:3336-3341.
160. 159. Yewdell JW, Bennink JR, Hosaka Y. Cells process exogenous proteins for recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Science 1988;239:637-640.
161. 160. Vinitsky A, Anton LC, Snyder HL, Orlowski M, Bennink JR, Yewdell JW. The generation of MHC class I-associated peptides is only partially inhibited by proteasome inhibitors: involvement of nonproteasomal cytosolic proteases in antigen processing? J Immunol 1997;159:554-564.
162. 161. Wiktor TJ, Doherty PC, Koprowski H. In vitro evidence of cell-mediated immunity after exposure of mice to both live and inactivated rabies virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1977;74:334-338.
163. 162. Reddehase MJ, Keil GM, Koszinowski UH. The cytolytic T lymphocyte response to the murine cytomegalovirus. II. Detection of virus replication stage-specific antigens by separate populations of in vivo active cytolytic T lymphocyte precursors. Eur J Immunol 1984;14:56-61.
164. 163. Liu T, Zhou X, Orvell C, Lederer E, Ljunggren H-G, Jondal M. Heat-inactivated Sendai virus can enter multiple MHC class I processing pathways and generate cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in vivo. J Immunol 1995;154:3147-3155.
165. 164. Schrader JW, Edelman GM. Joint recognition by cytotoxic T cells of inactivated Sendai virus and products of the major histocompatibility complex. J Exp Med 1977;145:523-539.
166. 165. Zhou X, Berglund P, Zhao H, Liljestrom P, Jondal M. Generation of cytotoxic and humoral immune responses by nonreplicative recombinant Semliki Forest virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:3009-3013.
167. 166. Zhou X, Glas R, Liu T, Ljunggren H-G, Jondal M. Antigen processing mutant T2 cells present viral antigen restricted through H-2Kb. Eur J Immunol 1993;23:1802-1808.
168. 167. Zhou X, Glas R, Momburg F, Hämmerling GJ, Jondal M, Ljunggren H-G. TAP2-defective RMA-S cells present Sendai virus antigen to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 1993;23:1796-1801.
169. 168. Sedlik C, Saron M-F, Sarraseca J, Leclerc C. Recombinant parvovirus-like particles as an antigen carrier: a novel nonreplicative exogenous antigen to elicit protective antiviral cytotoxic T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:7503-7508.
170. 169. Greenstone HL, et al. Chimeric papillomavirus virus-like particles elicit antitumor immunity against the E7 oncoprotein in an HPV16 tumor model. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:1800-1805.
171. 170. Griffiths JC, et al. Hybrid human immunodeficiency virus Gag particles as an antigen carrier system: induction of cytotoxic T-cell and humoral responses by a Gag: V3 fusion. J Virol 1993;67:3191-3198.
172. 171. Harris SJ, Gearing AJ, Layton GT, Adams SE, Kingsman AJ. Enhanced proliferative cellular responses to HIV-1 V3 peptide and gp120 following immunization with V3: Ty virus-like particles. Immunology 1992;77:315-321.
173. 172. Layton GT, et al. Induction of HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vivo with hybrid HIV-1 V3: Ty-virus-like particles. J Immunol 1993;151:1097-1107.
174. 173. Jin Y, Shih JWK, Berkower I. Human T cell response to the surface antigen of hepatitis B virus (HBsAg). Endosomal and nonendosomal processing pathways are accessible to both endogenous and exogenous antigen. J Exp Med 1988;168:293-306.
175. 174. Barnaba V, Franco A, Alberti A, Benvenuto R, Balsano F. Selective killing of hepatitis B envelope antigen-specific B cells by class I-restricted, exogenous antigen-specific T lymphocytes. Nature 1990;345:258-260.
176. 175. Darji A, Chakraborty T, Wehland J, Weiss S, Listeriolysin generates a route for the presentation of exogenous antigens by major histocompatibility complex class I. Eur J Immunol 1995;25:2967-2971.
177. 176. Zwickey HL, Potter TA. Peptide epitopes from noncytosolic Listeria monocytogenes can be presented by major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. Infect Immun 1996;64:1870-1872.
178. 177. Lee RS, et al. Major histocompatibility complex class I presentation of exogenous soluble tumor antigen fused to the B-fragment of Shiga toxin. Eur J Immunol 1998;28:2726-2737.
179. 178. Goletz TJ, Klimpel KR, Arora N, Leppla SH, Keith JM, Berrofsky JA. Targeting HIV proteins to the major histocompatibility complex class I processing pathway with a novel gp120-anthrax toxin fusion protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:12059-12064.
180. 179. Ulmer JB, Donnelly JJ, Liu MA. Presentation of an exogenous antigen by major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. Eur J Immunol 1994;24:1590-1596.
181. + T cell epitope from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:3314-3319.
182. 181. Guermonprez P, Ladant D, Karimova G, Ullmann A, Leclerc C. Direct delivery of the Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin to the MHC Class I antigen presentation pathway. J Immunol 1999;162:1910-1916.
183. 182. Van Binnendijk RS, et al. Measles virus transmembrane fusion protein synthesized de novo or presented in immunostimulating complexes is endogenously processed for HLA class I- and class II-restricted cytotoxic T cell recognition. J Exp Med 1992;176:119-128.
184. + cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. J Immunol 1992;148:2357-2362.
185. 184. Raychaudhuri S, Tonks M, Carbone F, Ryskamp T, Morrow WJ, Hanna N. Induction of antigen-specific class I-restricted cytotoxic T cells by soluble proteins in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89:8308-8312.
186. 185. Tevethia SS, Flyer DC, Tjian R. Biology of simian virus 40(SV40) transplantation antigen (TrAg). VI. Mechanism of induction of SV40 transplantation immunity in mice by purified SV40 T antigen (D2 protein). Virology 1980;107:13-23.
187. 186. Yamada A, Ziese MR, Young JF, Yamada Y, Ennis FA. Influenza virus hemagglutinin-specific cytotoxic T cell response induced by polypeptide produced in Escherichia coli. J Exp Med 1985;162:663-674.
188. 187. Wraith DC, Vessey AE. Influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T-cell recognition: stimulation of nucleoprotein-specific clones with intact antigen. Immunology 1986;59:173-180.
189. 188. Wraith DC, Vessey AE, Askonas BA. Purified influenza virus nucleoprotein protects mice from lethal infection. J Gen Virol 1987;68:433-440.
190. 189. Staerz UD, Karasuyama H, Garner AM. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes against a soluble protein. Nature 1987;329:449-451.
191. + T cell responses without antibody formation. J Immunol 1992;149:1334-1339.
192. 191. Bachmann et al. Induction of protective cytotoxic T cells with viral proteins. Eur J Immunol 1994;24:2128-2236.
193. 192. Bachmann MF, et al. TAP1-independent loading of class I molecules by exogenous viral proteins. Eur J Immunol 1995;25:1739-1743.
194. 193. Doe B, Steimer KS, Walker CM. Induction of HIV-1 envelope (gp120)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in mice by recombinant CHO cell-derived gp120 is enhanced by enzymatic removal of N-linked glycans. Eur J Immunol 1994;24:2369-2376.
195. 194. Speidel K, et al. Priming of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by five heat-aggregated antigens in vivo: conditions, efficiency, and relation to antibody responses. Eur J Immunol 1997;27:2391-2399.
196. 195. Blachere NE, et al. Heat shock protein-peptide complexes, reconstituted in vitro, elicit peptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response and tumor immunity. J Exp Med 1997;186:1315-1322.
197. 196. Roman E, Moreno C. Delayed-type hypersensitivity elicited by synthetic peptides complexed with Mycobacterium tuberculosis hsp 70. Immunology 1997;90:52-56.
198. 197. Ciupitu AM, et al. Immunization with a lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus peptide mixed with heat shock protein 70 results in protective antiviral immunity and specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 1998;187:685-691.
199. 198. Suzue K, Zhou X, Eisen HN, Young R. Heat shock fusion proteins as vehicles for antigen delivery into the major histocompatibility complex class I presentation pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:13146-13151.