The NATO powers and the Balkan tragedy

New Left Review

Volumn , Issue 234, 1999, Pages 83-104

  Gowan, Peter ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0033449130     PISSN: 00286060     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (23)

1. On the historical background of Kosovo's place in post-war Yugoslav history, see Branka Magas's prescient article under the name of Michelle Lee, 'Kosovo Between Yugoslavia and Albania', NLR 140, July-August 1983, pp. 62-91.
2. Uniquely, in Yugoslavia, the World Bank imposed a savage bankruptcy mechanism on the industrial sector. In 1989-90, the decisive years, this produced, out of a total industrial workforce of 2.7 million, 600,000 rebundancies without compensation, along with a further half a million workers not receiving pay in the early months of 1990. This social shock hit mainly Serbia, Bosnia, Macedonia and Kosovo. See World Bank, Industrial Restructuring Study, Overview, Washington, DC June 1991; see also, Michel Chussodovsky, 'Dismantling the Former Yugoslavia, Research Paper, University of Ottawa, April 1996.
3. Uniquely, in Yugoslavia, the World Bank imposed a savage bankruptcy mechanism on the industrial sector. In 1989-90, the decisive years, this produced, out of a total industrial workforce of 2.7 million, 600,000 rebundancies without compensation, along with a further half a million workers not receiving pay in the early months of 1990. This social shock hit mainly Serbia, Bosnia, Macedonia and Kosovo. See World Bank, Industrial Restructuring Study, Overview, Washington, DC June 1991; see also, Michel Chussodovsky, 'Dismantling the Former Yugoslavia, Research Paper, University of Ottawa, April 1996.
4. This involved traumatic social shocks inflicted on the working class.
5. Milosevic, though presented as aunique phenomenon, was part of a regional political genus, which included figures like Iliescu and Meciar, and should be analyzed as such.
6. John Zametica, The Yugoslav Conflict, Adelphi Papers, no. 270, The International Institute for Strategic Studies, London, Summer 1992, p. 49.
7. Zametica, The Yugoslav Conflict, p. 50. Austria seemed to have hopes for rebuilding a kind of 'Hapsburg' sphere in Slovenia, Croatia and Hungary.
8. Ibid. Zametica cites the Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Newsletter 398, 9 July 1991.
9. Ibid. Zametica cites the Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Newsletter 398, 9 July 1991.
10. Woodward, The Balkan Tragedy, p. 219.
11. The CIA report was later leaked. Its contents were explained in the International Herald Tribune, 29 November 1990, cited in Zametica, The Yugoslav Conflict, p. 58.
12. The CIA report was later leaked. Its contents were explained in the International Herald Tribune, 29 November 1990, cited in Zametica, The Yugoslav Conflict, p. 58.
13. 3Fm Re (Background for the Houston Economic Summit, US Information Agency, 07/05/90).
14. Branka Magas, The Destruction of Yugoslavia, Verso, London 1993, p. 34.
15. For a full account, see Woodward, The Balkan Tragedy, p. 184.
16. As it happened, the Bush administration was staffed at the top by long-time Yugoslav experts: Eagleburger, in charge of European policy, was a former Ambassador and Scowcroft, head of the National Security Council had been in the Belgrade Embassy and had written his Ph.D. on Yugoslavia. Woodward claims that one of the reasons for US passivity during 1990-91 was that both men had had business interests in Yugoslavia and questions were already been raised in the US about the possible influence of these interests on US policy towards the country. See ibid., p. 155.
17. See The New York Times, 17 June 1993.
18. See Carlos Westendorp's testimony to the European Parliament in December 1998, reported in Agence Europe, no. 7355, 3 December 1998, p. 5.
19. BBC Nened Sebak, 'The KLA: Terrorists or Freedom Fighters?', 28 June 1998, BBC News World UK International Foreign British Online Service, http://www.bbc.co.uk.
20. Agence Europe, no. 7359, 9 December 1998, p. 4.
21. See the Washington Post coverage for 1 April through to 7 April 1999 for information on these issues, especially 5 April 1999.
22. Brooke Unger has made this point forcefully in The Economist. See his 'The Balkans: The Two Culprits', The Economist, 24 January 1998.
23. Brooke Unger has made this point forcefully in The Economist. See his 'The Balkans: The Two Culprits', The Economist, 24 January 1998.