"Land values, human values, and the preservation of the city's treasured appearance": Environmentalism, politics, and the San Francisco freeway revolt

Pacific Historical Review

Volumn 68, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 611-646

  Issel, William ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTALISM; HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; ROAD CONSTRUCTION; TWENTIETH CENTURY;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 0033451203     PISSN: 00308684     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/4492372     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. San Francisco Board of Supervisors, Resolution Number 45-59, Jan. 23, 1959; copies of Board of Supervisors resolutions are in folder 62, Freeway Collection, San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Main Public Library (hereafter cited with the name of the document, followed by the folder number, followed by "Freeway Collection"). The ninety separate folders pertaining to San Francisco freeways at the History Center contain originals and copies of city and state documents pertaining to freeways from the Department of City Planning, San Francisco Public Works Department, Mayor's Office, Board of Supervisors, Planning Commission, and various state agencies. Also included are correspondence to and from city and state agencies and citywide and neighborhood interest groups. Extensive clipping files originally assembled by City Planning Department staff are also included in this collection.
2. San Francisco Board of Supervisors, Resolution Number 634-64, Oct. 13, 1964; San Francisco Board of Supervisors, Resolution Number 391-65-3, March 21, 1966; San Francisco Board of Supervisors, Resolution Number 391-65-4 and Resolution Number 391-65-5, March 21, 1966.
3. San Francisco Chronicle, March 24, 1966; San Francisco Examiner, March 22, 1966.
4. San Francisco Chronicle, March 24, 1966; San Francisco Examiner, March 22, 1966.
5. Joseph L. Alioto quoted in San Francisco Chronicle, Oct. 10, 1956; San Francisco Chronicle, May 22, June 6, 26, July 3, 1968, March 20, 1969.
6. Joseph L. Alioto quoted in San Francisco Chronicle, Oct. 10, 1956; San Francisco Chronicle, May 22, June 6, 26, July 3, 1968, March 20, 1969.
7. "The War Over Urban Expressways," Business Week (March 11, 1967), 4-5. See also Richard A. Miller, "Expressway Blight," Architectural Forum, 111 (1959), 159-163; "The Revolt Against Big-City Freeways," U.S. News and World Report, 52 (Jan. 1, 1962), 48-51; Lewis Mumford, The Highway and the City (New York, 1963). Jane Holtz Kay, Asphalt Nation: How the Automobile Took Over America and How We Can Take It Back (New York, 1997), is a critique in the tradition of Helen Leavitt, Super Highway-Super Hoax (New York, 1970), and Ben Kelley, The Pavers and the Paved (New York, 1971 ). See also Tom Lewis, Divided Highways: Building the Interstate Highways, Transforming American Life (New York, 1997). For a sample of the extensive scholarly literature, see Raymond A. Mohl, "Planned Destruction: The Interstates and Central City Housing," in John Bauman, ed., From the Tenement to the Robert Taylor Homes: American Housing Policy, 1895-1990 (University Park, Pa., forthcoming); Carl Abbott, The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West (Tucson, 1993), 154-155; Mark H. Rose and Bruce E. Seely, "Getting the Interstate System Built: Road Engineers and the Implementation of Public Policy, 1955-1985," Journal of Policy History, 2 (1990), 23-55; Mark H. Rose, Interstate: Express Highway Politics, 1939-1989 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1990); Bruce E. Seely, Building the American Highway System: Engineers as Policy Makers (Philadelphia, 1987); Samuel P. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985 (Cambridge, Eng., 1987); Robert Fishman, "The anti-planners: the contemporary revolt against planning and its significance for planning history," in Gordon E. Cherry, ed., Shaping an Urban World (New York, 1980); Mark Foster, "City Planners and Urban Transportation: The American Response, 1900-1940," Journal of Urban History, 5 (1979), 365-396; John B. Rae, "The Car and the Road: Highway Technology and Highway Policy," and Carroll Pursell and Eugene Ferguson, "Commentary on the Paper of John Rae," in Duane H. D. Roller, ed., Perspectives in the History of Science and Technology (Norman, Okla., 1971), 99-122; Alan K. Sloan, Citizen Participation in Transportation Planning: The Boston Experience (Cambridge, Mass., 1974); Richard O. Baumbach, Jr., and William E. Borah, The Second Battle of New Orleans: A History of the Vieux Carré Riverfront Expressway Controversy (University, Ala., 1981); Carl Abbott, Portland: Planning, Politics, and Growth in a Twentieth-Century City (Lincoln, Nebr., 1983), 255-257.
8. "The War Over Urban Expressways," Business Week (March 11, 1967), 4-5. See also Richard A. Miller, "Expressway Blight," Architectural Forum, 111 (1959), 159-163; "The Revolt Against Big-City Freeways," U.S. News and World Report, 52 (Jan. 1, 1962), 48-51; Lewis Mumford, The Highway and the City (New York, 1963). Jane Holtz Kay, Asphalt Nation: How the Automobile Took Over America and How We Can Take It Back (New York, 1997), is a critique in the tradition of Helen Leavitt, Super Highway-Super Hoax (New York, 1970), and Ben Kelley, The Pavers and the Paved (New York, 1971 ). See also Tom Lewis, Divided Highways: Building the Interstate Highways, Transforming American Life (New York, 1997). For a sample of the extensive scholarly literature, see Raymond A. Mohl, "Planned Destruction: The Interstates and Central City Housing," in John Bauman, ed., From the Tenement to the Robert Taylor Homes: American Housing Policy, 1895-1990 (University Park, Pa., forthcoming); Carl Abbott, The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West (Tucson, 1993), 154-155; Mark H. Rose and Bruce E. Seely, "Getting the Interstate System Built: Road Engineers and the Implementation of Public Policy, 1955-1985," Journal of Policy History, 2 (1990), 23-55; Mark H. Rose, Interstate: Express Highway Politics, 1939-1989 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1990); Bruce E. Seely, Building the American Highway System: Engineers as Policy Makers (Philadelphia, 1987); Samuel P. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985 (Cambridge, Eng., 1987); Robert Fishman, "The anti-planners: the contemporary revolt against planning and its significance for planning history," in Gordon E. Cherry, ed., Shaping an Urban World (New York, 1980); Mark Foster, "City Planners and Urban Transportation: The American Response, 1900-1940," Journal of Urban History, 5 (1979), 365-396; John B. Rae, "The Car and the Road: Highway Technology and Highway Policy," and Carroll Pursell and Eugene Ferguson, "Commentary on the Paper of John Rae," in Duane H. D. Roller, ed., Perspectives in the History of Science and Technology (Norman, Okla., 1971), 99-122; Alan K. Sloan, Citizen Participation in Transportation Planning: The Boston Experience (Cambridge, Mass., 1974); Richard O. Baumbach, Jr., and William E. Borah, The Second Battle of New Orleans: A History of the Vieux Carré Riverfront Expressway Controversy (University, Ala., 1981); Carl Abbott, Portland: Planning, Politics, and Growth in a Twentieth-Century City (Lincoln, Nebr., 1983), 255-257.
9. "The War Over Urban Expressways," Business Week (March 11, 1967), 4-5. See also Richard A. Miller, "Expressway Blight," Architectural Forum, 111 (1959), 159-163; "The Revolt Against Big-City Freeways," U.S. News and World Report, 52 (Jan. 1, 1962), 48-51; Lewis Mumford, The Highway and the City (New York, 1963). Jane Holtz Kay, Asphalt Nation: How the Automobile Took Over America and How We Can Take It Back (New York, 1997), is a critique in the tradition of Helen Leavitt, Super Highway-Super Hoax (New York, 1970), and Ben Kelley, The Pavers and the Paved (New York, 1971 ). See also Tom Lewis, Divided Highways: Building the Interstate Highways, Transforming American Life (New York, 1997). For a sample of the extensive scholarly literature, see Raymond A. Mohl, "Planned Destruction: The Interstates and Central City Housing," in John Bauman, ed., From the Tenement to the Robert Taylor Homes: American Housing Policy, 1895-1990 (University Park, Pa., forthcoming); Carl Abbott, The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West (Tucson, 1993), 154-155; Mark H. Rose and Bruce E. Seely, "Getting the Interstate System Built: Road Engineers and the Implementation of Public Policy, 1955-1985," Journal of Policy History, 2 (1990), 23-55; Mark H. Rose, Interstate: Express Highway Politics, 1939-1989 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1990); Bruce E. Seely, Building the American Highway System: Engineers as Policy Makers (Philadelphia, 1987); Samuel P. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985 (Cambridge, Eng., 1987); Robert Fishman, "The anti-planners: the contemporary revolt against planning and its significance for planning history," in Gordon E. Cherry, ed., Shaping an Urban World (New York, 1980); Mark Foster, "City Planners and Urban Transportation: The American Response, 1900-1940," Journal of Urban History, 5 (1979), 365-396; John B. Rae, "The Car and the Road: Highway Technology and Highway Policy," and Carroll Pursell and Eugene Ferguson, "Commentary on the Paper of John Rae," in Duane H. D. Roller, ed., Perspectives in the History of Science and Technology (Norman, Okla., 1971), 99-122; Alan K. Sloan, Citizen Participation in Transportation Planning: The Boston Experience (Cambridge, Mass., 1974); Richard O. Baumbach, Jr., and William E. Borah, The Second Battle of New Orleans: A History of the Vieux Carré Riverfront Expressway Controversy (University, Ala., 1981); Carl Abbott, Portland: Planning, Politics, and Growth in a Twentieth-Century City (Lincoln, Nebr., 1983), 255-257.
10. "The War Over Urban Expressways," Business Week (March 11, 1967), 4-5. See also Richard A. Miller, "Expressway Blight," Architectural Forum, 111 (1959), 159-163; "The Revolt Against Big-City Freeways," U.S. News and World Report, 52 (Jan. 1, 1962), 48-51; Lewis Mumford, The Highway and the City (New York, 1963). Jane Holtz Kay, Asphalt Nation: How the Automobile Took Over America and How We Can Take It Back (New York, 1997), is a critique in the tradition of Helen Leavitt, Super Highway-Super Hoax (New York, 1970), and Ben Kelley, The Pavers and the Paved (New York, 1971 ). See also Tom Lewis, Divided Highways: Building the Interstate Highways, Transforming American Life (New York, 1997). For a sample of the extensive scholarly literature, see Raymond A. Mohl, "Planned Destruction: The Interstates and Central City Housing," in John Bauman, ed., From the Tenement to the Robert Taylor Homes: American Housing Policy, 1895-1990 (University Park, Pa., forthcoming); Carl Abbott, The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West (Tucson, 1993), 154-155; Mark H. Rose and Bruce E. Seely, "Getting the Interstate System Built: Road Engineers and the Implementation of Public Policy, 1955-1985," Journal of Policy History, 2 (1990), 23-55; Mark H. Rose, Interstate: Express Highway Politics, 1939-1989 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1990); Bruce E. Seely, Building the American Highway System: Engineers as Policy Makers (Philadelphia, 1987); Samuel P. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985 (Cambridge, Eng., 1987); Robert Fishman, "The anti-planners: the contemporary revolt against planning and its significance for planning history," in Gordon E. Cherry, ed., Shaping an Urban World (New York, 1980); Mark Foster, "City Planners and Urban Transportation: The American Response, 1900-1940," Journal of Urban History, 5 (1979), 365-396; John B. Rae, "The Car and the Road: Highway Technology and Highway Policy," and Carroll Pursell and Eugene Ferguson, "Commentary on the Paper of John Rae," in Duane H. D. Roller, ed., Perspectives in the History of Science and Technology (Norman, Okla., 1971), 99-122; Alan K. Sloan, Citizen Participation in Transportation Planning: The Boston Experience (Cambridge, Mass., 1974); Richard O. Baumbach, Jr., and William E. Borah, The Second Battle of New Orleans: A History of the Vieux Carré Riverfront Expressway Controversy (University, Ala., 1981); Carl Abbott, Portland: Planning, Politics, and Growth in a Twentieth-Century City (Lincoln, Nebr., 1983), 255-257.
11. "The War Over Urban Expressways," Business Week (March 11, 1967), 4-5. See also Richard A. Miller, "Expressway Blight," Architectural Forum, 111 (1959), 159-163; "The Revolt Against Big-City Freeways," U.S. News and World Report, 52 (Jan. 1, 1962), 48-51; Lewis Mumford, The Highway and the City (New York, 1963). Jane Holtz Kay, Asphalt Nation: How the Automobile Took Over America and How We Can Take It Back (New York, 1997), is a critique in the tradition of Helen Leavitt, Super Highway-Super Hoax (New York, 1970), and Ben Kelley, The Pavers and the Paved (New York, 1971 ). See also Tom Lewis, Divided Highways: Building the Interstate Highways, Transforming American Life (New York, 1997). For a sample of the extensive scholarly literature, see Raymond A. Mohl, "Planned Destruction: The Interstates and Central City Housing," in John Bauman, ed., From the Tenement to the Robert Taylor Homes: American Housing Policy, 1895-1990 (University Park, Pa., forthcoming); Carl Abbott, The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West (Tucson, 1993), 154-155; Mark H. Rose and Bruce E. Seely, "Getting the Interstate System Built: Road Engineers and the Implementation of Public Policy, 1955-1985," Journal of Policy History, 2 (1990), 23-55; Mark H. Rose, Interstate: Express Highway Politics, 1939-1989 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1990); Bruce E. Seely, Building the American Highway System: Engineers as Policy Makers (Philadelphia, 1987); Samuel P. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985 (Cambridge, Eng., 1987); Robert Fishman, "The anti-planners: the contemporary revolt against planning and its significance for planning history," in Gordon E. Cherry, ed., Shaping an Urban World (New York, 1980); Mark Foster, "City Planners and Urban Transportation: The American Response, 1900-1940," Journal of Urban History, 5 (1979), 365-396; John B. Rae, "The Car and the Road: Highway Technology and Highway Policy," and Carroll Pursell and Eugene Ferguson, "Commentary on the Paper of John Rae," in Duane H. D. Roller, ed., Perspectives in the History of Science and Technology (Norman, Okla., 1971), 99-122; Alan K. Sloan, Citizen Participation in Transportation Planning: The Boston Experience (Cambridge, Mass., 1974); Richard O. Baumbach, Jr., and William E. Borah, The Second Battle of New Orleans: A History of the Vieux Carré Riverfront Expressway Controversy (University, Ala., 1981); Carl Abbott, Portland: Planning, Politics, and Growth in a Twentieth-Century City (Lincoln, Nebr., 1983), 255-257.
12. "The War Over Urban Expressways," Business Week (March 11, 1967), 4-5. See also Richard A. Miller, "Expressway Blight," Architectural Forum, 111 (1959), 159-163; "The Revolt Against Big-City Freeways," U.S. News and World Report, 52 (Jan. 1, 1962), 48-51; Lewis Mumford, The Highway and the City (New York, 1963). Jane Holtz Kay, Asphalt Nation: How the Automobile Took Over America and How We Can Take It Back (New York, 1997), is a critique in the tradition of Helen Leavitt, Super Highway-Super Hoax (New York, 1970), and Ben Kelley, The Pavers and the Paved (New York, 1971 ). See also Tom Lewis, Divided Highways: Building the Interstate Highways, Transforming American Life (New York, 1997). For a sample of the extensive scholarly literature, see Raymond A. Mohl, "Planned Destruction: The Interstates and Central City Housing," in John Bauman, ed., From the Tenement to the Robert Taylor Homes: American Housing Policy, 1895-1990 (University Park, Pa., forthcoming); Carl Abbott, The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West (Tucson, 1993), 154-155; Mark H. Rose and Bruce E. Seely, "Getting the Interstate System Built: Road Engineers and the Implementation of Public Policy, 1955-1985," Journal of Policy History, 2 (1990), 23-55; Mark H. Rose, Interstate: Express Highway Politics, 1939-1989 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1990); Bruce E. Seely, Building the American Highway System: Engineers as Policy Makers (Philadelphia, 1987); Samuel P. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985 (Cambridge, Eng., 1987); Robert Fishman, "The anti-planners: the contemporary revolt against planning and its significance for planning history," in Gordon E. Cherry, ed., Shaping an Urban World (New York, 1980); Mark Foster, "City Planners and Urban Transportation: The American Response, 1900-1940," Journal of Urban History, 5 (1979), 365-396; John B. Rae, "The Car and the Road: Highway Technology and Highway Policy," and Carroll Pursell and Eugene Ferguson, "Commentary on the Paper of John Rae," in Duane H. D. Roller, ed., Perspectives in the History of Science and Technology (Norman, Okla., 1971), 99-122; Alan K. Sloan, Citizen Participation in Transportation Planning: The Boston Experience (Cambridge, Mass., 1974); Richard O. Baumbach, Jr., and William E. Borah, The Second Battle of New Orleans: A History of the Vieux Carré Riverfront Expressway Controversy (University, Ala., 1981); Carl Abbott, Portland: Planning, Politics, and Growth in a Twentieth-Century City (Lincoln, Nebr., 1983), 255-257.
13. "The War Over Urban Expressways," Business Week (March 11, 1967), 4-5. See also Richard A. Miller, "Expressway Blight," Architectural Forum, 111 (1959), 159-163; "The Revolt Against Big-City Freeways," U.S. News and World Report, 52 (Jan. 1, 1962), 48-51; Lewis Mumford, The Highway and the City (New York, 1963). Jane Holtz Kay, Asphalt Nation: How the Automobile Took Over America and How We Can Take It Back (New York, 1997), is a critique in the tradition of Helen Leavitt, Super Highway-Super Hoax (New York, 1970), and Ben Kelley, The Pavers and the Paved (New York, 1971 ). See also Tom Lewis, Divided Highways: Building the Interstate Highways, Transforming American Life (New York, 1997). For a sample of the extensive scholarly literature, see Raymond A. Mohl, "Planned Destruction: The Interstates and Central City Housing," in John Bauman, ed., From the Tenement to the Robert Taylor Homes: American Housing Policy, 1895-1990 (University Park, Pa., forthcoming); Carl Abbott, The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West (Tucson, 1993), 154-155; Mark H. Rose and Bruce E. Seely, "Getting the Interstate System Built: Road Engineers and the Implementation of Public Policy, 1955-1985," Journal of Policy History, 2 (1990), 23-55; Mark H. Rose, Interstate: Express Highway Politics, 1939-1989 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1990); Bruce E. Seely, Building the American Highway System: Engineers as Policy Makers (Philadelphia, 1987); Samuel P. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985 (Cambridge, Eng., 1987); Robert Fishman, "The anti-planners: the contemporary revolt against planning and its significance for planning history," in Gordon E. Cherry, ed., Shaping an Urban World (New York, 1980); Mark Foster, "City Planners and Urban Transportation: The American Response, 1900-1940," Journal of Urban History, 5 (1979), 365-396; John B. Rae, "The Car and the Road: Highway Technology and Highway Policy," and Carroll Pursell and Eugene Ferguson, "Commentary on the Paper of John Rae," in Duane H. D. Roller, ed., Perspectives in the History of Science and Technology (Norman, Okla., 1971), 99-122; Alan K. Sloan, Citizen Participation in Transportation Planning: The Boston Experience (Cambridge, Mass., 1974); Richard O. Baumbach, Jr., and William E. Borah, The Second Battle of New Orleans: A History of the Vieux Carré Riverfront Expressway Controversy (University, Ala., 1981); Carl Abbott, Portland: Planning, Politics, and Growth in a Twentieth-Century City (Lincoln, Nebr., 1983), 255-257.
14. "The War Over Urban Expressways," Business Week (March 11, 1967), 4-5. See also Richard A. Miller, "Expressway Blight," Architectural Forum, 111 (1959), 159-163; "The Revolt Against Big-City Freeways," U.S. News and World Report, 52 (Jan. 1, 1962), 48-51; Lewis Mumford, The Highway and the City (New York, 1963). Jane Holtz Kay, Asphalt Nation: How the Automobile Took Over America and How We Can Take It Back (New York, 1997), is a critique in the tradition of Helen Leavitt, Super Highway-Super Hoax (New York, 1970), and Ben Kelley, The Pavers and the Paved (New York, 1971 ). See also Tom Lewis, Divided Highways: Building the Interstate Highways, Transforming American Life (New York, 1997). For a sample of the extensive scholarly literature, see Raymond A. Mohl, "Planned Destruction: The Interstates and Central City Housing," in John Bauman, ed., From the Tenement to the Robert Taylor Homes: American Housing Policy, 1895-1990 (University Park, Pa., forthcoming); Carl Abbott, The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West (Tucson, 1993), 154-155; Mark H. Rose and Bruce E. Seely, "Getting the Interstate System Built: Road Engineers and the Implementation of Public Policy, 1955-1985," Journal of Policy History, 2 (1990), 23-55; Mark H. Rose, Interstate: Express Highway Politics, 1939-1989 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1990); Bruce E. Seely, Building the American Highway System: Engineers as Policy Makers (Philadelphia, 1987); Samuel P. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985 (Cambridge, Eng., 1987); Robert Fishman, "The anti-planners: the contemporary revolt against planning and its significance for planning history," in Gordon E. Cherry, ed., Shaping an Urban World (New York, 1980); Mark Foster, "City Planners and Urban Transportation: The American Response, 1900-1940," Journal of Urban History, 5 (1979), 365-396; John B. Rae, "The Car and the Road: Highway Technology and Highway Policy," and Carroll Pursell and Eugene Ferguson, "Commentary on the Paper of John Rae," in Duane H. D. Roller, ed., Perspectives in the History of Science and Technology (Norman, Okla., 1971), 99-122; Alan K. Sloan, Citizen Participation in Transportation Planning: The Boston Experience (Cambridge, Mass., 1974); Richard O. Baumbach, Jr., and William E. Borah, The Second Battle of New Orleans: A History of the Vieux Carré Riverfront Expressway Controversy (University, Ala., 1981); Carl Abbott, Portland: Planning, Politics, and Growth in a Twentieth-Century City (Lincoln, Nebr., 1983), 255-257.
15. "The War Over Urban Expressways," Business Week (March 11, 1967), 4-5. See also Richard A. Miller, "Expressway Blight," Architectural Forum, 111 (1959), 159-163; "The Revolt Against Big-City Freeways," U.S. News and World Report, 52 (Jan. 1, 1962), 48-51; Lewis Mumford, The Highway and the City (New York, 1963). Jane Holtz Kay, Asphalt Nation: How the Automobile Took Over America and How We Can Take It Back (New York, 1997), is a critique in the tradition of Helen Leavitt, Super Highway-Super Hoax (New York, 1970), and Ben Kelley, The Pavers and the Paved (New York, 1971 ). See also Tom Lewis, Divided Highways: Building the Interstate Highways, Transforming American Life (New York, 1997). For a sample of the extensive scholarly literature, see Raymond A. Mohl, "Planned Destruction: The Interstates and Central City Housing," in John Bauman, ed., From the Tenement to the Robert Taylor Homes: American Housing Policy, 1895-1990 (University Park, Pa., forthcoming); Carl Abbott, The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West (Tucson, 1993), 154-155; Mark H. Rose and Bruce E. Seely, "Getting the Interstate System Built: Road Engineers and the Implementation of Public Policy, 1955-1985," Journal of Policy History, 2 (1990), 23-55; Mark H. Rose, Interstate: Express Highway Politics, 1939-1989 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1990); Bruce E. Seely, Building the American Highway System: Engineers as Policy Makers (Philadelphia, 1987); Samuel P. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985 (Cambridge, Eng., 1987); Robert Fishman, "The anti-planners: the contemporary revolt against planning and its significance for planning history," in Gordon E. Cherry, ed., Shaping an Urban World (New York, 1980); Mark Foster, "City Planners and Urban Transportation: The American Response, 1900-1940," Journal of Urban History, 5 (1979), 365-396; John B. Rae, "The Car and the Road: Highway Technology and Highway Policy," and Carroll Pursell and Eugene Ferguson, "Commentary on the Paper of John Rae," in Duane H. D. Roller, ed., Perspectives in the History of Science and Technology (Norman, Okla., 1971), 99-122; Alan K. Sloan, Citizen Participation in Transportation Planning: The Boston Experience (Cambridge, Mass., 1974); Richard O. Baumbach, Jr., and William E. Borah, The Second Battle of New Orleans: A History of the Vieux Carré Riverfront Expressway Controversy (University, Ala., 1981); Carl Abbott, Portland: Planning, Politics, and Growth in a Twentieth-Century City (Lincoln, Nebr., 1983), 255-257.
16. "The War Over Urban Expressways," Business Week (March 11, 1967), 4-5. See also Richard A. Miller, "Expressway Blight," Architectural Forum, 111 (1959), 159-163; "The Revolt Against Big-City Freeways," U.S. News and World Report, 52 (Jan. 1, 1962), 48-51; Lewis Mumford, The Highway and the City (New York, 1963). Jane Holtz Kay, Asphalt Nation: How the Automobile Took Over America and How We Can Take It Back (New York, 1997), is a critique in the tradition of Helen Leavitt, Super Highway-Super Hoax (New York, 1970), and Ben Kelley, The Pavers and the Paved (New York, 1971 ). See also Tom Lewis, Divided Highways: Building the Interstate Highways, Transforming American Life (New York, 1997). For a sample of the extensive scholarly literature, see Raymond A. Mohl, "Planned Destruction: The Interstates and Central City Housing," in John Bauman, ed., From the Tenement to the Robert Taylor Homes: American Housing Policy, 1895-1990 (University Park, Pa., forthcoming); Carl Abbott, The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West (Tucson, 1993), 154-155; Mark H. Rose and Bruce E. Seely, "Getting the Interstate System Built: Road Engineers and the Implementation of Public Policy, 1955-1985," Journal of Policy History, 2 (1990), 23-55; Mark H. Rose, Interstate: Express Highway Politics, 1939-1989 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1990); Bruce E. Seely, Building the American Highway System: Engineers as Policy Makers (Philadelphia, 1987); Samuel P. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985 (Cambridge, Eng., 1987); Robert Fishman, "The anti-planners: the contemporary revolt against planning and its significance for planning history," in Gordon E. Cherry, ed., Shaping an Urban World (New York, 1980); Mark Foster, "City Planners and Urban Transportation: The American Response, 1900-1940," Journal of Urban History, 5 (1979), 365-396; John B. Rae, "The Car and the Road: Highway Technology and Highway Policy," and Carroll Pursell and Eugene Ferguson, "Commentary on the Paper of John Rae," in Duane H. D. Roller, ed., Perspectives in the History of Science and Technology (Norman, Okla., 1971), 99-122; Alan K. Sloan, Citizen Participation in Transportation Planning: The Boston Experience (Cambridge, Mass., 1974); Richard O. Baumbach, Jr., and William E. Borah, The Second Battle of New Orleans: A History of the Vieux Carré Riverfront Expressway Controversy (University, Ala., 1981); Carl Abbott, Portland: Planning, Politics, and Growth in a Twentieth-Century City (Lincoln, Nebr., 1983), 255-257.
17. "The War Over Urban Expressways," Business Week (March 11, 1967), 4-5. See also Richard A. Miller, "Expressway Blight," Architectural Forum, 111 (1959), 159-163; "The Revolt Against Big-City Freeways," U.S. News and World Report, 52 (Jan. 1, 1962), 48-51; Lewis Mumford, The Highway and the City (New York, 1963). Jane Holtz Kay, Asphalt Nation: How the Automobile Took Over America and How We Can Take It Back (New York, 1997), is a critique in the tradition of Helen Leavitt, Super Highway-Super Hoax (New York, 1970), and Ben Kelley, The Pavers and the Paved (New York, 1971 ). See also Tom Lewis, Divided Highways: Building the Interstate Highways, Transforming American Life (New York, 1997). For a sample of the extensive scholarly literature, see Raymond A. Mohl, "Planned Destruction: The Interstates and Central City Housing," in John Bauman, ed., From the Tenement to the Robert Taylor Homes: American Housing Policy, 1895-1990 (University Park, Pa., forthcoming); Carl Abbott, The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West (Tucson, 1993), 154-155; Mark H. Rose and Bruce E. Seely, "Getting the Interstate System Built: Road Engineers and the Implementation of Public Policy, 1955-1985," Journal of Policy History, 2 (1990), 23-55; Mark H. Rose, Interstate: Express Highway Politics, 1939-1989 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1990); Bruce E. Seely, Building the American Highway System: Engineers as Policy Makers (Philadelphia, 1987); Samuel P. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985 (Cambridge, Eng., 1987); Robert Fishman, "The anti-planners: the contemporary revolt against planning and its significance for planning history," in Gordon E. Cherry, ed., Shaping an Urban World (New York, 1980); Mark Foster, "City Planners and Urban Transportation: The American Response, 1900-1940," Journal of Urban History, 5 (1979), 365-396; John B. Rae, "The Car and the Road: Highway Technology and Highway Policy," and Carroll Pursell and Eugene Ferguson, "Commentary on the Paper of John Rae," in Duane H. D. Roller, ed., Perspectives in the History of Science and Technology (Norman, Okla., 1971), 99-122; Alan K. Sloan, Citizen Participation in Transportation Planning: The Boston Experience (Cambridge, Mass., 1974); Richard O. Baumbach, Jr., and William E. Borah, The Second Battle of New Orleans: A History of the Vieux Carré Riverfront Expressway Controversy (University, Ala., 1981); Carl Abbott, Portland: Planning, Politics, and Growth in a Twentieth-Century City (Lincoln, Nebr., 1983), 255-257.
18. "The War Over Urban Expressways," Business Week (March 11, 1967), 4-5. See also Richard A. Miller, "Expressway Blight," Architectural Forum, 111 (1959), 159-163; "The Revolt Against Big-City Freeways," U.S. News and World Report, 52 (Jan. 1, 1962), 48-51; Lewis Mumford, The Highway and the City (New York, 1963). Jane Holtz Kay, Asphalt Nation: How the Automobile Took Over America and How We Can Take It Back (New York, 1997), is a critique in the tradition of Helen Leavitt, Super Highway-Super Hoax (New York, 1970), and Ben Kelley, The Pavers and the Paved (New York, 1971 ). See also Tom Lewis, Divided Highways: Building the Interstate Highways, Transforming American Life (New York, 1997). For a sample of the extensive scholarly literature, see Raymond A. Mohl, "Planned Destruction: The Interstates and Central City Housing," in John Bauman, ed., From the Tenement to the Robert Taylor Homes: American Housing Policy, 1895-1990 (University Park, Pa., forthcoming); Carl Abbott, The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West (Tucson, 1993), 154-155; Mark H. Rose and Bruce E. Seely, "Getting the Interstate System Built: Road Engineers and the Implementation of Public Policy, 1955-1985," Journal of Policy History, 2 (1990), 23-55; Mark H. Rose, Interstate: Express Highway Politics, 1939-1989 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1990); Bruce E. Seely, Building the American Highway System: Engineers as Policy Makers (Philadelphia, 1987); Samuel P. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985 (Cambridge, Eng., 1987); Robert Fishman, "The anti-planners: the contemporary revolt against planning and its significance for planning history," in Gordon E. Cherry, ed., Shaping an Urban World (New York, 1980); Mark Foster, "City Planners and Urban Transportation: The American Response, 1900-1940," Journal of Urban History, 5 (1979), 365-396; John B. Rae, "The Car and the Road: Highway Technology and Highway Policy," and Carroll Pursell and Eugene Ferguson, "Commentary on the Paper of John Rae," in Duane H. D. Roller, ed., Perspectives in the History of Science and Technology (Norman, Okla., 1971), 99-122; Alan K. Sloan, Citizen Participation in Transportation Planning: The Boston Experience (Cambridge, Mass., 1974); Richard O. Baumbach, Jr., and William E. Borah, The Second Battle of New Orleans: A History of the Vieux Carré Riverfront Expressway Controversy (University, Ala., 1981); Carl Abbott, Portland: Planning, Politics, and Growth in a Twentieth-Century City (Lincoln, Nebr., 1983), 255-257.
19. "The War Over Urban Expressways," Business Week (March 11, 1967), 4-5. See also Richard A. Miller, "Expressway Blight," Architectural Forum, 111 (1959), 159-163; "The Revolt Against Big-City Freeways," U.S. News and World Report, 52 (Jan. 1, 1962), 48-51; Lewis Mumford, The Highway and the City (New York, 1963). Jane Holtz Kay, Asphalt Nation: How the Automobile Took Over America and How We Can Take It Back (New York, 1997), is a critique in the tradition of Helen Leavitt, Super Highway-Super Hoax (New York, 1970), and Ben Kelley, The Pavers and the Paved (New York, 1971 ). See also Tom Lewis, Divided Highways: Building the Interstate Highways, Transforming American Life (New York, 1997). For a sample of the extensive scholarly literature, see Raymond A. Mohl, "Planned Destruction: The Interstates and Central City Housing," in John Bauman, ed., From the Tenement to the Robert Taylor Homes: American Housing Policy, 1895-1990 (University Park, Pa., forthcoming); Carl Abbott, The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West (Tucson, 1993), 154-155; Mark H. Rose and Bruce E. Seely, "Getting the Interstate System Built: Road Engineers and the Implementation of Public Policy, 1955-1985," Journal of Policy History, 2 (1990), 23-55; Mark H. Rose, Interstate: Express Highway Politics, 1939-1989 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1990); Bruce E. Seely, Building the American Highway System: Engineers as Policy Makers (Philadelphia, 1987); Samuel P. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985 (Cambridge, Eng., 1987); Robert Fishman, "The anti-planners: the contemporary revolt against planning and its significance for planning history," in Gordon E. Cherry, ed., Shaping an Urban World (New York, 1980); Mark Foster, "City Planners and Urban Transportation: The American Response, 1900-1940," Journal of Urban History, 5 (1979), 365-396; John B. Rae, "The Car and the Road: Highway Technology and Highway Policy," and Carroll Pursell and Eugene Ferguson, "Commentary on the Paper of John Rae," in Duane H. D. Roller, ed., Perspectives in the History of Science and Technology (Norman, Okla., 1971), 99-122; Alan K. Sloan, Citizen Participation in Transportation Planning: The Boston Experience (Cambridge, Mass., 1974); Richard O. Baumbach, Jr., and William E. Borah, The Second Battle of New Orleans: A History of the Vieux Carré Riverfront Expressway Controversy (University, Ala., 1981); Carl Abbott, Portland: Planning, Politics, and Growth in a Twentieth-Century City (Lincoln, Nebr., 1983), 255-257.
20. "The War Over Urban Expressways," Business Week (March 11, 1967), 4-5. See also Richard A. Miller, "Expressway Blight," Architectural Forum, 111 (1959), 159-163; "The Revolt Against Big-City Freeways," U.S. News and World Report, 52 (Jan. 1, 1962), 48-51; Lewis Mumford, The Highway and the City (New York, 1963). Jane Holtz Kay, Asphalt Nation: How the Automobile Took Over America and How We Can Take It Back (New York, 1997), is a critique in the tradition of Helen Leavitt, Super Highway-Super Hoax (New York, 1970), and Ben Kelley, The Pavers and the Paved (New York, 1971 ). See also Tom Lewis, Divided Highways: Building the Interstate Highways, Transforming American Life (New York, 1997). For a sample of the extensive scholarly literature, see Raymond A. Mohl, "Planned Destruction: The Interstates and Central City Housing," in John Bauman, ed., From the Tenement to the Robert Taylor Homes: American Housing Policy, 1895-1990 (University Park, Pa., forthcoming); Carl Abbott, The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West (Tucson, 1993), 154-155; Mark H. Rose and Bruce E. Seely, "Getting the Interstate System Built: Road Engineers and the Implementation of Public Policy, 1955-1985," Journal of Policy History, 2 (1990), 23-55; Mark H. Rose, Interstate: Express Highway Politics, 1939-1989 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1990); Bruce E. Seely, Building the American Highway System: Engineers as Policy Makers (Philadelphia, 1987); Samuel P. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985 (Cambridge, Eng., 1987); Robert Fishman, "The anti-planners: the contemporary revolt against planning and its significance for planning history," in Gordon E. Cherry, ed., Shaping an Urban World (New York, 1980); Mark Foster, "City Planners and Urban Transportation: The American Response, 1900-1940," Journal of Urban History, 5 (1979), 365-396; John B. Rae, "The Car and the Road: Highway Technology and Highway Policy," and Carroll Pursell and Eugene Ferguson, "Commentary on the Paper of John Rae," in Duane H. D. Roller, ed., Perspectives in the History of Science and Technology (Norman, Okla., 1971), 99-122; Alan K. Sloan, Citizen Participation in Transportation Planning: The Boston Experience (Cambridge, Mass., 1974); Richard O. Baumbach, Jr., and William E. Borah, The Second Battle of New Orleans: A History of the Vieux Carré Riverfront Expressway Controversy (University, Ala., 1981); Carl Abbott, Portland: Planning, Politics, and Growth in a Twentieth-Century City (Lincoln, Nebr., 1983), 255-257.
21. "The War Over Urban Expressways," Business Week (March 11, 1967), 4-5. See also Richard A. Miller, "Expressway Blight," Architectural Forum, 111 (1959), 159-163; "The Revolt Against Big-City Freeways," U.S. News and World Report, 52 (Jan. 1, 1962), 48-51; Lewis Mumford, The Highway and the City (New York, 1963). Jane Holtz Kay, Asphalt Nation: How the Automobile Took Over America and How We Can Take It Back (New York, 1997), is a critique in the tradition of Helen Leavitt, Super Highway-Super Hoax (New York, 1970), and Ben Kelley, The Pavers and the Paved (New York, 1971 ). See also Tom Lewis, Divided Highways: Building the Interstate Highways, Transforming American Life (New York, 1997). For a sample of the extensive scholarly literature, see Raymond A. Mohl, "Planned Destruction: The Interstates and Central City Housing," in John Bauman, ed., From the Tenement to the Robert Taylor Homes: American Housing Policy, 1895-1990 (University Park, Pa., forthcoming); Carl Abbott, The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West (Tucson, 1993), 154-155; Mark H. Rose and Bruce E. Seely, "Getting the Interstate System Built: Road Engineers and the Implementation of Public Policy, 1955-1985," Journal of Policy History, 2 (1990), 23-55; Mark H. Rose, Interstate: Express Highway Politics, 1939-1989 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1990); Bruce E. Seely, Building the American Highway System: Engineers as Policy Makers (Philadelphia, 1987); Samuel P. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985 (Cambridge, Eng., 1987); Robert Fishman, "The anti-planners: the contemporary revolt against planning and its significance for planning history," in Gordon E. Cherry, ed., Shaping an Urban World (New York, 1980); Mark Foster, "City Planners and Urban Transportation: The American Response, 1900-1940," Journal of Urban History, 5 (1979), 365-396; John B. Rae, "The Car and the Road: Highway Technology and Highway Policy," and Carroll Pursell and Eugene Ferguson, "Commentary on the Paper of John Rae," in Duane H. D. Roller, ed., Perspectives in the History of Science and Technology (Norman, Okla., 1971), 99-122; Alan K. Sloan, Citizen Participation in Transportation Planning: The Boston Experience (Cambridge, Mass., 1974); Richard O. Baumbach, Jr., and William E. Borah, The Second Battle of New Orleans: A History of the Vieux Carré Riverfront Expressway Controversy (University, Ala., 1981); Carl Abbott, Portland: Planning, Politics, and Growth in a Twentieth-Century City (Lincoln, Nebr., 1983), 255-257.
22. "The War Over Urban Expressways," Business Week (March 11, 1967), 4-5. See also Richard A. Miller, "Expressway Blight," Architectural Forum, 111 (1959), 159-163; "The Revolt Against Big-City Freeways," U.S. News and World Report, 52 (Jan. 1, 1962), 48-51; Lewis Mumford, The Highway and the City (New York, 1963). Jane Holtz Kay, Asphalt Nation: How the Automobile Took Over America and How We Can Take It Back (New York, 1997), is a critique in the tradition of Helen Leavitt, Super Highway-Super Hoax (New York, 1970), and Ben Kelley, The Pavers and the Paved (New York, 1971 ). See also Tom Lewis, Divided Highways: Building the Interstate Highways, Transforming American Life (New York, 1997). For a sample of the extensive scholarly literature, see Raymond A. Mohl, "Planned Destruction: The Interstates and Central City Housing," in John Bauman, ed., From the Tenement to the Robert Taylor Homes: American Housing Policy, 1895-1990 (University Park, Pa., forthcoming); Carl Abbott, The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West (Tucson, 1993), 154-155; Mark H. Rose and Bruce E. Seely, "Getting the Interstate System Built: Road Engineers and the Implementation of Public Policy, 1955-1985," Journal of Policy History, 2 (1990), 23-55; Mark H. Rose, Interstate: Express Highway Politics, 1939-1989 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1990); Bruce E. Seely, Building the American Highway System: Engineers as Policy Makers (Philadelphia, 1987); Samuel P. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985 (Cambridge, Eng., 1987); Robert Fishman, "The anti-planners: the contemporary revolt against planning and its significance for planning history," in Gordon E. Cherry, ed., Shaping an Urban World (New York, 1980); Mark Foster, "City Planners and Urban Transportation: The American Response, 1900-1940," Journal of Urban History, 5 (1979), 365-396; John B. Rae, "The Car and the Road: Highway Technology and Highway Policy," and Carroll Pursell and Eugene Ferguson, "Commentary on the Paper of John Rae," in Duane H. D. Roller, ed., Perspectives in the History of Science and Technology (Norman, Okla., 1971), 99-122; Alan K. Sloan, Citizen Participation in Transportation Planning: The Boston Experience (Cambridge, Mass., 1974); Richard O. Baumbach, Jr., and William E. Borah, The Second Battle of New Orleans: A History of the Vieux Carré Riverfront Expressway Controversy (University, Ala., 1981); Carl Abbott, Portland: Planning, Politics, and Growth in a Twentieth-Century City (Lincoln, Nebr., 1983), 255-257.
23. "The War Over Urban Expressways," Business Week (March 11, 1967), 4-5. See also Richard A. Miller, "Expressway Blight," Architectural Forum, 111 (1959), 159-163; "The Revolt Against Big-City Freeways," U.S. News and World Report, 52 (Jan. 1, 1962), 48-51; Lewis Mumford, The Highway and the City (New York, 1963). Jane Holtz Kay, Asphalt Nation: How the Automobile Took Over America and How We Can Take It Back (New York, 1997), is a critique in the tradition of Helen Leavitt, Super Highway-Super Hoax (New York, 1970), and Ben Kelley, The Pavers and the Paved (New York, 1971 ). See also Tom Lewis, Divided Highways: Building the Interstate Highways, Transforming American Life (New York, 1997). For a sample of the extensive scholarly literature, see Raymond A. Mohl, "Planned Destruction: The Interstates and Central City Housing," in John Bauman, ed., From the Tenement to the Robert Taylor Homes: American Housing Policy, 1895-1990 (University Park, Pa., forthcoming); Carl Abbott, The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West (Tucson, 1993), 154-155; Mark H. Rose and Bruce E. Seely, "Getting the Interstate System Built: Road Engineers and the Implementation of Public Policy, 1955-1985," Journal of Policy History, 2 (1990), 23-55; Mark H. Rose, Interstate: Express Highway Politics, 1939-1989 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1990); Bruce E. Seely, Building the American Highway System: Engineers as Policy Makers (Philadelphia, 1987); Samuel P. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985 (Cambridge, Eng., 1987); Robert Fishman, "The anti-planners: the contemporary revolt against planning and its significance for planning history," in Gordon E. Cherry, ed., Shaping an Urban World (New York, 1980); Mark Foster, "City Planners and Urban Transportation: The American Response, 1900-1940," Journal of Urban History, 5 (1979), 365-396; John B. Rae, "The Car and the Road: Highway Technology and Highway Policy," and Carroll Pursell and Eugene Ferguson, "Commentary on the Paper of John Rae," in Duane H. D. Roller, ed., Perspectives in the History of Science and Technology (Norman, Okla., 1971), 99-122; Alan K. Sloan, Citizen Participation in Transportation Planning: The Boston Experience (Cambridge, Mass., 1974); Richard O. Baumbach, Jr., and William E. Borah, The Second Battle of New Orleans: A History of the Vieux Carré Riverfront Expressway Controversy (University, Ala., 1981); Carl Abbott, Portland: Planning, Politics, and Growth in a Twentieth-Century City (Lincoln, Nebr., 1983), 255-257.
24. "The War Over Urban Expressways," Business Week (March 11, 1967), 4-5. See also Richard A. Miller, "Expressway Blight," Architectural Forum, 111 (1959), 159-163; "The Revolt Against Big-City Freeways," U.S. News and World Report, 52 (Jan. 1, 1962), 48-51; Lewis Mumford, The Highway and the City (New York, 1963). Jane Holtz Kay, Asphalt Nation: How the Automobile Took Over America and How We Can Take It Back (New York, 1997), is a critique in the tradition of Helen Leavitt, Super Highway-Super Hoax (New York, 1970), and Ben Kelley, The Pavers and the Paved (New York, 1971 ). See also Tom Lewis, Divided Highways: Building the Interstate Highways, Transforming American Life (New York, 1997). For a sample of the extensive scholarly literature, see Raymond A. Mohl, "Planned Destruction: The Interstates and Central City Housing," in John Bauman, ed., From the Tenement to the Robert Taylor Homes: American Housing Policy, 1895-1990 (University Park, Pa., forthcoming); Carl Abbott, The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West (Tucson, 1993), 154-155; Mark H. Rose and Bruce E. Seely, "Getting the Interstate System Built: Road Engineers and the Implementation of Public Policy, 1955-1985," Journal of Policy History, 2 (1990), 23-55; Mark H. Rose, Interstate: Express Highway Politics, 1939-1989 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1990); Bruce E. Seely, Building the American Highway System: Engineers as Policy Makers (Philadelphia, 1987); Samuel P. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985 (Cambridge, Eng., 1987); Robert Fishman, "The anti-planners: the contemporary revolt against planning and its significance for planning history," in Gordon E. Cherry, ed., Shaping an Urban World (New York, 1980); Mark Foster, "City Planners and Urban Transportation: The American Response, 1900-1940," Journal of Urban History, 5 (1979), 365-396; John B. Rae, "The Car and the Road: Highway Technology and Highway Policy," and Carroll Pursell and Eugene Ferguson, "Commentary on the Paper of John Rae," in Duane H. D. Roller, ed., Perspectives in the History of Science and Technology (Norman, Okla., 1971), 99-122; Alan K. Sloan, Citizen Participation in Transportation Planning: The Boston Experience (Cambridge, Mass., 1974); Richard O. Baumbach, Jr., and William E. Borah, The Second Battle of New Orleans: A History of the Vieux Carré Riverfront Expressway Controversy (University, Ala., 1981); Carl Abbott, Portland: Planning, Politics, and Growth in a Twentieth-Century City (Lincoln, Nebr., 1983), 255-257.
25. "The War Over Urban Expressways," Business Week (March 11, 1967), 4-5. See also Richard A. Miller, "Expressway Blight," Architectural Forum, 111 (1959), 159-163; "The Revolt Against Big-City Freeways," U.S. News and World Report, 52 (Jan. 1, 1962), 48-51; Lewis Mumford, The Highway and the City (New York, 1963). Jane Holtz Kay, Asphalt Nation: How the Automobile Took Over America and How We Can Take It Back (New York, 1997), is a critique in the tradition of Helen Leavitt, Super Highway-Super Hoax (New York, 1970), and Ben Kelley, The Pavers and the Paved (New York, 1971 ). See also Tom Lewis, Divided Highways: Building the Interstate Highways, Transforming American Life (New York, 1997). For a sample of the extensive scholarly literature, see Raymond A. Mohl, "Planned Destruction: The Interstates and Central City Housing," in John Bauman, ed., From the Tenement to the Robert Taylor Homes: American Housing Policy, 1895-1990 (University Park, Pa., forthcoming); Carl Abbott, The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West (Tucson, 1993), 154-155; Mark H. Rose and Bruce E. Seely, "Getting the Interstate System Built: Road Engineers and the Implementation of Public Policy, 1955-1985," Journal of Policy History, 2 (1990), 23-55; Mark H. Rose, Interstate: Express Highway Politics, 1939-1989 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1990); Bruce E. Seely, Building the American Highway System: Engineers as Policy Makers (Philadelphia, 1987); Samuel P. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985 (Cambridge, Eng., 1987); Robert Fishman, "The anti-planners: the contemporary revolt against planning and its significance for planning history," in Gordon E. Cherry, ed., Shaping an Urban World (New York, 1980); Mark Foster, "City Planners and Urban Transportation: The American Response, 1900-1940," Journal of Urban History, 5 (1979), 365-396; John B. Rae, "The Car and the Road: Highway Technology and Highway Policy," and Carroll Pursell and Eugene Ferguson, "Commentary on the Paper of John Rae," in Duane H. D. Roller, ed., Perspectives in the History of Science and Technology (Norman, Okla., 1971), 99-122; Alan K. Sloan, Citizen Participation in Transportation Planning: The Boston Experience (Cambridge, Mass., 1974); Richard O. Baumbach, Jr., and William E. Borah, The Second Battle of New Orleans: A History of the Vieux Carré Riverfront Expressway Controversy (University, Ala., 1981); Carl Abbott, Portland: Planning, Politics, and Growth in a Twentieth-Century City (Lincoln, Nebr., 1983), 255-257.
26. "The War Over Urban Expressways," Business Week (March 11, 1967), 4-5. See also Richard A. Miller, "Expressway Blight," Architectural Forum, 111 (1959), 159-163; "The Revolt Against Big-City Freeways," U.S. News and World Report, 52 (Jan. 1, 1962), 48-51; Lewis Mumford, The Highway and the City (New York, 1963). Jane Holtz Kay, Asphalt Nation: How the Automobile Took Over America and How We Can Take It Back (New York, 1997), is a critique in the tradition of Helen Leavitt, Super Highway-Super Hoax (New York, 1970), and Ben Kelley, The Pavers and the Paved (New York, 1971 ). See also Tom Lewis, Divided Highways: Building the Interstate Highways, Transforming American Life (New York, 1997). For a sample of the extensive scholarly literature, see Raymond A. Mohl, "Planned Destruction: The Interstates and Central City Housing," in John Bauman, ed., From the Tenement to the Robert Taylor Homes: American Housing Policy, 1895-1990 (University Park, Pa., forthcoming); Carl Abbott, The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West (Tucson, 1993), 154-155; Mark H. Rose and Bruce E. Seely, "Getting the Interstate System Built: Road Engineers and the Implementation of Public Policy, 1955-1985," Journal of Policy History, 2 (1990), 23-55; Mark H. Rose, Interstate: Express Highway Politics, 1939-1989 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1990); Bruce E. Seely, Building the American Highway System: Engineers as Policy Makers (Philadelphia, 1987); Samuel P. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985 (Cambridge, Eng., 1987); Robert Fishman, "The anti-planners: the contemporary revolt against planning and its significance for planning history," in Gordon E. Cherry, ed., Shaping an Urban World (New York, 1980); Mark Foster, "City Planners and Urban Transportation: The American Response, 1900-1940," Journal of Urban History, 5 (1979), 365-396; John B. Rae, "The Car and the Road: Highway Technology and Highway Policy," and Carroll Pursell and Eugene Ferguson, "Commentary on the Paper of John Rae," in Duane H. D. Roller, ed., Perspectives in the History of Science and Technology (Norman, Okla., 1971), 99-122; Alan K. Sloan, Citizen Participation in Transportation Planning: The Boston Experience (Cambridge, Mass., 1974); Richard O. Baumbach, Jr., and William E. Borah, The Second Battle of New Orleans: A History of the Vieux Carré Riverfront Expressway Controversy (University, Ala., 1981); Carl Abbott, Portland: Planning, Politics, and Growth in a Twentieth-Century City (Lincoln, Nebr., 1983), 255-257.
27. "The War Over Urban Expressways," Business Week (March 11, 1967), 4-5. See also Richard A. Miller, "Expressway Blight," Architectural Forum, 111 (1959), 159-163; "The Revolt Against Big-City Freeways," U.S. News and World Report, 52 (Jan. 1, 1962), 48-51; Lewis Mumford, The Highway and the City (New York, 1963). Jane Holtz Kay, Asphalt Nation: How the Automobile Took Over America and How We Can Take It Back (New York, 1997), is a critique in the tradition of Helen Leavitt, Super Highway-Super Hoax (New York, 1970), and Ben Kelley, The Pavers and the Paved (New York, 1971 ). See also Tom Lewis, Divided Highways: Building the Interstate Highways, Transforming American Life (New York, 1997). For a sample of the extensive scholarly literature, see Raymond A. Mohl, "Planned Destruction: The Interstates and Central City Housing," in John Bauman, ed., From the Tenement to the Robert Taylor Homes: American Housing Policy, 1895-1990 (University Park, Pa., forthcoming); Carl Abbott, The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West (Tucson, 1993), 154-155; Mark H. Rose and Bruce E. Seely, "Getting the Interstate System Built: Road Engineers and the Implementation of Public Policy, 1955-1985," Journal of Policy History, 2 (1990), 23-55; Mark H. Rose, Interstate: Express Highway Politics, 1939-1989 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1990); Bruce E. Seely, Building the American Highway System: Engineers as Policy Makers (Philadelphia, 1987); Samuel P. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985 (Cambridge, Eng., 1987); Robert Fishman, "The anti-planners: the contemporary revolt against planning and its significance for planning history," in Gordon E. Cherry, ed., Shaping an Urban World (New York, 1980); Mark Foster, "City Planners and Urban Transportation: The American Response, 1900-1940," Journal of Urban History, 5 (1979), 365-396; John B. Rae, "The Car and the Road: Highway Technology and Highway Policy," and Carroll Pursell and Eugene Ferguson, "Commentary on the Paper of John Rae," in Duane H. D. Roller, ed., Perspectives in the History of Science and Technology (Norman, Okla., 1971), 99-122; Alan K. Sloan, Citizen Participation in Transportation Planning: The Boston Experience (Cambridge, Mass., 1974); Richard O. Baumbach, Jr., and William E. Borah, The Second Battle of New Orleans: A History of the Vieux Carré Riverfront Expressway Controversy (University, Ala., 1981); Carl Abbott, Portland: Planning, Politics, and Growth in a Twentieth-Century City (Lincoln, Nebr., 1983), 255-257.
28. On environmental politics generally, see Samuel P. Hays, "From Conservation to Environment: Environmental Politics in the United States Since World War II," in Char Miller and Hal Rothman, eds., Out of the Woods: Essays in Environmental History (Pittsburgh, 1997), 101-126, and Hays, Explorations in Environmental History (Pittsburgh, 1998); Thomas Raymond Wellock, Critical Masses: Opposition to Nuclear Power in California, 1958-1978 (Madison, Wisc., 1998), 48. See also Jeffrey M. Berry, The New Liberalism: The Rising Power of Citizen Groups (Washington, D.C., 1999).
29. On environmental politics generally, see Samuel P. Hays, "From Conservation to Environment: Environmental Politics in the United States Since World War II," in Char Miller and Hal Rothman, eds., Out of the Woods: Essays in Environmental History (Pittsburgh, 1997), 101-126, and Hays, Explorations in Environmental History (Pittsburgh, 1998); Thomas Raymond Wellock, Critical Masses: Opposition to Nuclear Power in California, 1958-1978 (Madison, Wisc., 1998), 48. See also Jeffrey M. Berry, The New Liberalism: The Rising Power of Citizen Groups (Washington, D.C., 1999).
30. On environmental politics generally, see Samuel P. Hays, "From Conservation to Environment: Environmental Politics in the United States Since World War II," in Char Miller and Hal Rothman, eds., Out of the Woods: Essays in Environmental History (Pittsburgh, 1997), 101-126, and Hays, Explorations in Environmental History (Pittsburgh, 1998); Thomas Raymond Wellock, Critical Masses: Opposition to Nuclear Power in California, 1958-1978 (Madison, Wisc., 1998), 48. See also Jeffrey M. Berry, The New Liberalism: The Rising Power of Citizen Groups (Washington, D.C., 1999).
31. On environmental politics generally, see Samuel P. Hays, "From Conservation to Environment: Environmental Politics in the United States Since World War II," in Char Miller and Hal Rothman, eds., Out of the Woods: Essays in Environmental History (Pittsburgh, 1997), 101-126, and Hays, Explorations in Environmental History (Pittsburgh, 1998); Thomas Raymond Wellock, Critical Masses: Opposition to Nuclear Power in California, 1958-1978 (Madison, Wisc., 1998), 48. See also Jeffrey M. Berry, The New Liberalism: The Rising Power of Citizen Groups (Washington, D.C., 1999).
32. San Francisco Board of Supervisors, Resolution Number 496-63, Aug. 26, 1963. William H. Lathrop, Jr., described the freeway revolt shortly after the crucial 1966 vote. See "San Francisco Freeway Revolt," Transportation Engineering Journal, 97 (Feb. 1971), 133-143. Several well-researched unpublished theses and dissertations contain thoughtful analysis of aspects of the San Francisco freeway revolt. See Herbert H. Goodwin, Jr., "California's Growing Freeway System" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1969), 417-564; Lawrence Simon Jacobson, "The Effect of Political Pressure Upon Freeway Route Decisions in San Francisco" (M.A. thesis, San Francisco State College, 1972); Seymour Adler, "The Political Economy of Transit in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1945-1963" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1980), 308-316, 415-417; David W. Jones, Jr., California's Freeway Era in Historical Perspective (Berkeley, 1989), 256-302; Clifford Donald Ellis, "Visions of Urban Freeways, 1930-1970" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1990), 321-365.
33. San Francisco Board of Supervisors, Resolution Number 496-63, Aug. 26, 1963. William H. Lathrop, Jr., described the freeway revolt shortly after the crucial 1966 vote. See "San Francisco Freeway Revolt," Transportation Engineering Journal, 97 (Feb. 1971), 133-143. Several well-researched unpublished theses and dissertations contain thoughtful analysis of aspects of the San Francisco freeway revolt. See Herbert H. Goodwin, Jr., "California's Growing Freeway System" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1969), 417-564; Lawrence Simon Jacobson, "The Effect of Political Pressure Upon Freeway Route Decisions in San Francisco" (M.A. thesis, San Francisco State College, 1972); Seymour Adler, "The Political Economy of Transit in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1945-1963"
34. San Francisco Board of Supervisors, Resolution Number 496-63, Aug. 26, 1963. William H. Lathrop, Jr., described the freeway revolt shortly after the crucial 1966 vote. See "San Francisco Freeway Revolt," Transportation Engineering Journal, 97 (Feb. 1971), 133-143. Several well-researched unpublished theses and dissertations contain thoughtful analysis of aspects of the San Francisco freeway revolt. See Herbert H. Goodwin, Jr., "California's Growing Freeway System" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1969), 417-564; Lawrence Simon Jacobson, "The Effect of Political Pressure Upon Freeway Route Decisions in San Francisco" (M.A. thesis, San Francisco State College, 1972); Seymour Adler, "The Political Economy of Transit in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1945-1963" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1980), 308-316, 415-417; David W. Jones, Jr., California's Freeway Era in Historical Perspective (Berkeley, 1989), 256-302; Clifford Donald Ellis, "Visions of Urban Freeways, 1930-1970" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1990), 321-365.
35. San Francisco Board of Supervisors, Resolution Number 496-63, Aug. 26, 1963. William H. Lathrop, Jr., described the freeway revolt shortly after the crucial 1966 vote. See "San Francisco Freeway Revolt," Transportation Engineering Journal, 97 (Feb. 1971), 133-143. Several well-researched unpublished theses and dissertations contain thoughtful analysis of aspects of the San Francisco freeway revolt. See Herbert H. Goodwin, Jr., "California's Growing Freeway System" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1969), 417-564; Lawrence Simon Jacobson, "The Effect of Political Pressure Upon Freeway Route Decisions in San Francisco" (M.A. thesis, San Francisco State College, 1972); Seymour Adler, "The Political Economy of Transit in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1945-1963" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1980), 308-316, 415-417; David W. Jones, Jr., California's Freeway Era in Historical Perspective (Berkeley, 1989), 256-302; Clifford Donald Ellis, "Visions of Urban Freeways, 1930-1970" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1990), 321-365.
36. San Francisco Board of Supervisors, Resolution Number 496-63, Aug. 26, 1963. William H. Lathrop, Jr., described the freeway revolt shortly after the crucial 1966 vote. See "San Francisco Freeway Revolt," Transportation Engineering Journal, 97 (Feb. 1971), 133-143. Several well-researched unpublished theses and dissertations contain thoughtful analysis of aspects of the San Francisco freeway revolt. See Herbert H. Goodwin, Jr., "California's Growing Freeway System" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1969), 417-564; Lawrence Simon Jacobson, "The Effect of Political Pressure Upon Freeway Route Decisions in San Francisco" (M.A. thesis, San Francisco State College, 1972); Seymour Adler, "The Political Economy of Transit in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1945-1963" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1980), 308-316, 415-417; David W. Jones, Jr., California's Freeway Era in Historical Perspective (Berkeley, 1989), 256-302; Clifford Donald Ellis, "Visions of Urban Freeways, 1930-1970" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1990), 321-365.
37. San Francisco Board of Supervisors, Resolution Number 496-63, Aug. 26, 1963. William H. Lathrop, Jr., described the freeway revolt shortly after the crucial 1966 vote. See "San Francisco Freeway Revolt," Transportation Engineering Journal, 97 (Feb. 1971), 133-143. Several well-researched unpublished theses and dissertations contain thoughtful analysis of aspects of the San Francisco freeway revolt. See Herbert H. Goodwin, Jr., "California's Growing Freeway System" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1969), 417-564; Lawrence Simon Jacobson, "The Effect of Political Pressure Upon Freeway Route Decisions in San Francisco" (M.A. thesis, San Francisco State College, 1972); Seymour Adler, "The Political Economy of Transit in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1945-1963" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1980), 308-316, 415-417; David W. Jones, Jr., California's Freeway Era in Historical Perspective (Berkeley, 1989), 256-302; Clifford Donald Ellis, "Visions of Urban Freeways, 1930-1970" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1990), 321-365.
38. See William A. Proctor, "Economic Factors Pertinent to Freeway Development," Planning Monograph Number 6 [San Francisco Department of City Planning publication], July 31, 1948.
39. The Chamber of Commerce, following tradition, assumed leadership in the discussion of transportation policy and enlisted the support of career professionals in city agencies, as well as the cooperation of the mayor, but this tradition was changing during the period. San Francisco Chamber of Commerce, "Annual Report, 1939 and Work Program for 1940," 11-12; mimeograph copy in California Historical Society Library, San Francisco. See also William Issel, "New Deal and Wartime Origins of San Francisco's Postwar Political Culture," in Roger W. Lotchin, ed., The Way We Really Were: The Golden State in the Second Great War (Urbana, Ill., 1999).
40. Angelo Rossi, "Mayor's Annual Message," Section on Traffic and Transportation, in Board of Supervisors, Journal of Proceedings, Jan. 26, 1942, pp. 114-117; ibid., Feb. 16, 1942, pp. 271-275.
41. Angelo Rossi, "Mayor's Annual Message," Section on Traffic and Transportation, in Board of Supervisors, Journal of Proceedings, Jan. 26, 1942, pp. 114-117; ibid., Feb. 16, 1942, pp. 271-275.
42. San Francisco Housing and Planning Association, "Now is the Time to Plan" (1942), copy in Institute of Governmental Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley.
43. Oral history interview with Dorothy Erskine, by John R. Jacobs, in Bay Area Foundation History (5 vols., Berkeley, 1971), 3: 125-129, and interview with T. J. Kent, Jr., by Malca Chall, titled "Statewide and Regional Land Use Planning in California, 1950-1980" (1981), 31-45; both held in Regional Oral History Office (ROHO) of the Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
44. Oral history interview with Dorothy Erskine, by John R. Jacobs, in Bay Area Foundation History (5 vols., Berkeley, 1971), 3: 125-129, and interview with T. J. Kent, Jr., by Malca Chall, titled "Statewide and Regional Land Use Planning in California, 1950-1980" (1981), 31-45; both held in Regional Oral History Office (ROHO) of the Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
45. San Francisco City Planning Commission, "The Master Plan of the City and County of San Francisco" [adopted Dec. 20, 1945, published Jan. 1946], held in Government Publications Department, San Francisco Main Public Library.
46. L. Deming Tilton, "Memorandum on the Proposed Extension of the Bayshore Freeway," Administrative Report Number 32, April 26, 1945, p. 11, copy in folder 2A, Freeway Collection. The author has also examined federal government documents pertaining to the cross-town freeway fight in the National Archives: Public Roads-California-Part II, Crosstown Freeways folder, in Box 360, United States Department of Transportation Records, Record Group 398, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
47. Ibid. L. Deming Tilton, "Traffic Control and Facilitation: Pharmacopoeia of Traffic Control," The American City, 61 (1946), 127. The plans in question, all held in the Freeway Collection, were: Traffic, Transit and Thoroughfare Improvements for San Francisco, prepared by the Technical Committee of the Mayor's Administrative Transportation Council (March 1947); Transportation Plan for San Francisco: November 1948 (Trafficways Plan), A Report to the City Planning Commission by DeLeuw Cather and Company and Ladislas Segoe and Associates (adopted by the city and the state as an amendment to the Master Plan in 1951); Trafficways in San Francisco: A Reappraisal, San Francisco Department of City Planning (Nov. 1960); "Recommendations on Alternate Panhandle Freeway Routes," July 16, 1964, copy in folder 34, Freeway Collection; Thomas J. Mellon, "A Report to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors on the Panhandle and Golden Gate Freeways: A Joint City-State Study" (1966), copy in folder 35, ibid.
48. Ibid. L. Deming Tilton, "Traffic Control and Facilitation: Pharmacopoeia of Traffic Control," The American City, 61 (1946), 127. The plans in question, all held in the Freeway Collection, were: Traffic, Transit and Thoroughfare Improvements for San Francisco, prepared by the Technical Committee of the Mayor's Administrative Transportation Council (March 1947); Transportation Plan for San Francisco: November 1948 (Trafficways Plan), A Report to the City Planning Commission by DeLeuw Cather and Company and Ladislas Segoe and Associates (adopted by the city and the state as an amendment to the Master Plan in 1951); Trafficways in San Francisco: A Reappraisal, San Francisco Department of City Planning (Nov. 1960); "Recommendations on Alternate Panhandle Freeway Routes," July 16, 1964, copy in folder 34, Freeway Collection; Thomas J. Mellon, "A Report to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors on the Panhandle and Golden Gate Freeways: A Joint City-State Study" (1966), copy in folder 35, ibid.
49. Ibid. L. Deming Tilton, "Traffic Control and Facilitation: Pharmacopoeia of Traffic Control," The American City, 61 (1946), 127. The plans in question, all held in the Freeway Collection, were: Traffic, Transit and Thoroughfare Improvements for San Francisco, prepared by the Technical Committee of the Mayor's Administrative Transportation Council (March 1947); Transportation Plan for San Francisco: November 1948 (Trafficways Plan), A Report to the City Planning Commission by DeLeuw Cather and Company and Ladislas Segoe and Associates (adopted by the city and the state as an amendment to the Master Plan in 1951); Trafficways in San Francisco: A Reappraisal, San Francisco Department of City Planning (Nov. 1960); "Recommendations on Alternate Panhandle Freeway Routes," July 16, 1964, copy in folder 34, Freeway Collection; Thomas J. Mellon, "A Report to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors on the Panhandle and Golden Gate Freeways: A Joint City-State Study" (1966), copy in folder 35, ibid.
50. Ibid. L. Deming Tilton, "Traffic Control and Facilitation: Pharmacopoeia of Traffic Control," The American City, 61 (1946), 127. The plans in question, all held in the Freeway Collection, were: Traffic, Transit and Thoroughfare Improvements for San Francisco, prepared by the Technical Committee of the Mayor's Administrative Transportation Council (March 1947); Transportation Plan for San Francisco: November 1948 (Trafficways Plan), A Report to the City Planning Commission by DeLeuw Cather and Company and Ladislas Segoe and Associates (adopted by the city and the state as an amendment to the Master Plan in 1951); Trafficways in San Francisco: A Reappraisal, San Francisco Department of City Planning (Nov. 1960); "Recommendations on Alternate Panhandle Freeway Routes," July 16, 1964, copy in folder 34, Freeway Collection; Thomas J. Mellon, "A Report to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors on the Panhandle and Golden Gate Freeways: A Joint City-State Study" (1966), copy in folder 35, ibid.
51. Ibid. L. Deming Tilton, "Traffic Control and Facilitation: Pharmacopoeia of Traffic Control," The American City, 61 (1946), 127. The plans in question, all held in the Freeway Collection, were: Traffic, Transit and Thoroughfare Improvements for San Francisco, prepared by the Technical Committee of the Mayor's Administrative Transportation Council (March 1947); Transportation Plan for San Francisco: November 1948 (Trafficways Plan), A Report to the City Planning Commission by DeLeuw Cather and Company and Ladislas Segoe and Associates (adopted by the city and the state as an amendment to the Master Plan in 1951); Trafficways in San Francisco: A Reappraisal, San Francisco Department of City Planning (Nov. 1960); "Recommendations on Alternate Panhandle Freeway Routes," July 16, 1964, copy in folder 34, Freeway Collection; Thomas J. Mellon, "A Report to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors on the Panhandle and Golden Gate Freeways: A Joint City-State Study" (1966), copy in folder 35, ibid.
52. Ibid. L. Deming Tilton, "Traffic Control and Facilitation: Pharmacopoeia of Traffic Control," The American City, 61 (1946), 127. The plans in question, all held in the Freeway Collection, were: Traffic, Transit and Thoroughfare Improvements for San Francisco, prepared by the Technical Committee of the Mayor's Administrative Transportation Council (March 1947); Transportation Plan for San Francisco: November 1948 (Trafficways Plan), A Report to the City Planning Commission by DeLeuw Cather and Company and Ladislas Segoe and Associates (adopted by the city and the state as an amendment to the Master Plan in 1951); Trafficways in San Francisco: A Reappraisal, San Francisco Department of City Planning (Nov. 1960); "Recommendations on Alternate Panhandle Freeway Routes," July 16, 1964, copy in folder 34, Freeway Collection; Thomas J. Mellon, "A Report to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors on the Panhandle and Golden Gate Freeways: A Joint City-State Study" (1966), copy in folder 35, ibid.
53. San Francisco's particular political culture influenced the politics of freeway policy, but numerous aspects of the controversies that developed in the city involved issues that had to be addressed throughout the nation. See Rose and Seely, "Getting the Interstate System Built."
54. Paul Oppermann remarks quoted in "Downtown is Everyone's Problem," San Francisco News, March 22, 1954.
55. The San Francisco Labor Council (AFL) endorsed state freeway proposals for the first time at its meeting of March 1, 1945. See Resolutions File, 1945, in San Francisco Labor Council Records, carton 51, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley (hereafter cited as Labor Council Records). For a typical downtown business statement, see Down Town Association of San Francisco, The Downtowner Progress Report, "The Position of the Down Town Association on Freeways," June 28, 1956, folder 57, Freeway Collection. See also "Nine Point Policy Statement of the Down Town Association of San Francisco Relative to the Freeway Construction Problem in San Francisco," The Downtowner, Dec. 2, 1959, folder 81, Freeway Collection.
56. The San Francisco Labor Council (AFL) endorsed state freeway proposals for the first time at its meeting of March 1, 1945. See Resolutions File, 1945, in San Francisco Labor Council Records, carton 51, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley (hereafter cited as Labor Council Records). For a typical downtown business statement, see Down Town Association of San Francisco, The Downtowner Progress Report, "The Position of the Down Town Association on Freeways," June 28, 1956, folder 57, Freeway Collection. See also "Nine Point Policy Statement of the Down Town Association of San Francisco Relative to the Freeway Construction Problem in San Francisco," The Downtowner, Dec. 2, 1959, folder 81, Freeway Collection.
57. The cooperation between labor and business can be seen in the following: Charles L. Conlon, Chairman of the Committee of South of Market Industries, to George Johns, Secretary, San Francisco Labor Council, Oct. 17, 1955, folder C, carton 78, and Alan K. Browne, Co-Chairman of San Francisco Citizens Committee for Ferry Park Bonds, to Johns, Aug. 27, 1959, Municipal Elections, folder 59, carton 90, Labor Council Records. For the position of organized business, see San Francisco Chamber of Commerce, "Construction Projects for State Highways in City and County of San Francisco, 1954-55 Budget," Aug. 20, 1953, copy in folder 37, Freeway Collection. The sources for Christopher's conversation with Charles Blyth and the meeting that followed are Christopher, interview by author, Aug. 14, 1997, San Francisco; letter from B. W. Booker (Assistant State Highway Engineer) to Christopher, April 17, 1956, folder 18, Freeway Collection; and Scott Newhall, interview by Suzanne B. Reiss, titled "A Newspaper Editor's Voyage Across San Francisco Bay: San Francisco Chronicle, 1935-1971 & Other Adventures" (1990), ROHO, 1990, pp. 275-277.
58. The cooperation between labor and business can be seen in the following: Charles L. Conlon, Chairman of the Committee of South of Market Industries, to George Johns, Secretary, San Francisco Labor Council, Oct. 17, 1955, folder C, carton 78, and Alan K. Browne, Co-Chairman of San Francisco Citizens Committee for Ferry Park Bonds, to Johns, Aug. 27, 1959, Municipal Elections, folder 59, carton 90, Labor Council Records. For the position of organized business, see San Francisco Chamber of Commerce, "Construction Projects for State Highways in City and County of San Francisco, 1954-55 Budget," Aug. 20, 1953, copy in folder 37, Freeway Collection. The sources for Christopher's conversation with Charles Blyth and the meeting that followed are Christopher, interview by author, Aug. 14, 1997, San Francisco; letter from B. W. Booker (Assistant State Highway Engineer) to Christopher, April 17, 1956, folder 18, Freeway Collection; and Scott Newhall, interview by Suzanne B. Reiss, titled "A Newspaper Editor's Voyage Across San Francisco Bay: San Francisco Chronicle, 1935-1971 & Other Adventures" (1990), ROHO, 1990, pp. 275-277.
59. See, for example, the interpretation of Jones, Jr., "California's Freeway Era in Historical Perspective," 300-302.
60. Newhall oral history, 140.
61. Ibid.
62. Jean Kortum, interview by author, Oct. 22, 1998, San Francisco.
63. Newhall oral history, 218.
64. Journalist Warren Hinckle, who simultaneously covered the freeway revolt as a Chronicle reporter and organized rallies against the Panhandle Freeway, provides a wry perspective on the role of the circulation war in the freeway revolt in Hinckle, If You Have a Lemon, Make Lemonade: An Essential Memoir of a Lunatic Decade (New York, 1990), 19-34. See also Judith Ann Lynch, "The San Francisco Panhandle Freeway Debate: One Year of Coverage by the Chronicle and the Examine" (M.A. thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 1967).
65. Journalist Warren Hinckle, who simultaneously covered the freeway revolt as a Chronicle reporter and organized rallies against the Panhandle Freeway, provides a wry perspective on the role of the circulation war in the freeway revolt in Hinckle, If You Have a Lemon, Make Lemonade: An Essential Memoir of a Lunatic Decade (New York, 1990), 19-34. See also Judith Ann Lynch, "The San Francisco Panhandle Freeway Debate: One Year of Coverage by the Chronicle and the Examine" (M.A. thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 1967).
66. San Francisco Chronicle, Dec. 8, 1955.
67. Harold Gilliam, interview by author, Oct. 27, 1998, San Francisco.
68. San Francisco Chronicle, July 10, 1964.
69. "Speaking Up on Freeway Planning," Nov. 2, 1956.
70. Property owners in the Silver Terrace and Excelsior neighborhoods expressed similar opposition to the Southern Freeway, but successful organized protest on the scale of the Glen Park and Sunset districts did not develop. For evidence of discontent in those southeastern neighborhoods, see James B. Smith to Christopher, Jan. 16, 1956, folder 50, Freeway Collection; San Francisco News, Feb. 1, 1956.
71. The San Francisco Chronicle devoted an editorial on November 2, 1956, to the new law requiring the highway engineers to seek public response to their freeway plans actively. Because of space limitations, and because it involved substantially more people and had a more lasting impact on policy than the Glen Park case, only the Sunset district campaign will receive detailed attention here. One of the mimeographed flyers distributed door-to-door announced a "great mass meeting" at Lincoln High School; it read in part: "Protect YOUR home - YOUR neighborhood - YOUR community! Protect our churches and our schools. . . . Did you know that ours is the last hope of any community in California to block the arbitrary and bureaucratic Highway Commission, which is trying to jam this Freeway through our neighborhood. . . . This is YOUR fight! Stand up and be counted!" Copy in folder 57, Freeway Collection.
72. For the Board's action and the Christopher veto, see San Francisco Call Bulletin, June 12, 1956; San Francisco Chronicle, June 13, 22, 1956.
73. For the Board's action and the Christopher veto, see San Francisco Call Bulletin, June 12, 1956; San Francisco Chronicle, June 13, 22, 1956.
74. Joseph L. Alioto quoted in San Francisco Chronicle, Oct. 10, 1956.
75. For an account of the events during the meeting of the Board of Supervisors, see Jack Burby, "Board Kills Plans for 6 Freeways: Unanimous Action," San Francisco Chronicle, Jan. 27, 1959.
76. Interview with William Blake by Lawrence Simon Jacobson, March 1967, San Francisco, quoted in Lawrence Simon Jacobson, "The Effect of Political Pressure Upon Freeway Route Decisions in San Francisco" (M.A. thesis, San Francisco State College, 1972), 75.
77. San Francisco Chronicle, March 30, 1960. San Francisco News Call-Bulletin, March 8, 1960. For the importance of such ad hoc committees, see Carl Abbott, "Portland in the Pacific War: Planning from 1940 to 1945," Urbanism Past and Present, 6 (Spring/Winter 1981), 12-24.
78. San Francisco Chronicle, March 30, 1960. San Francisco News Call-Bulletin, March 8, 1960. For the importance of such ad hoc committees, see Carl Abbott, "Portland in the Pacific War: Planning from 1940 to 1945," Urbanism Past and Present, 6 (Spring/Winter 1981), 12-24.
79. San Francisco Chronicle, March 30, 1960. San Francisco News Call-Bulletin, March 8, 1960. For the importance of such ad hoc committees, see Carl Abbott, "Portland in the Pacific War: Planning from 1940 to 1945," Urbanism Past and Present, 6 (Spring/Winter 1981), 12-24.
80. The city planners and state engineers enlisted the expertise of noted landscape architect Lawrence Halprin in an attempt to improve the designs for the Panhandle and Golden Gate freeways. See "Halprin Accepts Highway Challenge in San Francisco," Architectural Forum, 116 (1962), 13. Halprin was based in San Francisco and played a national role in the development of highway design reform ideas. See Lawrence Halprin, Cities (Cambridge, Mass., 1972 ), 198-207; Halprin, "Cities Don't Have to Be Ugly," Engineering News-Record, 181 (Nov. 7, 1968), 53-55. On the role of design considerations in freeway policy generally, see Louis Ward Kemp, "Aesthetes and Engineers: The Occupational Ideology of Highway Design," Culture and Technology, 27 (1986), 759-797.
81. The city planners and state engineers enlisted the expertise of noted landscape architect Lawrence Halprin in an attempt to improve the designs for the Panhandle and Golden Gate freeways. See "Halprin Accepts Highway Challenge in San Francisco," Architectural Forum, 116 (1962), 13. Halprin was based in San Francisco and played a national role in the development of highway design reform ideas. See Lawrence Halprin, Cities (Cambridge, Mass., 1972 ), 198-207; Halprin, "Cities Don't Have to Be Ugly," Engineering News-Record, 181 (Nov. 7, 1968), 53-55. On the role of design considerations in freeway policy generally, see Louis Ward Kemp, "Aesthetes and Engineers: The Occupational Ideology of Highway Design," Culture and Technology, 27 (1986), 759-797.
82. The city planners and state engineers enlisted the expertise of noted landscape architect Lawrence Halprin in an attempt to improve the designs for the Panhandle and Golden Gate freeways. See "Halprin Accepts Highway Challenge in San Francisco," Architectural Forum, 116 (1962), 13. Halprin was based in San Francisco and played a national role in the development of highway design reform ideas. See Lawrence Halprin, Cities (Cambridge, Mass., 1972 ), 198-207; Halprin, "Cities Don't Have to Be Ugly," Engineering News-Record, 181 (Nov. 7, 1968), 53-55. On the role of design considerations in freeway policy generally, see Louis Ward Kemp, "Aesthetes and Engineers: The Occupational Ideology of Highway Design," Culture and Technology, 27 (1986), 759-797.
83. The city planners and state engineers enlisted the expertise of noted landscape architect Lawrence Halprin in an attempt to improve the designs for the Panhandle and Golden Gate freeways. See "Halprin Accepts Highway Challenge in San Francisco," Architectural Forum, 116 (1962), 13. Halprin was based in San Francisco and played a national role in the development of highway design reform ideas. See Lawrence Halprin, Cities (Cambridge, Mass., 1972 ), 198-207; Halprin, "Cities Don't Have to Be Ugly," Engineering News-Record, 181 (Nov. 7, 1968), 53-55. On the role of design considerations in freeway policy generally, see Louis Ward Kemp, "Aesthetes and Engineers: The Occupational Ideology of Highway Design," Culture and Technology, 27 (1986), 759-797.
84. Supervisor Sue Bierman, interview by author, Oct. 16, 1998, San Francisco. See also Jerry Roberts, Dianne Feinstein: Never Let Them See You Cry (New York, 1994), 46.
85. Supervisor Sue Bierman, interview by author, Oct. 16, 1998, San Francisco. See also Jerry Roberts, Dianne Feinstein: Never Let Them See You Cry (New York, 1994), 46.
86. Kortum interview. The committee published an effective, expensively produced, professional critique of the Golden Gate Freeway, entitled "The Golden Gate Freeway: A Frightening Prospect." The large format publication included quotations from local environmentalist activists as well as from President Lyndon Johnson and Vice President Hubert Humphrey underscoring the importance of protecting the northern waterfront from "the unworthiness of the Division of Highways' proposed Golden Gate Freeway." Copy in folder 32, Freeway Collection.
87. San Francisco Chronicle, Feb. 16, 1966.
88. Kortum interview. Willie L. Brown, Jr., to Hon. Robert C. Weaver, Feb. 2, 1966, carbon copy in personal possession of Kortum. Brown's biographer correctly notes that the Golden Gate Freeway was "an issue about which he had shown no previous interest" prior to his 1964 campaign for the State Assembly. See James Richardson, Willie Brown: A Biography (Berkeley, 1996), 92.
89. For a detailed account of the Board's actions, based upon extensive interviews with the principals as well as newspaper reporting, see Jacobson, "The Effect of Political Pressure," 85-89, 113-117, 129-136.
90. John F. Shelley to Alan S. Boyd, Jan. 3, 1966, Public Roads-California (Crystal Springs) folder, box 360, RG 398 (hereafter Crystal Springs folder). Shelley to Boyd, April 4, 1967, Federal Aid Highways-California-Junipero Serra Freeway, 1967 folder, box 309 (hereafter Junipero Serra Folder), ibid.
91. San Francisco Chronicle, April 14, 1957.
92. Ibid, May 9, 17, 1957.
93. The 1958 resolution is reiterated in Resolution 67-0891, San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, Oct. 10, 1967, in Junipero Serra folder. Don Fazackerley's comment is quoted in San Francisco Chronicle, June 5, 1957.
94. E. H. Swick to Lowell K. Bridwell, Feb. 11, 1966, Crystal Springs folder. See also San Francisco Chronicle, April 11, July 23, 1958.
95. Biographical data are from the author's files on city commissioners and department heads, 1930-1970. The Shelley administration changes receive brief attention in Frederick M. Wirt, Power in the City: Decision-Making in San Francisco (Berkeley, 1974), 77. James K. Carr, a prominent California Democrat, was an outspoken advocate of environmentalist land use and water policy planning.
96. Gilliam interview. Stewart L. Udall, The Quiet Crisis (New York, 1963), 203.
97. J. C. Womack to Robert B. Bradford and the Members of the State Highway Commission, Sept. 14, 1965, Crystal Springs folder.
98. The city water department had an engineer assigned to full-time work with the Division of Highways with instructions to monitor water quality during the early phases of construction. Swick to Bridwell, Feb. 11, 1966, ibid.
99. "Statement of Position Regarding the Proposed Realignment of Junipero Serra Freeway Between Ralston Avenue and the Town Limits of Woodside," July 27, 1965, in ibid.; San Francisco Chronicle, Oct. 20, 25, 1965 (editorial); Burlingame Star, Oct. 22, 1965; Womack to Bradford et al., Feb. 14, 1966, and Rolf Eliassen to Carr, May 11, 1966, in Crystal Springs folder.
100. "Statement of Position Regarding the Proposed Realignment of Junipero Serra Freeway Between Ralston Avenue and the Town Limits of Woodside," July 27, 1965, in ibid.; San Francisco Chronicle, Oct. 20, 25, 1965 (editorial); Burlingame Star, Oct. 22, 1965; Womack to Bradford et al., Feb. 14, 1966, and Rolf Eliassen to Carr, May 11, 1966, in Crystal Springs folder.
101. "Statement of Position Regarding the Proposed Realignment of Junipero Serra Freeway Between Ralston Avenue and the Town Limits of Woodside," July 27, 1965, in ibid.; San Francisco Chronicle, Oct. 20, 25, 1965 (editorial); Burlingame Star, Oct. 22, 1965; Womack to Bradford et al., Feb. 14, 1966, and Rolf Eliassen to Carr, May 11, 1966, in Crystal Springs folder.
102. "Statement of Position Regarding the Proposed Realignment of Junipero Serra Freeway Between Ralston Avenue and the Town Limits of Woodside," July 27, 1965, in ibid.; San Francisco Chronicle, Oct. 20, 25, 1965 (editorial); Burlingame Star, Oct. 22, 1965; Womack to Bradford et al., Feb. 14, 1966, and Rolf Eliassen to Carr, May 11, 1966, in Crystal Springs folder.
103. The White House meeting is described in Shelley to Boyd, April 4, 1967, Junipero Serra folder.
104. Commissioner William Whitehurst as quoted in San Francisco Chronicle, July 25, 1968.
105. Handwritten note from Boyd at bottom of letter from Thomas F. Stack to Boyd, Jan. 18, 1966, Crystal Springs folder.
106. Swick to Bridwell, Feb. 11, 1966, ibid.; San Francisco Chronicle, Feb. 2, 3, 1966.
107. Swick to Bridwell, Feb. 11, 1966, ibid.; San Francisco Chronicle, Feb. 2, 3, 1966.
108. Swick to Bridwell, Feb. 11, 1966, Crystal Springs Folder.
109. Bridwell to Boyd, Feb. 18, 1966; Womack to D. J. Steele, March 1, 1966; Swick to Bridwell, March 10, 1966, all in ibid.
110. Bridwell to Boyd, March 10, 1966, ibid.
111. Thomas M. O'Connor to Boyd, April 26, 1966, O'Connor to Boyd, May 12, 1966, Crystal Springs folder; San Francisco Chronicle, July 13, 1965; San Francisco News Call-Bulletin, July 13, 1965.
112. Thomas M. O'Connor to Boyd, April 26, 1966, O'Connor to Boyd, May 12, 1966, Crystal Springs folder; San Francisco Chronicle, July 13, 1965; San Francisco News Call-Bulletin, July 13, 1965.
113. Telegram from Shelley to Boyd, Feb. 28, 1966; telegram from S. E. Farin to Boyd, March 21, 1966; Boyd to Rex M. Whitton, March 22, 1966, all in Crosstown Freeways folder; San Francisco Chronicle, March 22, 1966.
114. Shelley to Edmund G. Brown, June 29, 1966, Crystal Springs folder.
115. Bridwell to Under Secretary Boyd, Aug. 1, 1966, and James J. Finn to Boyd, July 22, 1966, ibid.
116. Quoted in Shelley to Boyd, April 4, 1967, Junipero Serra Freeway folder.
117. Department of Transportation Act, U.S. Statutes at Large, 80, sec. 4 (f), 1967.
118. Stewart L. Udall to Dear Mr. Secretary [Boyd], March 13, 1967; [U.S. Senator from California] Thomas H. Kuchel to Boyd, April 24, 1967; Orville L. Freeman to Boyd, May 25, 1967; Robert C. Weaver to Boyd, July 10, 1967; Boyd to Ronald Reagan, Aug. 9, 1967; the five-hour meeting on August 24 is described in detail in Bridwell to Boyd, Sept. 5, 1967, all in Junipero Serra Freeway folder.
119. Gordon C. Luce to Bridwell, Aug. 22, 30, 1967, ibid.
120. Bridwell to Shelley, Sept. 6, 1967, ibid.
121. Bridwell to Luce, Sept. 8, 1967, ibid.; San Francisco Chronicle, Sept. 21, 1967.
122. Shelley to Bridwell, Oct. 11, 1967; Bridwell to Shelley, Oct. 31, 1967; [Acting San Francisco Mayor] Dorothy von Beroldinger to Members of the California Highway Commission, Nov. 15, 1967, all in Junipero Serra Freeway folder; San Francisco Chronicle, Dec. 13, 1967.
123. San Francisco Chronicle, July 25, 1968.
124. Ibid., June 6, 26, July 3, Sept. 13, 1968.
125. Ibid., Sept. 13, 1968.
126. Ibid., March 20, 1969, Sept. 3, 1973.
127. See Mohl, "Planned Destruction"; Alan Lupo, Frank Colcord, Edmund P. Fowler, Rites of Way: The Politics of Transportation in Boston and the U.S. City (Boston, 1971), 171-187; Brumbach and Borah, The Second Battle of New Orleans.
128. See Mohl, "Planned Destruction"; Alan Lupo, Frank Colcord, Edmund P. Fowler, Rites of Way: The Politics of Transportation in Boston and the U.S. City (Boston, 1971), 171-187; Brumbach and Borah, The Second Battle of New Orleans.
129. See Jeffrey M. Berry, The New Liberalism: The Rising Power of Citizen Groups (Washington, D.C., 1999), and Samuel P. Hays, "Three Decades of Environmental Politics: The Historical Context," in Hays, Explorations in Environmental History, 334-378.
130. See Jeffrey M. Berry, The New Liberalism: The Rising Power of Citizen Groups (Washington, D.C., 1999), and Samuel P. Hays, "Three Decades of Environmental Politics: The Historical Context," in Hays, Explorations in Environmental History, 334-378.