"I only ask you kindly to divide some of your fortune with me": Begging letters and the transformation of charity in late nineteenth-century America

Social Politics

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 131-160

  Crocker, Ruth ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033446629     PISSN: 10724745     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/sp/6.2.131     Document Type: Article

References (168)

1. Addams, Jane. 1899. "The Subtle Problems of Charity." Atlantic Monthly 83:163-78.
2. Albee, Anna. 1914. Letter to Margaret Olivia Sage, 2 July, Rockefeller Archive Center, Pocantico Hills, N.Y. (hereafter cited as RSF), box 100, folder 1007.
3. Alchon, Guy. 1991. "Mary Van Kleeck and Social-Economic Planning." Journal of Policy History 3 (1):1-23.
4. Alexander, John. 1980. Render Them Submissive: Responses to Poverty in Philadelphia, 1760-1800. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
5. Bainbridge, Lucy. 1913. Letter to Margaret Olivia Sage, 13 January, RSF, box 1, folder 6.
6. Basch, Norma. 1982. In the Eyes of the Law: Women, Marriage, and Property in Nineteenth-Century New York. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
7. Borden, Caroline. 1908. Letter to Margaret Olivia Sage, 10 February, RSF, box 66, folder 590.
8. Borus, Daniel H. 1998. "Success and the Single Man." Reviews in American History 20:581-86.
9. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Translated by Richard Nice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10. Bremner, Robert H. 1956. From the Depths: The Discovery of Poverty in the United States. New York: New York University Press.
11. _. 1960. American Philanthropy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
12. _. 1980. The Public Good: Philanthropy and Welfare in the Civil War Era. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
13. Bulmer, Martin, Kevin Bales, and Kathryn Kish Sklar, eds. 1991. The Social Survey in Historical Perspective, 1880-1940. New York: Cambridge University Press.
14. Cameron, Mary. 1998. On the Edge of the Auspicious: Gender and Caste in Nepal. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
15. Carlisle, C. B., July 31, 1906, "Mrs. Sage's Burden." Clipping, Onondaga County Public Library, Syracuse, New York.
16. Carnegie, Andrew. 1889a. "Wealth." North American Review 148: 653-64.
17. _. 1889b. "The Best Fields for Philanthropy." North American Review 149: 682-98.
18. Carson, Mina. 1990. Settlement Folk: Social Thought and the American Settlement Movement. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
19. Cawelti, John G. 1965. Apostles of the Self-Made Man: Changing Concepts of Success in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
20. Chambers, Clarke A. 1971. Paul U. Kellogg and the Survey: Voices for Social Welfare and Social Justice. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
21. _. 1986. "Women in the Creation of Professional Social Work." Social Service Review 60:8-12.
22. Chandler, Alfred D. 1977. The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
23. Chernow, Ron. 1998. Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller Sr. New York: Random House.
24. Clement, Priscilla. 1985. Welfare and the Poor in the Nineteenth-Century City: Philadelphia, 1800-1854. Rutherford, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
25. Cott, Nancy. 1998. "Marriage and Women's Citizenship in the United States, 1830-1934." American Historical Review 103 (5): 1440-74.
26. Crocker, Ruth. 1987. "The Victorian Poor Law in Crisis and Change: Southampton, 1870-1895." Albion 19:19-44.
27. _. 1992. Social Work and Social Order: The Settlement Movement in Two Industrial Cities, 1889-1930. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
28. _. 1998. "Unsettling Perspectives: The Settlement Movement, the Rhetoric of Social History, and the Search for Synthesis." In Contesting the Master Narrative: Essays in Social History, ed. Jeff Cox and Shelton Stromquist. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.
29. _. Forthcoming 1999. "The History of Philanthropy as Life History: Margaret Olivia Sage." In The Foundations as History and Theory: New Essays, ed. Ellen Condliffe Lagemann. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
30. _. Forthcoming. Splendid Donation: The Life of Margaret Olivia Sage. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
31. Cutter, Bertha. 1910. Letter to Margaret Olivia Sage, 15 September, RSF, box 88, folder 852.
32. Davis, Allen F. 1967, 1984. Spearheads for Reform: The Social Settlements and the Progressive Movement. 2nd ed. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
33. De Forest, Robert Weeks. 1906. Letter to Margaret Olivia Sage, 10 December, RSF, box 2, folder 11.
34. _. 1907a. Letter to Margaret Olivia Sage, 7 February, RSF, box 2, folder 11.
35. _. 1907b. Letter to Mr. W. Frank Persons, August 3, Community Service Society Collection, Mrs. Sage's Letters, Butler Rare Book Library, Columbia University, New York (hereafter cited as CSS).
36. _. 1912. Letter to President Lowell, July, RSF, box 79, folder 738.
37. Ditz, Toby. 1994. "'Shipwrecked,' or, Masculinity Imperiled: Mercantile Representations of Failure and the Gendered Self in Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia." Journal of American History 81:51-81.
38. Douglas, Mary. 1990. "No Free Gifts." Introduction to The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies, by Marcel Mauss, trans. W. D. Halls. New York: W. W. Norton.
39. Fitzpatrick, Sheila. 1996. "Supplicants and Citizens: Public Letter-Writing in Soviet Russia in the 1930s." Slavic Review 55 (spring):78-106.
40. Fraser, Derek, ed. 1977. The New Poor Law in the Nineteenth Century. London: Macmillan.
41. Fraser, Nancy. 1989. Unruly Practices: Power, Discourse, and Gender in Contemporary Social Theory. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
42. _. 1997. "From Redistribution to Recognition? Dilemmas of Justice in a 'Postsocialist' Age." In Justice Interruptus: Critical Reflections on the 'Postsocialist' Condition. New York: Routledge.
43. Fraser, Nancy, and Linda Gordon. 1994. "A Genealogy of Dependency: Tracing a Keyword of the United States Welfare State." Signs 19 (2): 308-63.
44. Furner, Mary. 1975. Advocacy and Objectivity: A Crisis in the Professionalization of American Social Science, 1868-1905. Lexington: University of Massachusetts Press.
45. Gardner, Deborah. 1990. "Practical Philanthropy: The Phelps-Stokes Fund and Housing." Prospects 15:359-411.
46. Gettleman, Marvin. 1975. "Philanthropy as Social Control in Late Nineteenth-Century America." Societas 5:49-59.
47. Ginzberg, Lori. 1990. Women and the Work of Benevolence: Morality, Politics, Class in the Nineteenth Century United States. New Haven: Yale University Press.
48. Gleason, Arthur Huntington. 1906. "Mrs. Russell Sage and Her Interests." The World's Work 13:8182-86.
49. Glickman, Lawrence. 1993. "Inventing the American Standard of Living: Gender, Race, and Working-Class Identity, 1880-1925." Labor History 34:221-35.
50. _. 1997. A Living Wage: American Workers and the Making of Consumer Society. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
51. Gordon, Linda. 1988. Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence, Boston, 1880-1960. New York: Penguin Books.
52. _. 1994. Pitied But Not Entitled: Single Mothers and the History of Welfare. New York: Free Press.
53. Greeley, Dawn M. 1995. "Beyond Benevolence: Gender, Class, and the Development of Scientific Charity in New York City, 1882-1935." Ph.D. diss., State University of New York at Stony Brook.
54. _. 1997. "'I Know You Can Afford It': Deference and Entitlement in Begging Correspondence, 1882-1918." Paper delivered at the Twenty-Second Annual Meeting of the Social Science History Association, Washington, D.C.
55. _. 1998. "'I'm No More Sentimental Than Any Good Woman Should Be': Gender and Scientific Charity, 1882-1930." Paper delivered at the Twenty-Third Meeting of the Social Science History Association, Chicago.
56. Green, Gertrude. 1906. Letter to Margaret Olivia Sage, November, RSF, box 94, folder 931.
57. Greenwald, Maurine. 1996. "Visualizing Pittsburgh in the 1900s: Art and Photography in the Service of Social Reform." In Pittsburgh Surveyed: Social Science and Social Reform in the Early Twentieth Century, ed. Maurine Greenwald and Margo Anderson. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
58. Griffith, William. N.d. "The Sage Home on Fifth Avenue." Syracuse, N.Y.: Onondaga Historical Association.
59. Hall, Peter Dobkin. 1984. The Organization of American Culture: Private Institutions and Elites in the Origins of American Nationality. New York: New York University Press.
60. _. 1988. Private Philanthropy and Public Policy: A Historical Appraisal. In Philanthropy: Four Views, by Robert Payton et al. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books.
61. _. 1992. Inventing the Nonprofit Sector and Other Essays. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
62. Hammack, David. 1984. Russell Sage Foundation. In The Greenwood Encyclopedia of American Institutions: Foundations, ed. Harold M. Keele and Joseph C. Kiger. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
63. Hammack, David, and Stanton Wheeler. 1994. Social Science in the Making: Essays on the Russell Sage Foundation. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
64. Haskell, Thomas L. 1977. The Emergence of Professional Social Science: The American Social Science Association and the Nineteenth-Century Crisis of Authority. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
65. _, ed. 1984. The Authority of Experts: Studies in History and Theory. Bloomington: Indiana University Press
66. Hewitt, Nancy. 1984. Women's Activism and Social Change in Rochester, New York, 1822-1872. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
67. Higbie, Toby. 1997. "Crossing Class Boundaries: Tramp Ethnographers and Narratives of Class in Progressive Era America." Social Science History 21 (4):559-92.
68. Hijiya, James A. 1980. "Four Ways of Looking at a Philanthropist: A Study of Robert Weeks de Forest." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 124 (6):404-18.
69. Hilkey, Judy. 1997. Character is Capital: Success Manuals and Manhood in Gilded Age America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
70. Hooker, Rose. N.d. Letter to Helen Gould, Lyndhurst Archives, Lyndhurst, Tarrytown, N.Y.
71. Howells, William Dean. 1890. A Hazard of New Fortunes. New York: Harper and Brothers.
72. Hyde, Lewis. 1979. The Gift: Imagination and the Erotic Life of Property. New York: Random House.
73. Joy, Mary Rutherford. 1914. Letter to Margaret Olivia Sage, 15 January, RSF, box 90, folder 869.
74. Kaplan, Barry J. 1978. "Reformers and Charity: The Abolition of Public Outdoor Relief in New York City, 1870-1898." Social Service Review 52:202-14.
75. Karl, Barry D. 1985. "Philanthropy and the Social Sciences." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 129 (1):14-19.
76. Karl, Barry D., and Stanley N. Katz. 1977. "Donors, Trustees, Staffs: An Historical View, 1890-1930." In The Art of Giving: Four Views of American Philanthropy. Pocantico Hills, N.Y.: N.p.
77. _. 1981. "The American Philanthropic Foundation and the Public Sphere, 1890-1930." Minerva 19:236-70.
78. Katz, Esther. 1980. "Grace Hoadley Dodge: Women and the Emerging Metropolis." Ph.D. diss., New York University.
79. Katz, Michael B. 1983. Poverty and Policy in American History. New York: Academic Press.
80. Kerber, Linda K. 1980. Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
81. Kilmer, Paulette D. 1996. The Fear of Sinking: The American Success Formula in the Gilded Age. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
82. Kimmel, Michael. 1996. Manhood in America. New York: Free Press.
83. Klein, Maury. 1986. The Life and Legend of Jay Gould. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
84. Kornbluh, Felicia. 1997. "To Fulfill Their Rightly Needs: Consumerism and the National Welfare Rights Movement." Radical History Review 69: 76-113.
85. Koven, Seth, and Sonya Michel, eds. 1993. Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States. New York: Routledge.
86. _. 1990. "Womanly Duties: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States in France, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States, 1880-1920." American Historical Review 95:1080-84.
87. Kunzel, Regina G. 1993. Fallen Women. Problem Girls: Unmarried Mothers and the Professionalization of Social Work, 1890-1945. New Haven: Yale University Press.
88. Lathrop, Julia. 1894. "Hull-House as a Sociological Laboratory." Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections, Nashville, Tennessee.
89. Lears, Jackson. 1994. Fables of Abundance: A Cultural History of Advertising in America. New York: Basic Books.
90. Litwack, Leon. 1979. Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of the Civil War. Reprint, New York: Vintage Books.
91. Livingston, James. 1994. Pragmatism and the Political Economy of Cultural Revolution, 1850-1940. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
92. Lloyd, Henry Demarest. 1895. Wealth Against Commonwealth. New York: N.p.
93. Lowell, Abbott Lawrence. 1911a. Letter to Margaret Olivia Sage, 24 April, RSF, box 79, folder 738.
94. _. 1911b. Letter to Margaret Olivia Sage, 13 May, RSF, box 79, folder 738.
95. _. 1912. Letter to Margaret Olivia Sage, 3 September, RSF, box 79, folder 738.
96. Lubove, Roy. 1980. The Professional Altruist: The Emergence of Social Welfare as a Career, 1880-1930. Reprint. New York: Atheneum.
97. McCarthy, Kathleen D. 1982. Noblesse Oblige: Charity and Cultural Philanthropy in Chicago, 1849-1929. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
98. _. 1991. Women's Culture: American Philanthropy and Art, 1830-1930. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
99. _. 1990. "Parallel Power Structures: Women and the Voluntary Sphere." In Lady Bountiful Revisited: Women, Philanthropy and Power. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
100. McCloskey, Robert G. 1964. American Conservatism in the Age of Enterprise: A Study of William Graham Sumner, Stephen J. Field, and Andrew Carnegie. New York: Harper and Row.
101. McClymer, John. 1980. War and Welfare: Social Engineering in America, 1890-1925. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
102. Mauss, Marcel. 1990. The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies, trans. W. D. Halls. New York: W. W. Norton.
103. Mayne, Allan. 1993. The Imagined Slum: Newspaper Representation in Three Cities, 1870-1914. Leicester: Leicester University Press.
104. Mink, Gwendolyn. 1990. "The Lady and the Tramp: Gender, Race, and the Origins of the American Welfare State." In Women, the State, and Welfare, ed. Linda Gordon. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
105. Mohl, Raymond A. 1971. Poverty in New York, 1783-1825. New York: Oxford University Press.
106. _. 1979. "Mainstream Social Welfare History and Its Problems." Reviews in American History 7:469-76.
107. _. 1981. "The Abolition of Public Outdoor Relief, 1870-1900." In Social Welfare or Social Control? Some Reflections on "Regulating the Poor," ed. Walter I. Trattner. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
108. Monkonnen, Eric, ed. 1984. Walking To Work: Tramps in America, 1890-1935. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
109. Montgomery, Anne. N.d. Letter to Margaret Olivia Sage, RSF, box 93, folder 910.
110. Muncy, Robyn. 1990. "Gender and Professionalization in the Origins of the U. S. Welfare State: The Careers of Sophonisba Breckinridge and Edith Abbott." Journal of Policy History 2 (3):290-315.
111. _. 1991. Creating a Female Dominion in American Reform, 1890-1935. New York: Oxford University Press.
112. Nevins, Allan. 1953. Study in Power: John D. Rockefeller. Vol. 2. New York: Charles Scribners' Sons.
113. Nickliss, Alexandra. 1994. "Phoebe Apperson Hearst." Ph.D. diss., University of California at Davis.
114. Parry, Jonathan, and Maurice Bloch, eds. 1989. Money and the Morality of Exchange. New York: Cambridge University Press.
115. Persons, W. F. 1907a. Letter to Robert Weeks de Forest, 1 August, CSS, de Forest series.
116. _. 1907b. Letter to Robert Weeks de Forest, 3 August, CSS, de Forest series.
117. _. 1912. Letter to Robert Weeks de Forest, 8 June, CSS, box 159.
118. Phelps, J. D. 1906. Letter to President James Day, 11 May, Syracuse University Archives, Arents Library, Syracuse, New York.
119. Pittenger, Mark. 1997. "A World of Difference: Constructing the 'Underclass' in Progressive America." American Quarterly 49 (1):26-65.
120. Poovey, Mary. 1995. Making a Social Body: British Cultural Formation, 1830-1864. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
121. "Preliminary Report on the Sage Letters. Four Weeks Ending October 27, 1906." N.d. CSS, box 159.
122. Riis, Jacob A. 1996 [1898]. How the Other Half Lives: Studies Among the Tenements of New York. New York: St. Martin's Press.
123. Ringenbach, Paul T. 1973. Tramps and Reformers, 1873-1916. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
124. Roberts, M. J. D. 1991. "Reshaping the Gift Relationship: The London Mendicity Society and the Suppression of Begging in England, 1818-1869." International Review of Social History 36:201-31.
125. Ross, Dorothy. 1991. The Origins of American Social Science. New York: Cambridge University Press.
126. _. 1994. "Modernist Social Science in the Land of the Old/New." In Modernist Impulses in the Social Sciences. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
127. Ross, Ellen. 1993. Love and Toil: Motherhood in Outcast London. New York: Oxford University Press.
128. Rubin, Gayle. 1975. "The Traffic in Women: Notes on the Political Economy of Sex." In Towards an Anthropology of Women, ed. Rayna Reiter. New York: Monthly Review Press.
129. "Russell Sage Foundation. Mrs. Sage's Gifts, 1906-21." N.d. In "A Report on the 'Sage' Letters for the period ending February 9, 1907," CSS, box 159.
130. Ryan, Mary. 1990. Women in Public From Banners to Ballots, 1825-1880. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
131. Sage, Margaret Olivia (Mrs. Russell). 1905. "Opportunities and Responsibilities of Leisured Women." North American Review 181:712-21.
132. Sandage, Scott. 1995. "Deadbeats, Drunkards, and Dreamers: A Cultural History of Failure in America." Ph.D. diss., Rutgers University.
133. _. 1997. "Transacting Failure and Success: Gift and Market Economies in Nineteenth-Century Begging Letters." Paper delivered at the Twenty-Second Annual Meeting of the Social Science History Association, Washington, D.C.
134. Sander, Kathleen Waters. 1998. The Business of Charity: The Woman's Exchange Movement, 1832-1900. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
135. Sarnoff, Paul. 1965. Russell Sage: The Money King. New York: Ivan Obolensky.
136. Schneider, David M., and Albert Deutsch. 1941. The History of Public Welfare in New York State, 1867-1940. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
137. Schuele, Donna C. 1994. "Community Property Law and the Politics of Married Women's Rights in Nineteenth-Century California." Western Legal History 7:245-82.
138. Scott, Anne Firor. 1991. Natural Allies: Women's Association in American History. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
139. Sealander, Judith. 1997. Private Wealth and Public Life: Foundation Philanthropy and the Reshaping of American Social Policy from the Progressive Era to the New Deal. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
140. Shammas, Carole. 1994. "Reassessing the Married Women's Property Acts." Journal of Women's History 6 (1):9-30.
141. Sklar, Kathryn Kish. 1990 "Who Funded Hull-House?" In Lady Bountiful Revisited, ed. Kathleen D. McCarthy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
142. -. 1995. Florence Kelley and the Nation's Work. New Haven: Yale University Press.
143. Skocpol, Theda. 1992. Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
144. Skocpol, Theda, and Dietrich Rueschemeyer, eds. 1996. States, Social Knowledge, and the Origins of Modern Social Policy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
145. Skowronek, Stephen. 1982. Building a New American State. New York: Cambridge University Press.
146. Smith, James A. 1991. The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite. New York: Free Press.
147. Smith-Rosenberg, Carroll. 1971. Religion and the Rise of the American City: The City Mission Movement, 1812-1870. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
148. Snow, Alice Northrop. 1943. The Story of Helen Gould. New York: N.p.
149. Speyer, Ellen P. 1911. Letter to Margaret Olivia Sage, 12 May, RSF, box 88, folder 852.
150. Spinney, Marion P. N.d. Letter to Margaret Olivia Sage (secretary's note on the envelope), RSF, box 89, folder 857.
151. Spivak, Gayatri. 1988. "Can the Subaltern Speak?" In Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, ed. Larry Grossberg and Cary Nelson. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
152. Stanley, Amy Dru. 1988. "Conjugal Bonds and Wage Labor: Rights of Contract in the Age of Emancipation." Journal of American History 75:471-500.
153. _. 1992. "'Beggars Can't Be Choosers': Compulsion and Contract in Postbellum America." Journal of American History 78:1265-93.
154. _. 1998. From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage, and the Market in the Age of Slave Emancipation. New York: Cambridge University Press.
155. Stasz, Clarice. 1991. The Vanderbilt Women: Dynasty of Wealth, Glamour, and Tragedy. New York: St. Martin's Press.
156. Stedman-Jones, Gareth. 1971. Outcast London: A Study in the Relationship Between Classes in Victorian Society. New York: Oxford University Press.
157. Strathern, Marilyn. 1988. The Gender of the Gift: Problems with Women and Problems with Society in Melanesia. Berkeley: University of California Press.
158. Walkowitz, Daniel J. 1990. "The Making of a Feminine Professional Identity: Social Workers in the 1920s." American Historical Review 95 (4): 1051-75.
159. Wall, Joseph Frazier. 1970. Andrew Carnegie. New York: Oxford University Press.
160. _, ed. 1992. The Andrew Carnegie Reader. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
161. Waugh, Joan. 1998. Unsentimental Reformer: The Life of Josephine Shaw Lowell. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
162. Weiner, Annette. 1992. Inalienable Possessions: The Paradox of Keeping-While-Giving. Berkeley: University of California Press.
163. Westlake, Clara. 1907. Letter to Margaret Olivia Sage, 18 March, Emma Willard School Archives, Troy, New York.
164. White, Andrew Dixon. 1911. Letter to J. J. Slocum, 21 January, Cornell University Archives, Ithaca, N.Y.
165. Wiebe, Robert H. 1967. The Search for Order, 1877-1920. New York: Hill and Wang.
166. Wooten, Charles N. 1900. Letter to Helen Gould. Helen Miller Gould. Personal correspondence. Lyndhurst Archives, Lyndhurst, Tarrytown, New York).
167. Wyllie, Irvin G. 1954. The Self-Made Man in America: The Myth of Rags to Riches. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
168. _. 1971. "Margaret Olivia Slocum Sage." In Notable American Women, ed. Edward T. James, Janet Wilson James, Paul S. Boyer. 3 volumes. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press.