Presence of multiple HIV subtypes and a high frequency of subtype chimeric viruses in heterosexually infected women

Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 325-332

  Iversen, Astrid K N ^a,b   Learn, Gerald H ^c   Fugger, Lars ^d   Gerstoft, Jan ^a   Mullins, James I ^c   Skinhoj, Peter ^a  

^a Rigshospitalet   (Denmark)

^b AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d AARHUS UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Heterosexual transmission; HIV 1 subtype diversity; Recombination

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CHIMERA; DENMARK; DNA SEQUENCE; FEMALE; FREQUENCY ANALYSIS; GENE CLUSTER; HETEROSEXUALITY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; VIRUS GENOME; VIRUS REPLICATION; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

EID: 0033451459     PISSN: 10779450     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00126334-199912010-00002     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Quinn TC. Global burden of the HIV pandemic. Lancet 1996;348: 99-106.
2. Ronne T, ed. Epi-nyt., sundhedsstyrelsens meldesystem for smitsomme sygdomme. Copenhagen: Statens Serum Institut, 1997:1-2.
3. Leitner T, Albert J. A new genetic subtype of HIV-1. In: Myers G, Hahn BH, Mellors JW, et al. Human retroviruses and AIDS: a compilation and analysis of nucleic acid and amino acid sequences. Los Alamos, New Mexico: Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group T-10, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1995.
4. Myers G, Hahn BH, Mellors JW, et al., eds. Human retroviruses and AIDS: a compilation and analysis of nucleic acid and amino acid sequences. Los Alamos, NM: Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group T-10, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1995.
5. Salminen MO, Carr JK, Burke DS, McCutchan FE. Genotyping of HIV-1. In: Myers G, Hahn BH, Mellors JW, et al. Human retroviruses and AIDS: a compilation and analysis of nucleic acid and amino acid sequences. Los Alamos, NM: Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group T-10, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1995.
6. Simon FP, Mauclère P, Roques I, et al. Identification of a new human immunodeficiency virus type 1 distinct from group M and group O. Nat Med 1998;4:1032-7.
7. Bruce C, Clegg C, Featherstone A, et al. Presence of Multiple Genetic Subtypes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 proviruses in Uganda. AIDS Res and Hum retroviruses. 1994;10: 1543-50.
8. Louwagie J, Janssens W, Mascola J, et al. Genetic diversity of the envelope glycoprotein from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates of African origin. J Virol 1995;69:263-71.
9. Nkengasong JN, Janssens W, Heyndrickx L, et al. Genotypic subtypes of HIV in Cameroon.AIDS 1994;8:1405-12.
10. WHO. WHO network for HIV isolation and characterization. HIV Type 1 variation in world health organization-sponsored vaccine evaluation sites: Genetic screening, sequence analysis, and preliminary biological characterization of selected viral strains. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994;10:1327-1434.
11. Jackson RB, Drew JB, Lin HJ, Wolinsky SM, Yen-Lieberman B. Qualitative HIV-1 DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, vol. 2.1 of ACTG virology manual for HIV laboratories. Bethesda: Division of AIDS, NIAID, NIH, 1993.
12. Iversen AKN, Larsen AR, Jensen T, et al. Distinct determinants of HIV-1 RNA and DNA loads in vaginal and cervical secretions. J Infect Dis 1998;177:1214-20.
13. Simmonds P, Balfe P, Peutherer JF, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals contain provirus in small numbers of peripheral mononuclear cells and at low copy numbers. J Virol 1990;64:864-72.
14. Holmes EC, Zhang LQ, Robertson P, et al. The molecular epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in Edinburgh. J Infect Dis 1995;171:45-53.
15. Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res 1994;22:4673-80.
16. Learn GH, Korber B, Foley TM, Hahn B, Wolinsky BH, Mullins JI. Maintaining the integrity of HIV sequence databases. J Virol 1996;70:5720-30.
17. Swofford, DL. PAUP 4.0: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (and other methods), version 4.0b1. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 1998.
18. Leitner T, Kumar S, Albert J. Tempo and mode of nucleotide substitutions in gag and env gene fragments in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 populations with a known transmission history. J Virol 1997;71:4761-70.
19. Felsenstein J. Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 1985;39:783-91.
20. Siepel, AC, Halpern AL, Macken C, Korber BT. A computer program designed to rapidly screen for HIV-1 intersubtype recombinant sequences. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1995;11:1413-16.
21. Felsenstein J. PHYLIP - phylogeny inference package, version 3.2, vol 5. 1989:164-6.
22. Ratner L, Fisher A, Jagodzinski LL, et al. Complete nucleotide sequences of functional clones of the AIDS virus. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1987;3:57-69.
23. Leitner T, Korber B, Robertson D, Gao F, Hahn B. Updated proposal of reference sequences of HIV-1 genetic subtypes, p. III-19-III-24. In: Korber B, Foley B, Leitner T, McCutchan F, eds. Human retroviruses and AIDS 1997. Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1998.
24. Carr JK, Salminen MO, Albert J, et al. Full genome sequences of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes G and A/G intersubtype recombinants. Virology 1998;247:22-31.
25. Alizon M, Wain-Hobson S, Montagnier L, Sonigo P. Genetic variability of the AIDS virus: nucleotide sequence analysis of two isolates from African patients. Cell 1986;46:63-74.
26. Choi DJ, Dube S, Spicer TP, et al. HIV type 1 isolate Z321, the strain used to make a therapeutic HIV type 1 immunogen, is intersubtype recombinant. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1997;13: 357-61.
27. Gao F, Robertson DL, Carruthers CD. A comprehensive panel of near-full-length clones and reference sequences for non-subtype B isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 1998; 72:5680-98.
28. Howard TM, Olaylele DO, Rasheed S. Sequence analysis of the glycoprotein 120 coding region of a new HIV type 1 subtype A strain (HIV-1IbNg) from Nigeria. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994;10:1755-7.
29. Salminen MO, Koch C, Sanders-Buell E, et al. Recovery of virtually full length HIV-1 provirus of diverse subtypes from primary virus cultures using the PCR. Virology 1995;213:80-6.
30. Artenstein AW, VanCott TC, Mascola JR, et al. Dual infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 of distinct envelope subtypes in humans. J Infect Dis 1995;171:805-10.
31. Pieniazek D, Janini LM, Ramos A, et al. HIV-1 patients may harbour viruses of different phylogenetic subtypes: implications for the evolution of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Emerg Infect Dis 1995;1:86-8.
32. Janini LM, Tanuri A, Schechter M, et al. Horizontal and vertical transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 dual infections caused by viruses of subtypes B and C. AIDS 1998;177: 227-31.
33. Diaz RS, Sabino EC, Mayer A, Mosley JW, Busch MP, and the Transfusion Safety Study Group. Dual human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and recombination in a dually exposed transfusion recipient. J Virol 1995;69:3273-81.
34. Zhu T, Wang A, Carr S, Wolinsky S, Ho DD. Evidence for coinfection by multiple strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype B in an acute seroconverter. J Virology 1995;69:1324-7.
35. Bobkov A, Kazennova E, Selimova L, et al. A sudden epidemic of HIV type 1 among injecting drug users in the former Soviet Union: identification of subtype A, subtype B, and novel gagA/envB recombinants. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998;14:669-76.
36. Liitsola K, Tashkinova I, Laukkanen T, et al. HIV-1 genetic subtype A/B recombinant strain causing an explosive IDU epidemic in Kaliningrad. AIDS 1998;12:1907-19.