Il reste encore des travaux à faire: Feminism and political science in Canada and Québec

Canadian Journal of Political Science

Volumn 32, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 125-151

  Arscott, Jane ^a   Tremblay, Manon ^b  

^a ATHABASCA UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033442327     PISSN: 00084239     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s000842390001012x     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Bien que cet article soit publié en anglais, il nous semble qu'écrit en français le mot « Québec » s'harmonise mieux au propos de notre texte qui souligne certains fossés entre les anglophones et les francophones et le statut de minoritaires de ces derniers au sein de notre discipline. Ce serait là, il nous semble, une façon de réconcilier les « deux solitudes » de mieux refléter l'identité de chaque groupe linguistique.
2. See, notably, Caroline Andrew, "Contribution du féminisme au développement des connaissances en science politique," in Lucille Beaudry, Chantal Maillé and Lawrence Olivier, eds., Les avenues de la science politique: théories, paradigmes et scientificité (Montréal: ACFAS, 1989), 19-24; Jill Vickers, Reinventing Political Science: A Feminist Approach (Halifax: Fernwood Press, 1997); and Janine Brodie, Politics on the Margins: Restructuring and the Canadian Women's Movement (Halifax: Fernwood Press, 1995).
3. See, notably, Caroline Andrew, "Contribution du féminisme au développement des connaissances en science politique," in Lucille Beaudry, Chantal Maillé and Lawrence Olivier, eds., Les avenues de la science politique: théories, paradigmes et scientificité (Montréal: ACFAS, 1989), 19-24; Jill Vickers, Reinventing Political Science: A Feminist Approach (Halifax: Fernwood Press, 1997); and Janine Brodie, Politics on the Margins: Restructuring and the Canadian Women's Movement (Halifax: Fernwood Press, 1995).
4. See, notably, Caroline Andrew, "Contribution du féminisme au développement des connaissances en science politique," in Lucille Beaudry, Chantal Maillé and Lawrence Olivier, eds., Les avenues de la science politique: théories, paradigmes et scientificité (Montréal: ACFAS, 1989), 19-24; Jill Vickers, Reinventing Political Science: A Feminist Approach (Halifax: Fernwood Press, 1997); and Janine Brodie, Politics on the Margins: Restructuring and the Canadian Women's Movement (Halifax: Fernwood Press, 1995).
5. Sylvia B. Bashevkin, Toeing the Lines: Women and Party Politics in English Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985); Janine Brodie, Women and Politics in Canada (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1985); and Évelyne Tardy, La politique: un monde d'hommes? Une étude sur les mairesses au Québec (Montréal: Hurtubise HMH, 1982).
6. Sylvia B. Bashevkin, Toeing the Lines: Women and Party Politics in English Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985); Janine Brodie, Women and Politics in Canada (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1985); and Évelyne Tardy, La politique: un monde d'hommes? Une étude sur les mairesses au Québec (Montréal: Hurtubise HMH, 1982).
7. Sylvia B. Bashevkin, Toeing the Lines: Women and Party Politics in English Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985); Janine Brodie, Women and Politics in Canada (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1985); and Évelyne Tardy, La politique: un monde d'hommes? Une étude sur les mairesses au Québec (Montréal: Hurtubise HMH, 1982).
8. Meredith Ralston, "Homeless Women and the New Right," in François-Pierre Gingras ed., Gender and Politics in Contemporary Canada (Don Mills: Oxford University Press, 1995), 121;
9. and Michèle Ollivier et Manon Tremblay, La recherche féministe (Paris: L'Harmattan, forthcoming).
10. Mary Douglas, How Institutions Think (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1986) This is not to say that the split between Québec and English Canada is specific to the field "Women and Politics"; we are conscious that it also characterizes the other specializations of political science.
11. A notable exception is a French-written publication on the Canadian women's movement, Caroline Hilt, Après la reconnaissance, une nouvelle mise en marge? Le mouvement des femmes et la structure des opportunités politiques au Canada, 1990-1997, Les Cahiers de recherche du GREMF, 80 (Sainte-Foy: Université Laval, GREMF, 1998).
12. "Women and Politics" bridges between the narrowly behaviourist preoccupation of the women in politics field and the ever-more-expansive feminist political science field. The latter is not only, or always, about women or by women. It embraces a methodology that takes account of gender and other axes of oppression so as to produce objectively "good" social science.
13. Lorraine Code, "Taking Subjectivity into Account," in Linda Alcoff and Elizabeth Potter, eds., Feminist Epistemologies (New York: Routledge, 1993), 21; and Candace West and Don H. Zimmerman, "Doing Gender," Gender and Society 1 (1987), 146-47.
14. Lorraine Code, "Taking Subjectivity into Account," in Linda Alcoff and Elizabeth Potter, eds., Feminist Epistemologies (New York: Routledge, 1993), 21; and Candace West and Don H. Zimmerman, "Doing Gender," Gender and Society 1 (1987), 146-47.
15. Diane Lamoureux, Linda Trimble and Miriam Koene, Report on the Status of Women in the Discipline, Survey Prepared for the Board of the Canadian Political Science Association (May 1997) published in Canadian Political Science Association/Association canadienne de science politique Bulletin 26 (November 1997), 76-83. Because only 18 out of 47 department chairs answered the survey upon which the 1997 Report is based, we are unable to report accurately how many women faculty there are, or their rank. The absence of such information provides additional evidence of gatekeeping in the discipline. See also Marie-Thérèse Séguin, "La venue des femmes en science politique: une histoire d'immigrantes en trois temps," in Beaudry, Maillé et Olivier, eds., Les avenues de la science politique, 73-77.
16. Diane Lamoureux, Linda Trimble and Miriam Koene, Report on the Status of Women in the Discipline, Survey Prepared for the Board of the Canadian Political Science Association (May 1997) published in Canadian Political Science Association/Association canadienne de science politique Bulletin 26 (November 1997), 76-83. Because only 18 out of 47 department chairs answered the survey upon which the 1997 Report is based, we are unable to report accurately how many women faculty there are, or their rank. The absence of such information provides additional evidence of gatekeeping in the discipline. See also Marie-Thérèse Séguin, "La venue des femmes en science politique: une histoire d'immigrantes en trois temps," in Beaudry, Maillé et Olivier, eds., Les avenues de la science politique, 73-77.
17. The newly created Women's Programme under the leadership of Sue Findlay invited Jill Vickers to address the women in politics question. She developed and taught one of the first Women and Politics courses at Carleton University in 1976. It is important to learn more about when other courses first began to be taught, by whom and under what circumstances.
18. The development of the field in English-language pedagogy can readily be seen by contrasting two editions of Course Outlines on Women and Politics, compiled and edited by Janice Newton, and published by Wilfrid Laurier University Press in 1993 and 1998. The contrast makes clear the extent to which the field has evolved and grown in the later 1990s.
19. If these descriptions provide some evidence indicating the limited impact of feminism on the discipline, a more qualitative interpretation sheds light on additional evidence that otherwise is not shown quantitatively. We refer here to allegations about a "chilly climate" that have existed in recent years in some universities in Canada and Québec. (For a general overview of this idea, see The Chilly Collective ed., Breaking Anonymity: The Chilly Climate for Women Faculty [Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1995]). It is more difficult now to argue that recent controversies in some university departments of political science in Canada are entirely unrelated, if only in their "growing pains." Concerning the University of British Columbia, see Patricia M. Marchak, Racism, Sexism and the University: The Political Science Affair at the University of British Columbia (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996). In 1998, the UBC department received a presidential apology. Even so, the recent report written on the status of women in our discipline by Lamoureux, Trimble and Koene (1997) gives a great deal of attention to the qualified reception of women and feminism in our departments. For example, of the 135 female members of the Canadian Political Science Association that responded to the questionnaire, 64 per cent said that they never took courses on women or gender during their university training and 45 per cent of respondents believe that they had been subjected to gender discrimination when they were students. This discrimination ranged from sexist remarks directed at the women to sexual harassment, including a devaluing of the "Women and Politics" theme, and difficulties obtaining scholarships or paid assistantships. See Lamoureux, Trimble and Koene, Report on the Status of Women in the Discipline, 77-83.
20. If these descriptions provide some evidence indicating the limited impact of feminism on the discipline, a more qualitative interpretation sheds light on additional evidence that otherwise is not shown quantitatively. We refer here to allegations about a "chilly climate" that have existed in recent years in some universities in Canada and Québec. (For a general overview of this idea, see The Chilly Collective ed., Breaking Anonymity: The Chilly Climate for Women Faculty [Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1995]). It is more difficult now to argue that recent controversies in some university departments of political science in Canada are entirely unrelated, if only in their "growing pains." Concerning the University of British Columbia, see Patricia M. Marchak, Racism, Sexism and the University: The Political Science Affair at the University of British Columbia (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996). In 1998, the UBC department received a presidential apology. Even so, the recent report written on the status of women in our discipline by Lamoureux, Trimble and Koene (1997) gives a great deal of attention to the qualified reception of women and feminism in our departments. For example, of the 135 female members of the Canadian Political Science Association that responded to the questionnaire, 64 per cent said that they never took courses on women or gender during their university training and 45 per cent of respondents believe that they had been subjected to gender discrimination when they were students. This discrimination ranged from sexist remarks directed at the women to sexual harassment, including a devaluing of the "Women and Politics" theme, and difficulties obtaining scholarships or paid assistantships. See Lamoureux, Trimble and Koene, Report on the Status of Women in the Discipline, 77-83.
21. If these descriptions provide some evidence indicating the limited impact of feminism on the discipline, a more qualitative interpretation sheds light on additional evidence that otherwise is not shown quantitatively. We refer here to allegations about a "chilly climate" that have existed in recent years in some universities in Canada and Québec. (For a general overview of this idea, see The Chilly Collective ed., Breaking Anonymity: The Chilly Climate for Women Faculty [Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1995]). It is more difficult now to argue that recent controversies in some university departments of political science in Canada are entirely unrelated, if only in their "growing pains." Concerning the University of British Columbia, see Patricia M. Marchak, Racism, Sexism and the University: The Political Science Affair at the University of British Columbia (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996). In 1998, the UBC department received a presidential apology. Even so, the recent report written on the status of women in our discipline by Lamoureux, Trimble and Koene (1997) gives a great deal of attention to the qualified reception of women and feminism in our departments. For example, of the 135 female members of the Canadian Political Science Association that responded to the questionnaire, 64 per cent said that they never took courses on women or gender during their university training and 45 per cent of respondents believe that they had been subjected to gender discrimination when they were students. This discrimination ranged from sexist remarks directed at the women to sexual harassment, including a devaluing of the "Women and Politics" theme, and difficulties obtaining scholarships or paid assistantships. See Lamoureux, Trimble and Koene, Report on the Status of Women in the Discipline, 77-83.
22. Anne Hopkins, "Observations on Gender, Political Science and Academy," Journal of Politics 55 (1993), 561-68. At the moment, we lack precise quantitative measures of the changes in the numbers of women over time; all we have is implied comparisons between the two Status of Women reports. Of course, these developments in Québec and Canada need to be followed, as in the United States.
23. See, for example, "Canadian Political Science Association 1999 Programme Committee/Association canadienne de science politique, Comité du programme 1999," this JOURNAL 31 (1998), 636. The annual report of the editorial board of the journal on manuscript submissions generally follows the CPSA programme committee's field identification for the presentation of papers at its annual meeting. See, for example, Christopher P. Manfredi, "Canadian Journal of Political Science, Annual Report, 1997," Canadian Political Science Association/Association canadienne de science politique Bulletin 27 (May 1998), 26-30.
24. See, for example, "Canadian Political Science Association 1999 Programme Committee/Association canadienne de science politique, Comité du programme 1999," this JOURNAL 31 (1998), 636. The annual report of the editorial board of the journal on manuscript submissions generally follows the CPSA programme committee's field identification for the presentation of papers at its annual meeting. See, for example, Christopher P. Manfredi, "Canadian Journal of Political Science, Annual Report, 1997," Canadian Political Science Association/Association canadienne de science politique Bulletin 27 (May 1998), 26-30.
25. Prior to becoming a member of parliament, Pauline Jewett taught at Queen's University in the late 1940s, and then at Carleton University from 1955 to 1974, serving as chair of the Department of Political Science in 1960-1961. Dr. R. E. McKown served as head of the Department of Political Science at the University of Alberta from 1975 to 1982. Additional information should be sought about women "pioneers" in departments of political science.
26. Naomi Black, "The Child Is Father to the Man: The Impact of Feminism on Canadian Political Science," in Winnie Tomm, ed., The Effects of Feminist Approaches on Research Methodologies (Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1989), 229-33. See also Barbara Nelson, "Women and Knowledge in Political Science: Texts, Histories and Epistemologies," Women and Politics 9 (1989), 1-25.
27. Naomi Black, "The Child Is Father to the Man: The Impact of Feminism on Canadian Political Science," in Winnie Tomm, ed., The Effects of Feminist Approaches on Research Methodologies (Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1989), 229-33. See also Barbara Nelson, "Women and Knowledge in Political Science: Texts, Histories and Epistemologies," Women and Politics 9 (1989), 1-25.
28. Black, "The Child Is Father to the Man," 233.
29. For an example of this sort of analysis, see Jill Vickers, ed., Getting Things Done: Women's Views of Their Involvement in Political Life (Ottawa: UNESCO, Division of Human Rights and Peace and the Canadian Research Institute for the Advancement of Women [CRIAW/ICREF], 1988); and L. Pauline Rankin and Jill Vickers, "Locating Women's Politics," in Manon Tremblay and Caroline Andrew, eds., Women and Political Representation in Canada (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1998), 341-67.
30. For an example of this sort of analysis, see Jill Vickers, ed., Getting Things Done: Women's Views of Their Involvement in Political Life (Ottawa: UNESCO, Division of Human Rights and Peace and the Canadian Research Institute for the Advancement of Women [CRIAW/ICREF], 1988); and L. Pauline Rankin and Jill Vickers, "Locating Women's Politics," in Manon Tremblay and Caroline Andrew, eds., Women and Political Representation in Canada (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1998), 341-67.
31. In addition, Caroline Andrew wrote a number of conference papers in the early 1980s that commented on the state of feminist scholarship in the discipline. These include "Contribution du féminisme au développement des connaissances en science politique," in Beaudry, Maillé and Olivier, eds., Les avenues de la science politique, 19-24, and "Politics, Power and Women: The Impact of Feminism on Political Science," presented at a conference given at the University of Toronto, November 29, 1984, in the series organized by the Women's Studies Programme during 1984-1985 as part of the 100th anniversary of the admission of women to the University of Toronto. Sandra Burt presented some of the earliest conference papers in what later became the Women and Politics field at the annual meetings of the Canadian Political Science Association. See her "Women's Perceptions of Politics: Some Implications for Behavioural Research," University of Saskatchewan, 1979, and "Different Democracies? A Preliminary Examination of the Political Worlds of Canadian Men and Women," Women & Politics 6 (1986), 57-79. See also Burt's studies for the (Macdonald) Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada that considered the effects of economic development on gender in Canada (Sandra Burt, "Women's Issues and the Women's Movement in Canada since 1970," in Alan Cairns and Cynthia Williams, eds., The Politics of Gender, Ethnicity and Language in Canada [Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986], 111-69 [vol. 34 in the series of studies commissioned as part of the research program of the Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada]); Jill Vickers has tracked developments in the field in "Memoirs of an Ontological Exile: The Methodological Rebellions of Feminist Research," in Angela Miles and Geraldine Finn, eds., Feminism in Canada: From Pressure to Politics (Montreal: Black Rose, 1982), 27-46, and "Feminist Approaches to Women in Politics: Canadian Women and Politics," in Linda Kealey and Joan Sangster, eds., Beyond the Vote: Canadian Women and Politics (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989), 16-36. On the francophone side, this critique has been done by Micheline de Sève and Diane Lamoureux, "La science politique a-t-elle un sexe?" in Roberta Mura, ed., Un savoir à notre image? Critiques féministes des disciplines (Montréal: Adage, 1991), 135-49; also Diane Lamoureux and Micheline de Sève, "Faut-il laisser notre sexe au vestiaire?" Politique: Revue de la Société québécoise de science politique no. 5 (1989), 5-22.
32. In addition, Caroline Andrew wrote a number of conference papers in the early 1980s that commented on the state of feminist scholarship in the discipline. These include "Contribution du féminisme au développement des connaissances en science politique," in Beaudry, Maillé and Olivier, eds., Les avenues de la science politique, 19-24, and "Politics, Power and Women: The Impact of Feminism on Political Science," presented at a conference given at the University of Toronto, November 29, 1984, in the series organized by the Women's Studies Programme during 1984-1985 as part of the 100th anniversary of the admission of women to the University of Toronto. Sandra Burt presented some of the earliest conference papers in what later became the Women and Politics field at the annual meetings of the Canadian Political Science Association. See her "Women's Perceptions of Politics: Some Implications for Behavioural Research," University of Saskatchewan, 1979, and "Different Democracies? A Preliminary Examination of the Political Worlds of Canadian Men and Women," Women & Politics 6 (1986), 57-79. See also Burt's studies for the (Macdonald) Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada that considered the effects of economic development on gender in Canada (Sandra Burt, "Women's Issues and the Women's Movement in Canada since 1970," in Alan Cairns and Cynthia Williams, eds., The Politics of Gender, Ethnicity and Language in Canada [Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986], 111-69 [vol. 34 in the series of studies commissioned as part of the research program of the Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada]); Jill Vickers has tracked developments in the field in "Memoirs of an Ontological Exile: The Methodological Rebellions of Feminist Research," in Angela Miles and Geraldine Finn, eds., Feminism in Canada: From Pressure to Politics (Montreal: Black Rose, 1982), 27-46, and "Feminist Approaches to Women in Politics: Canadian Women and Politics," in Linda Kealey and Joan Sangster, eds., Beyond the Vote: Canadian Women and Politics (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989), 16-36. On the francophone side, this critique has been done by Micheline de Sève and Diane Lamoureux, "La science politique a-t-elle un sexe?" in Roberta Mura, ed., Un savoir à notre image? Critiques féministes des disciplines (Montréal: Adage, 1991), 135-49; also Diane Lamoureux and Micheline de Sève, "Faut-il laisser notre sexe au vestiaire?" Politique: Revue de la Société québécoise de science politique no. 5 (1989), 5-22.
33. In addition, Caroline Andrew wrote a number of conference papers in the early 1980s that commented on the state of feminist scholarship in the discipline. These include "Contribution du féminisme au développement des connaissances en science politique," in Beaudry, Maillé and Olivier, eds., Les avenues de la science politique, 19-24, and "Politics, Power and Women: The Impact of Feminism on Political Science," presented at a conference given at the University of Toronto, November 29, 1984, in the series organized by the Women's Studies Programme during 1984-1985 as part of the 100th anniversary of the admission of women to the University of Toronto. Sandra Burt presented some of the earliest conference papers in what later became the Women and Politics field at the annual meetings of the Canadian Political Science Association. See her "Women's Perceptions of Politics: Some Implications for Behavioural Research," University of Saskatchewan, 1979, and "Different Democracies? A Preliminary Examination of the Political Worlds of Canadian Men and Women," Women & Politics 6 (1986), 57-79. See also Burt's studies for the (Macdonald) Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada that considered the effects of economic development on gender in Canada (Sandra Burt, "Women's Issues and the Women's Movement in Canada since 1970," in Alan Cairns and Cynthia Williams, eds., The Politics of Gender, Ethnicity and Language in Canada [Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986], 111-69 [vol. 34 in the series of studies commissioned as part of the research program of the Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada]); Jill Vickers has tracked developments in the field in "Memoirs of an Ontological Exile: The Methodological Rebellions of Feminist Research," in Angela Miles and Geraldine Finn, eds., Feminism in Canada: From Pressure to Politics (Montreal: Black Rose, 1982), 27-46, and "Feminist Approaches to Women in Politics: Canadian Women and Politics," in Linda Kealey and Joan Sangster, eds., Beyond the Vote: Canadian Women and Politics (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989), 16-36. On the francophone side, this critique has been done by Micheline de Sève and Diane Lamoureux, "La science politique a-t-elle un sexe?" in Roberta Mura, ed., Un savoir à notre image? Critiques féministes des disciplines (Montréal: Adage, 1991), 135-49; also Diane Lamoureux and Micheline de Sève, "Faut-il laisser notre sexe au vestiaire?" Politique: Revue de la Société québécoise de science politique no. 5 (1989), 5-22.
34. In addition, Caroline Andrew wrote a number of conference papers in the early 1980s that commented on the state of feminist scholarship in the discipline. These include "Contribution du féminisme au développement des connaissances en science politique," in Beaudry, Maillé and Olivier, eds., Les avenues de la science politique, 19-24, and "Politics, Power and Women: The Impact of Feminism on Political Science," presented at a conference given at the University of Toronto, November 29, 1984, in the series organized by the Women's Studies Programme during 1984-1985 as part of the 100th anniversary of the admission of women to the University of Toronto. Sandra Burt presented some of the earliest conference papers in what later became the Women and Politics field at the annual meetings of the Canadian Political Science Association. See her "Women's Perceptions of Politics: Some Implications for Behavioural Research," University of Saskatchewan, 1979, and "Different Democracies? A Preliminary Examination of the Political Worlds of Canadian Men and Women," Women & Politics 6 (1986), 57-79. See also Burt's studies for the (Macdonald) Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada that considered the effects of economic development on gender in Canada (Sandra Burt, "Women's Issues and the Women's Movement in Canada since 1970," in Alan Cairns and Cynthia Williams, eds., The Politics of Gender, Ethnicity and Language in Canada [Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986], 111-69 [vol. 34 in the series of studies commissioned as part of the research program of the Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada]); Jill Vickers has tracked developments in the field in "Memoirs of an Ontological Exile: The Methodological Rebellions of Feminist Research," in Angela Miles and Geraldine Finn, eds., Feminism in Canada: From Pressure to Politics (Montreal: Black Rose, 1982), 27-46, and "Feminist Approaches to Women in Politics: Canadian Women and Politics," in Linda Kealey and Joan Sangster, eds., Beyond the Vote: Canadian Women and Politics (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989), 16-36. On the francophone side, this critique has been done by Micheline de Sève and Diane Lamoureux, "La science politique a-t-elle un sexe?" in Roberta Mura, ed., Un savoir à notre image? Critiques féministes des disciplines (Montréal: Adage, 1991), 135-49; also Diane Lamoureux and Micheline de Sève, "Faut-il laisser notre sexe au vestiaire?" Politique: Revue de la Société québécoise de science politique no. 5 (1989), 5-22.
35. In addition, Caroline Andrew wrote a number of conference papers in the early 1980s that commented on the state of feminist scholarship in the discipline. These include "Contribution du féminisme au développement des connaissances en science politique," in Beaudry, Maillé and Olivier, eds., Les avenues de la science politique, 19-24, and "Politics, Power and Women: The Impact of Feminism on Political Science," presented at a conference given at the University of Toronto, November 29, 1984, in the series organized by the Women's Studies Programme during 1984-1985 as part of the 100th anniversary of the admission of women to the University of Toronto. Sandra Burt presented some of the earliest conference papers in what later became the Women and Politics field at the annual meetings of the Canadian Political Science Association. See her "Women's Perceptions of Politics: Some Implications for Behavioural Research," University of Saskatchewan, 1979, and "Different Democracies? A Preliminary Examination of the Political Worlds of Canadian Men and Women," Women & Politics 6 (1986), 57-79. See also Burt's studies for the (Macdonald) Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada that considered the effects of economic development on gender in Canada (Sandra Burt, "Women's Issues and the Women's Movement in Canada since 1970," in Alan Cairns and Cynthia Williams, eds., The Politics of Gender, Ethnicity and Language in Canada [Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986], 111-69 [vol. 34 in the series of studies commissioned as part of the research program of the Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada]); Jill Vickers has tracked developments in the field in "Memoirs of an Ontological Exile: The Methodological Rebellions of Feminist Research," in Angela Miles and Geraldine Finn, eds., Feminism in Canada: From Pressure to Politics (Montreal: Black Rose, 1982), 27-46, and "Feminist Approaches to Women in Politics: Canadian Women and Politics," in Linda Kealey and Joan Sangster, eds., Beyond the Vote: Canadian Women and Politics (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989), 16-36. On the francophone side, this critique has been done by Micheline de Sève and Diane Lamoureux, "La science politique a-t-elle un sexe?" in Roberta Mura, ed., Un savoir à notre image? Critiques féministes des disciplines (Montréal: Adage, 1991), 135-49; also Diane Lamoureux and Micheline de Sève, "Faut-il laisser notre sexe au vestiaire?" Politique: Revue de la Société québécoise de science politique no. 5 (1989), 5-22.
36. In addition, Caroline Andrew wrote a number of conference papers in the early 1980s that commented on the state of feminist scholarship in the discipline. These include "Contribution du féminisme au développement des connaissances en science politique," in Beaudry, Maillé and Olivier, eds., Les avenues de la science politique, 19-24, and "Politics, Power and Women: The Impact of Feminism on Political Science," presented at a conference given at the University of Toronto, November 29, 1984, in the series organized by the Women's Studies Programme during 1984-1985 as part of the 100th anniversary of the admission of women to the University of Toronto. Sandra Burt presented some of the earliest conference papers in what later became the Women and Politics field at the annual meetings of the Canadian Political Science Association. See her "Women's Perceptions of Politics: Some Implications for Behavioural Research," University of Saskatchewan, 1979, and "Different Democracies? A Preliminary Examination of the Political Worlds of Canadian Men and Women," Women & Politics 6 (1986), 57-79. See also Burt's studies for the (Macdonald) Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada that considered the effects of economic development on gender in Canada (Sandra Burt, "Women's Issues and the Women's Movement in Canada since 1970," in Alan Cairns and Cynthia Williams, eds., The Politics of Gender, Ethnicity and Language in Canada [Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986], 111-69 [vol. 34 in the series of studies commissioned as part of the research program of the Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada]); Jill Vickers has tracked developments in the field in "Memoirs of an Ontological Exile: The Methodological Rebellions of Feminist Research," in Angela Miles and Geraldine Finn, eds., Feminism in Canada: From Pressure to Politics (Montreal: Black Rose, 1982), 27-46, and "Feminist Approaches to Women in Politics: Canadian Women and Politics," in Linda Kealey and Joan Sangster, eds., Beyond the Vote: Canadian Women and Politics (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989), 16-36. On the francophone side, this critique has been done by Micheline de Sève and Diane Lamoureux, "La science politique a-t-elle un sexe?" in Roberta Mura, ed., Un savoir à notre image? Critiques féministes des disciplines (Montréal: Adage, 1991), 135-49; also Diane Lamoureux and Micheline de Sève, "Faut-il laisser notre sexe au vestiaire?" Politique: Revue de la Société québécoise de science politique no. 5 (1989), 5-22.
37. In addition, Caroline Andrew wrote a number of conference papers in the early 1980s that commented on the state of feminist scholarship in the discipline. These include "Contribution du féminisme au développement des connaissances en science politique," in Beaudry, Maillé and Olivier, eds., Les avenues de la science politique, 19-24, and "Politics, Power and Women: The Impact of Feminism on Political Science," presented at a conference given at the University of Toronto, November 29, 1984, in the series organized by the Women's Studies Programme during 1984-1985 as part of the 100th anniversary of the admission of women to the University of Toronto. Sandra Burt presented some of the earliest conference papers in what later became the Women and Politics field at the annual meetings of the Canadian Political Science Association. See her "Women's Perceptions of Politics: Some Implications for Behavioural Research," University of Saskatchewan, 1979, and "Different Democracies? A Preliminary Examination of the Political Worlds of Canadian Men and Women," Women & Politics 6 (1986), 57-79. See also Burt's studies for the (Macdonald) Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada that considered the effects of economic development on gender in Canada (Sandra Burt, "Women's Issues and the Women's Movement in Canada since 1970," in Alan Cairns and Cynthia Williams, eds., The Politics of Gender, Ethnicity and Language in Canada [Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986], 111-69 [vol. 34 in the series of studies commissioned as part of the research program of the Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada]); Jill Vickers has tracked developments in the field in "Memoirs of an Ontological Exile: The Methodological Rebellions of Feminist Research," in Angela Miles and Geraldine Finn, eds., Feminism in Canada: From Pressure to Politics (Montreal: Black Rose, 1982), 27-46, and "Feminist Approaches to Women in Politics: Canadian Women and Politics," in Linda Kealey and Joan Sangster, eds., Beyond the Vote: Canadian Women and Politics (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989), 16-36. On the francophone side, this critique has been done by Micheline de Sève and Diane Lamoureux, "La science politique a-t-elle un sexe?" in Roberta Mura, ed., Un savoir à notre image? Critiques féministes des disciplines (Montréal: Adage, 1991), 135-49; also Diane Lamoureux and Micheline de Sève, "Faut-il laisser notre sexe au vestiaire?" Politique: Revue de la Société québécoise de science politique no. 5 (1989), 5-22.
38. In addition, Caroline Andrew wrote a number of conference papers in the early 1980s that commented on the state of feminist scholarship in the discipline. These include "Contribution du féminisme au développement des connaissances en science politique," in Beaudry, Maillé and Olivier, eds., Les avenues de la science politique, 19-24, and "Politics, Power and Women: The Impact of Feminism on Political Science," presented at a conference given at the University of Toronto, November 29, 1984, in the series organized by the Women's Studies Programme during 1984-1985 as part of the 100th anniversary of the admission of women to the University of Toronto. Sandra Burt presented some of the earliest conference papers in what later became the Women and Politics field at the annual meetings of the Canadian Political Science Association. See her "Women's Perceptions of Politics: Some Implications for Behavioural Research," University of Saskatchewan, 1979, and "Different Democracies? A Preliminary Examination of the Political Worlds of Canadian Men and Women," Women & Politics 6 (1986), 57-79. See also Burt's studies for the (Macdonald) Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada that considered the effects of economic development on gender in Canada (Sandra Burt, "Women's Issues and the Women's Movement in Canada since 1970," in Alan Cairns and Cynthia Williams, eds., The Politics of Gender, Ethnicity and Language in Canada [Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986], 111-69 [vol. 34 in the series of studies commissioned as part of the research program of the Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada]); Jill Vickers has tracked developments in the field in "Memoirs of an Ontological Exile: The Methodological Rebellions of Feminist Research," in Angela Miles and Geraldine Finn, eds., Feminism in Canada: From Pressure to Politics (Montreal: Black Rose, 1982), 27-46, and "Feminist Approaches to Women in Politics: Canadian Women and Politics," in Linda Kealey and Joan Sangster, eds., Beyond the Vote: Canadian Women and Politics (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989), 16-36. On the francophone side, this critique has been done by Micheline de Sève and Diane Lamoureux, "La science politique a-t-elle un sexe?" in Roberta Mura, ed., Un savoir à notre image? Critiques féministes des disciplines (Montréal: Adage, 1991), 135-49; also Diane Lamoureux and Micheline de Sève, "Faut-il laisser notre sexe au vestiaire?" Politique: Revue de la Société québécoise de science politique no. 5 (1989), 5-22.
39. In addition, Caroline Andrew wrote a number of conference papers in the early 1980s that commented on the state of feminist scholarship in the discipline. These include "Contribution du féminisme au développement des connaissances en science politique," in Beaudry, Maillé and Olivier, eds., Les avenues de la science politique, 19-24, and "Politics, Power and Women: The Impact of Feminism on Political Science," presented at a conference given at the University of Toronto, November 29, 1984, in the series organized by the Women's Studies Programme during 1984-1985 as part of the 100th anniversary of the admission of women to the University of Toronto. Sandra Burt presented some of the earliest conference papers in what later became the Women and Politics field at the annual meetings of the Canadian Political Science Association. See her "Women's Perceptions of Politics: Some Implications for Behavioural Research," University of Saskatchewan, 1979, and "Different Democracies? A Preliminary Examination of the Political Worlds of Canadian Men and Women," Women & Politics 6 (1986), 57-79. See also Burt's studies for the (Macdonald) Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada that considered the effects of economic development on gender in Canada (Sandra Burt, "Women's Issues and the Women's Movement in Canada since 1970," in Alan Cairns and Cynthia Williams, eds., The Politics of Gender, Ethnicity and Language in Canada [Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986], 111-69 [vol. 34 in the series of studies commissioned as part of the research program of the Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada]); Jill Vickers has tracked developments in the field in "Memoirs of an Ontological Exile: The Methodological Rebellions of Feminist Research," in Angela Miles and Geraldine Finn, eds., Feminism in Canada: From Pressure to Politics (Montreal: Black Rose, 1982), 27-46, and "Feminist Approaches to Women in Politics: Canadian Women and Politics," in Linda Kealey and Joan Sangster, eds., Beyond the Vote: Canadian Women and Politics (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989), 16-36. On the francophone side, this critique has been done by Micheline de Sève and Diane Lamoureux, "La science politique a-t-elle un sexe?" in Roberta Mura, ed., Un savoir à notre image? Critiques féministes des disciplines (Montréal: Adage, 1991), 135-49; also Diane Lamoureux and Micheline de Sève, "Faut-il laisser notre sexe au vestiaire?" Politique: Revue de la Société québécoise de science politique no. 5 (1989), 5-22.
40. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York-Routledge 1990); Édith Garneau, "Le genre: assez fort pour lui, mais conçu pour elle," Politique et Sociétés 17 (1998), 151-70; Chantal Mouffe, "Feminism, Citizenship and Radical Democratic Politics," in Judith Butler and Joan W. Scott, eds., Feminists Theorize the Political (New York: Routledge, 1992), 369-84; and Anna Yeatman, Postmodern Revisionings of the Political (New York: Routledge, 1994).
41. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York-Routledge 1990); Édith Garneau, "Le genre: assez fort pour lui, mais conçu pour elle," Politique et Sociétés 17 (1998), 151-70; Chantal Mouffe, "Feminism, Citizenship and Radical Democratic Politics," in Judith Butler and Joan W. Scott, eds., Feminists Theorize the Political (New York: Routledge, 1992), 369-84; and Anna Yeatman, Postmodern Revisionings of the Political (New York: Routledge, 1994).
42. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York-Routledge 1990); Édith Garneau, "Le genre: assez fort pour lui, mais conçu pour elle," Politique et Sociétés 17 (1998), 151-70; Chantal Mouffe, "Feminism, Citizenship and Radical Democratic Politics," in Judith Butler and Joan W. Scott, eds., Feminists Theorize the Political (New York: Routledge, 1992), 369-84; and Anna Yeatman, Postmodern Revisionings of the Political (New York: Routledge, 1994).
43. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York-Routledge 1990); Édith Garneau, "Le genre: assez fort pour lui, mais conçu pour elle," Politique et Sociétés 17 (1998), 151-70; Chantal Mouffe, "Feminism, Citizenship and Radical Democratic Politics," in Judith Butler and Joan W. Scott, eds., Feminists Theorize the Political (New York: Routledge, 1992), 369-84; and Anna Yeatman, Postmodern Revisionings of the Political (New York: Routledge, 1994).
44. Even so, feminism provides no single vision and no entirely unified critique of political science. For this reason, it is more accurate to refer to feminist critiques of the discipline. This said, feminism as an approach to the study of political science is in the singular to refer to its methodological commitment to take account of women and to provide a woman-centred analysis in which the broad aim is to end the gender oppression of women by social change. Political analysis, then, has a feminist purpose insofar as it contributes to this end.
45. Marilyn Frye, "Oppression," in Marilyn Frye, The Politics of Reality: Essays in Feminist Theory (Freedom, Calif.: The Crossing Press, 1983), 1-16; Iris Marion Young, "Five Faces of Oppression," The Philosophical Forum 19 (1988), 270-90; and Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), 40-48. The feminist concept of oppression and group-based oppression is crucial to the argument made in this article.
46. Marilyn Frye, "Oppression," in Marilyn Frye, The Politics of Reality: Essays in Feminist Theory (Freedom, Calif.: The Crossing Press, 1983), 1-16; Iris Marion Young, "Five Faces of Oppression," The Philosophical Forum 19 (1988), 270-90; and Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), 40-48. The feminist concept of oppression and group-based oppression is crucial to the argument made in this article.
47. Marilyn Frye, "Oppression," in Marilyn Frye, The Politics of Reality: Essays in Feminist Theory (Freedom, Calif.: The Crossing Press, 1983), 1-16; Iris Marion Young, "Five Faces of Oppression," The Philosophical Forum 19 (1988), 270-90; and Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), 40-48. The feminist concept of oppression and group-based oppression is crucial to the argument made in this article.
48. Mary O'Brien, The Politics of Reproduction (Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981), and Mary O'Brien, Reproducing the World: Essays in Feminist Theory (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989).
49. Mary O'Brien, The Politics of Reproduction (Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981), and Mary O'Brien, Reproducing the World: Essays in Feminist Theory (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989).
50. Lorenne Clark and Lynda Lange, The Sexism of Social and Political Theory: Women and Reproduction from Plato to Nietzsche (London: University of Toronto Press, 1979), vii-xvii; de Sève and Lamoureux, "La science politique a-t-elle un sexe?"; Lamoureux and de Sève, "Faut-il laisser notre sexe au vestiaire?"; Ingrid Makus, Women, Politics and Reproduction: The Liberal Legacy (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996); and Katherine Scott, "The Dilemma of Liberal Citizenship: Women and Social Assistance Reform in the 1990s," Studies in Political Economy 50 (1996), 7-36.
51. Lorenne Clark and Lynda Lange, The Sexism of Social and Political Theory: Women and Reproduction from Plato to Nietzsche (London: University of Toronto Press, 1979), vii-xvii; de Sève and Lamoureux, "La science politique a-t-elle un sexe?"; Lamoureux and de Sève, "Faut-il laisser notre sexe au vestiaire?"; Ingrid Makus, Women, Politics and Reproduction: The Liberal Legacy (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996); and Katherine Scott, "The Dilemma of Liberal Citizenship: Women and Social Assistance Reform in the 1990s," Studies in Political Economy 50 (1996), 7-36.
52. Lorenne Clark and Lynda Lange, The Sexism of Social and Political Theory: Women and Reproduction from Plato to Nietzsche (London: University of Toronto Press, 1979), vii-xvii; de Sève and Lamoureux, "La science politique a-t-elle un sexe?"; Lamoureux and de Sève, "Faut-il laisser notre sexe au vestiaire?"; Ingrid Makus, Women, Politics and Reproduction: The Liberal Legacy (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996); and Katherine Scott, "The Dilemma of Liberal Citizenship: Women and Social Assistance Reform in the 1990s," Studies in Political Economy 50 (1996), 7-36.
53. Lorenne Clark and Lynda Lange, The Sexism of Social and Political Theory: Women and Reproduction from Plato to Nietzsche (London: University of Toronto Press, 1979), vii-xvii; de Sève and Lamoureux, "La science politique a-t-elle un sexe?"; Lamoureux and de Sève, "Faut-il laisser notre sexe au vestiaire?"; Ingrid Makus, Women, Politics and Reproduction: The Liberal Legacy (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996); and Katherine Scott, "The Dilemma of Liberal Citizenship: Women and Social Assistance Reform in the 1990s," Studies in Political Economy 50 (1996), 7-36.
54. Lorenne Clark and Lynda Lange, The Sexism of Social and Political Theory: Women and Reproduction from Plato to Nietzsche (London: University of Toronto Press, 1979), vii-xvii; de Sève and Lamoureux, "La science politique a-t-elle un sexe?"; Lamoureux and de Sève, "Faut-il laisser notre sexe au vestiaire?"; Ingrid Makus, Women, Politics and Reproduction: The Liberal Legacy (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996); and Katherine Scott, "The Dilemma of Liberal Citizenship: Women and Social Assistance Reform in the 1990s," Studies in Political Economy 50 (1996), 7-36.
55. Susan Bourque and Jean Grossholtz, "Politics an Unnatural Practice: Political Science Looks at Female Participation," Politics & Society 4 (1974), 225-26.
56. Wendy Brown, "Where Is the Sex in Political Theory?" Women and Politics 7 (1987), 3.
57. Men in general experience relative privilege in virtue of being men, despite the fact that some men, like all women, are oppressed. Men, however, are never oppressed on the basis of their gender alone; whereas some women are (see Frye, "Oppression," 16).
58. Young, "Five Faces of Oppression," and her Justice and the Politics of Difference, 40-48.
59. Elizabeth V. Spelman, Inessential Woman: Problems of Exclusion in Feminist Thought (Boston: Beacon Press, 1988), 187.
60. But see Sylvia Bashevkin, Women on the Defensive: Living through Conservative Times (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998); Évelyne Tardy and André Bernard, Militer au féminin (Montréal: Remue-ménage, 1995); and Jill Vickers, Pauline Rankin and Christine Appelle, Politics as if Women Mattered: A Political Analysis of the National Action Committee on the Status of Women (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993).
61. But see Sylvia Bashevkin, Women on the Defensive: Living through Conservative Times (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998); Évelyne Tardy and André Bernard, Militer au féminin (Montréal: Remue-ménage, 1995); and Jill Vickers, Pauline Rankin and Christine Appelle, Politics as if Women Mattered: A Political Analysis of the National Action Committee on the Status of Women (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993).
62. But see Sylvia Bashevkin, Women on the Defensive: Living through Conservative Times (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998); Évelyne Tardy and André Bernard, Militer au féminin (Montréal: Remue-ménage, 1995); and Jill Vickers, Pauline Rankin and Christine Appelle, Politics as if Women Mattered: A Political Analysis of the National Action Committee on the Status of Women (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993).
63. Janine Brodie, ed., Women and Canadian Public Policy (Toronto: Harcourt Brace, 1996); Isa Bakker, ed., Rethinking Restructuring: Gender and Change in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996); and Jane Jenson and Mariette Sineau, Mitterrand et les Françaises. Un rendez-vous manqué (Paris: Presses de la Fondation nationale de sciences politiques, 1995).
64. Janine Brodie, ed., Women and Canadian Public Policy (Toronto: Harcourt Brace, 1996); Isa Bakker, ed., Rethinking Restructuring: Gender and Change in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996); and Jane Jenson and Mariette Sineau, Mitterrand et les Françaises. Un rendez-vous manqué (Paris: Presses de la Fondation nationale de sciences politiques, 1995).
65. Janine Brodie, ed., Women and Canadian Public Policy (Toronto: Harcourt Brace, 1996); Isa Bakker, ed., Rethinking Restructuring: Gender and Change in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996); and Jane Jenson and Mariette Sineau, Mitterrand et les Françaises. Un rendez-vous manqué (Paris: Presses de la Fondation nationale de sciences politiques, 1995).
66. Dorothy Smith, The Everyday World as Problematic: A Feminist Sociology (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987), 97-100.
67. James Tully, Strange Multiplicity: Constitutionalism in an Age of Diversity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 34, 37.
68. Ibid., 203.
69. Concerns of this sort certainly are not exclusive to women, gender, political science or feminism. With regard to the already well-established demands for recognition, or on racial and cultural differences among women in Canada, and their relevance for knowledge production, see Vijay Agnew, Resisting
70. Concerns of this sort certainly are not exclusive to women, gender, political science or feminism. With regard to the already well-established demands for recognition, or on racial and cultural differences among women in Canada, and their relevance for knowledge production, see Vijay Agnew, Resisting Discrimination: Women from Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean Women's Movement in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996); Micheline de Sève, "Les études féministes: le chassé-croisé du savoir/pouvoir," in Manon Tremblay and Caroline Andrew, eds., Femmes et représentation politique au Québec et au Canada (Montréal: Remue-ménage, 1997), 55-66; Radha Jhappan, "Post-Modern Race and Gender Essentialism or a Post-Mortem of Scholarship," Studies in Political Economy 51 (1996), 15-64; Glenda P. Simms, "Racism as a Barrier to Canadian Citizenship," in William Kaplan, ed., Belonging: The Meaning and Future of Canadian Citizenship (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1993), 333-48; and Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond, "Patriarchy and Paternalism: The Legacy of the Canadian State for First Nations Women," in Caroline Andrew and Sandra Rodgers, eds., Women and the Canadian State/Les femmes et l'État canadien (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1997), 241-61.
71. Concerns of this sort certainly are not exclusive to women, gender, political science or feminism. With regard to the already well-established demands for recognition, or on racial and cultural differences among women in Canada, and their relevance for knowledge production, see Vijay Agnew, Resisting Discrimination: Women from Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean Women's Movement in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996); Micheline de Sève, "Les études féministes: le chassé-croisé du savoir/pouvoir," in Manon Tremblay and Caroline Andrew, eds., Femmes et représentation politique au Québec et au Canada (Montréal: Remue-ménage, 1997), 55-66; Radha Jhappan, "Post-Modern Race and Gender Essentialism or a Post-Mortem of Scholarship," Studies in Political Economy 51 (1996), 15-64; Glenda P. Simms, "Racism as a Barrier to Canadian Citizenship," in William Kaplan, ed., Belonging: The Meaning and Future of Canadian Citizenship (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1993), 333-48; and Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond, "Patriarchy and Paternalism: The Legacy of the Canadian State for First Nations Women," in Caroline Andrew and Sandra Rodgers, eds., Women and the Canadian State/Les femmes et l'État canadien (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1997), 241-61.
72. Concerns of this sort certainly are not exclusive to women, gender, political science or feminism. With regard to the already well-established demands for recognition, or on racial and cultural differences among women in Canada, and their relevance for knowledge production, see Vijay Agnew, Resisting Discrimination: Women from Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean Women's Movement in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996); Micheline de Sève, "Les études féministes: le chassé-croisé du savoir/pouvoir," in Manon Tremblay and Caroline Andrew, eds., Femmes et représentation politique au Québec et au Canada (Montréal: Remue-ménage, 1997), 55-66; Radha Jhappan, "Post-Modern Race and Gender Essentialism or a Post-Mortem of Scholarship," Studies in Political Economy 51 (1996), 15-64; Glenda P. Simms, "Racism as a Barrier to Canadian Citizenship," in William Kaplan, ed., Belonging: The Meaning and Future of Canadian Citizenship (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1993), 333-48; and Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond, "Patriarchy and Paternalism: The Legacy of the Canadian State for First Nations Women," in Caroline Andrew and Sandra Rodgers, eds., Women and the Canadian State/Les femmes et l'État canadien (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1997), 241-61.
73. Concerns of this sort certainly are not exclusive to women, gender, political science or feminism. With regard to the already well-established demands for recognition, or on racial and cultural differences among women in Canada, and their relevance for knowledge production, see Vijay Agnew, Resisting Discrimination: Women from Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean Women's Movement in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996); Micheline de Sève, "Les études féministes: le chassé-croisé du savoir/pouvoir," in Manon Tremblay and Caroline Andrew, eds., Femmes et représentation politique au Québec et au Canada (Montréal: Remue-ménage, 1997), 55-66; Radha Jhappan, "Post-Modern Race and Gender Essentialism or a Post-Mortem of Scholarship," Studies in Political Economy 51 (1996), 15-64; Glenda P. Simms, "Racism as a Barrier to Canadian Citizenship," in William Kaplan, ed., Belonging: The Meaning and Future of Canadian Citizenship (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1993), 333-48; and Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond, "Patriarchy and Paternalism: The Legacy of the Canadian State for First Nations Women," in Caroline Andrew and Sandra Rodgers, eds., Women and the Canadian State/Les femmes et l'État canadien (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1997), 241-61.
74. Gurston Dacks, Joyce Green and Linda Trimble, "Road Kill: Women in Alberta's Drive toward Deficit Elimination," in Gordon Laxer and Trevor Harrison, eds., Trojan Horse: Alberta and the Future of Canada (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1995), 270-85.
75. See also Alberta, House of Assembly, Debates, March 30, 1995, 941.
76. See Brodie, Women and Politics in Canada, 10-11; and Manon Tremblay, Des femmes au Parlement: un stratégie féministe? (Montréal: Remue-ménage, 1999).
77. See Brodie, Women and Politics in Canada, 10-11; and Manon Tremblay, Des femmes au Parlement: un stratégie féministe? (Montréal: Remue-ménage, 1999).
78. Chantal Maillé, "L'exploration de la variable « sexe » dans l'analyse des comportements politiques," in Beaudry, Maillé and Olivier, eds., Les avenues de la science politique, 39-45;
79. Chantal Maillé and Manon Tremblay, "Femmes et référendum: une force incontournable," in Guy Lachapelle, Pierre P. Tremblay and John E. Trent, eds., L'impact référendaire (Montréal: Les Presses de l'Université du Québec, 1995), 347-73;
80. and Évelyne Tardy, "Participation et comportements politiques: une théorisation et une méthodologie fortement sexuées," in Anne Decerf, ed., Les théories scientifiques ont-elles un sexe? (Moncton: Éditions d'acadie, 1991), 181-206.
81. See, notably, Barbara J. Nelson and Najma Chowdhury, eds., Women and Politics Worldwide (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994).
82. bell hooks, Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center (Boston: South End Press, 1984), 5; Susan J. Carroll and Linda M. G. Zerilli, "Feminist Challenges to Political Science," in A. W. Finifter, ed., Political Science: The State of the Discipline II (Washington, D.C.: American Political Science Association, 1993), 73; and Spelman, Inessential Woman, 3.
83. bell hooks, Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center (Boston: South End Press, 1984), 5; Susan J. Carroll and Linda M. G. Zerilli, "Feminist Challenges to Political Science," in A. W. Finifter, ed., Political Science: The State of the Discipline II (Washington, D.C.: American Political Science Association, 1993), 73; and Spelman, Inessential Woman, 3.
84. bell hooks, Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center (Boston: South End Press, 1984), 5; Susan J. Carroll and Linda M. G. Zerilli, "Feminist Challenges to Political Science," in A. W. Finifter, ed., Political Science: The State of the Discipline II (Washington, D.C.: American Political Science Association, 1993), 73; and Spelman, Inessential Woman, 3.
85. Jane Jenson and Susan D. Phillips, "Regime Shift: New Citizenship Practices in Canada," International Journal of Canadian Studies 14 (1996), 111-35.
86. Eileen Boris, "The Racialized Gendered State: Constructions of Citizenship in the United States," Social Politics 2 (1995), 160-80; and Susan Ship, "Problematizing Ethnicity and 'Race' in Feminist Scholarship on Women and Politics," in Tremblay and Andrew, eds., Women and Political Representation in Canada, 311-40.
87. Eileen Boris, "The Racialized Gendered State: Constructions of Citizenship in the United States," Social Politics 2 (1995), 160-80; and Susan Ship, "Problematizing Ethnicity and 'Race' in Feminist Scholarship on Women and Politics," in Tremblay and Andrew, eds., Women and Political Representation in Canada, 311-40.
88. Alan Cairns, "Citizen (Outsiders) and Government (Insiders) in Constitution-Making: The Case of Meech Lake," Canadian Public Policy 14 (1988), 139-40.
89. Linda Trimble, "'Good Enough Citizens': Canadian Women and Representation in Constitutional Deliberations," International Journal of Canadian Studies 17 (1998), 131-56.
90. Charles Taylor, "The Politics of Recognition," in Amy Gutmann, ed., Multiculturalism and "The Politics of Recognition" (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), 25-74.
91. Will Kymlicka, Recent Work in Citizenship Theory (Ottawa: Multiculturalism and Citizenship Canada, 1992), 29, 34.
92. Judy Fudge, "The Public/Private Distinction: The Possibilities of and the Limits to the Use of Charter Litigation to Further Feminist Struggles," Osgoode Hall Law Journal 25 (1987), 485-554; and Jill Vickers, "The Canadian Women's Movement and a Changing Constitutional Order," International Journal of Canadian Studies 7-8 (1993), 261-84.
93. Judy Fudge, "The Public/Private Distinction: The Possibilities of and the Limits to the Use of Charter Litigation to Further Feminist Struggles," Osgoode Hall Law Journal 25 (1987), 485-554; and Jill Vickers, "The Canadian Women's Movement and a Changing Constitutional Order," International Journal of Canadian Studies 7-8 (1993), 261-84.
94. Ronald Beiner, What's the Matter with Liberalism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 124.
95. Patrice LeClerc and Lois A. West, "Québec: Feminist Nationalist Movements in Québec: Resolving Contradictions?" in Lois A. West, ed., Feminist Nationalism (New York: Routledge, 1997), 239-40.
96. On this topic, see Linda Cardinal, "La recherche sur les femmes francophones vivant en milieu minoritaire: un questionnement sur le féminisme," Recherches féministes 5 (1992), 5-29.
97. Jane Jenson, "Fated to Live in Interesting Times: Canada's Changing Citizenship Regimes," this JOURNAL 30 (1997), 627-44.
98. See, for example, Brodie, Women and Politics in Canada and, most recently, Heather MacIvor, Women and Politics in Canada (Peterborough: Broadview, 1996). See Manon Tremblay's review of MacIvor's book in Politique et Sociétés no. 30 (1996), 188-91, and Joanna Everitt's in this JOURNAL 30 (1997), 150-51.
99. See, for example, Brodie, Women and Politics in Canada and, most recently, Heather MacIvor, Women and Politics in Canada (Peterborough: Broadview, 1996). See Manon Tremblay's review of MacIvor's book in Politique et Sociétés no. 30 (1996), 188-91, and Joanna Everitt's in this JOURNAL 30 (1997), 150-51.
100. See, for example, Brodie, Women and Politics in Canada and, most recently, Heather MacIvor, Women and Politics in Canada (Peterborough: Broadview, 1996). See Manon Tremblay's review of MacIvor's book in Politique et Sociétés no. 30 (1996), 188-91, and Joanna Everitt's in this JOURNAL 30 (1997), 150-51.
101. See, for example, Brodie, Women and Politics in Canada and, most recently, Heather MacIvor, Women and Politics in Canada (Peterborough: Broadview, 1996). See Manon Tremblay's review of MacIvor's book in Politique et Sociétés no. 30 (1996), 188-91, and Joanna Everitt's in this JOURNAL 30 (1997), 150-51.
102. English-language feminist scholarship of this sort, other than that in political science, includes Linda E. Carty, And Still We Rise: Feminist Political Mobilization in Contemporary Canada (Toronto: Women's Press, 1993); and Nancy Adamson, Linda Briskin and Margaret McPhail, Feminist Organizing for Change: The Contemporary Women's Movement in Canada (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1988).
103. English-language feminist scholarship of this sort, other than that in political science, includes Linda E. Carty, And Still We Rise: Feminist Political Mobilization in Contemporary Canada (Toronto: Women's Press, 1993); and Nancy Adamson, Linda Briskin and Margaret McPhail, Feminist Organizing for Change: The Contemporary Women's Movement in Canada (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1988).
104. Francophone feminist political scientists (and historians) have written extensively on this topic. See, notably, Sylvie Arend and Celia Chandler, "Which Distinctiveness? Major Cleavages and the Career Paths of Canadian Female and Male Politicians," Women & Politics 16 (1996), 1-29; Yolande Cohen, "Suffrage féminin et démocratie au Canada," in Christine Fauré, ed., Encyclopédie politique et historique des femmes (Paris: PUF, 1997), 535-50; Micheline de Sève, "The Perspectives of Québec Feminists," in Constance Backhouse and David H. Flaherty, eds., Challenging Times: The Women's Movement in Canada and the United States (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992), 110-16, Micheline de Sève, "Gendered Feelings about Our National Issue(s)," Atlantis 21 (1997), 111-17; Micheline de Sève, "Féminisme et nationalisme au Québec, une alliance inattendue," International Journal of Canadian Studies 17 (1998), 157-75; Micheline Dumont, "Women of Quebec and the Contemporary Constitutional Issue," in Gingras, ed., Gender and Politics in Contemporary Canada, 153-74; Micheline Dumont, "L'histoire nationale peut-elle intégrer la réflexion féministe sur l'histoire?" in Robert Comeau and Bernard Dionne, eds., À propos de l'histoire nationale (Sillery: Septentrion, 1998), 19-36; Édith Garneau, "Les femmes autochtones partagent-elles le même projet national que les hommes autochtones?" paper delivered at the Conference on Women and Representation: Fragmentation and Integration, Waterloo, 1997; Diane Lamoureux, "Nationalism and Feminism in Quebec: An Impossible Attraction," in H. J. Maroney and M. Luxton, eds., Feminism and Political Economy: Women's Work, Women's Struggle (Toronto: Methuen, 1987), 51-68; Maillé and Tremblay, "Femmes et référendum"; and Chantal Maillé and Manon Tremblay, "L'électorat féminin face aux options constitutionnelles: un groupe fragmenté," Politique et Sociétés 17 (1998), 121-50.
105. Francophone feminist political scientists (and historians) have written extensively on this topic. See, notably, Sylvie Arend and Celia Chandler, "Which Distinctiveness? Major Cleavages and the Career Paths of Canadian Female and Male Politicians," Women & Politics 16 (1996), 1-29; Yolande Cohen, "Suffrage féminin et démocratie au Canada," in Christine Fauré, ed., Encyclopédie politique et historique des femmes (Paris: PUF, 1997), 535-50; Micheline de Sève, "The Perspectives of Québec Feminists," in Constance Backhouse and David H. Flaherty, eds., Challenging Times: The Women's Movement in Canada and the United States (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992), 110-16, Micheline de Sève, "Gendered Feelings about Our National Issue(s)," Atlantis 21 (1997), 111-17; Micheline de Sève, "Féminisme et nationalisme au Québec, une alliance inattendue," International Journal of Canadian Studies 17 (1998), 157-75; Micheline Dumont, "Women of Quebec and the Contemporary Constitutional Issue," in Gingras, ed., Gender and Politics in Contemporary Canada, 153-74; Micheline Dumont, "L'histoire nationale peut-elle intégrer la réflexion féministe sur l'histoire?" in Robert Comeau and Bernard Dionne, eds., À propos de l'histoire nationale (Sillery: Septentrion, 1998), 19-36; Édith Garneau, "Les femmes autochtones partagent-elles le même projet national que les hommes autochtones?" paper delivered at the Conference on Women and Representation: Fragmentation and Integration, Waterloo, 1997; Diane Lamoureux, "Nationalism and Feminism in Quebec: An Impossible Attraction," in H. J. Maroney and M. Luxton, eds., Feminism and Political Economy: Women's Work, Women's Struggle (Toronto: Methuen, 1987), 51-68; Maillé and Tremblay, "Femmes et référendum"; and Chantal Maillé and Manon Tremblay, "L'électorat féminin face aux options constitutionnelles: un groupe fragmenté," Politique et Sociétés 17 (1998), 121-50.
106. Francophone feminist political scientists (and historians) have written extensively on this topic. See, notably, Sylvie Arend and Celia Chandler, "Which Distinctiveness? Major Cleavages and the Career Paths of Canadian Female and Male Politicians," Women & Politics 16 (1996), 1-29; Yolande Cohen, "Suffrage féminin et démocratie au Canada," in Christine Fauré, ed., Encyclopédie politique et historique des femmes (Paris: PUF, 1997), 535-50; Micheline de Sève, "The Perspectives of Québec Feminists," in Constance Backhouse and David H. Flaherty, eds., Challenging Times: The Women's Movement in Canada and the United States (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992), 110-16, Micheline de Sève, "Gendered Feelings about Our National Issue(s)," Atlantis 21 (1997), 111-17; Micheline de Sève, "Féminisme et nationalisme au Québec, une alliance inattendue," International Journal of Canadian Studies 17 (1998), 157-75; Micheline Dumont, "Women of Quebec and the Contemporary Constitutional Issue," in Gingras, ed., Gender and Politics in Contemporary Canada, 153-74; Micheline Dumont, "L'histoire nationale peut-elle intégrer la réflexion féministe sur l'histoire?" in Robert Comeau and Bernard Dionne, eds., À propos de l'histoire nationale (Sillery: Septentrion, 1998), 19-36; Édith Garneau, "Les femmes autochtones partagent-elles le même projet national que les hommes autochtones?" paper delivered at the Conference on Women and Representation: Fragmentation and Integration, Waterloo, 1997; Diane Lamoureux, "Nationalism and Feminism in Quebec: An Impossible Attraction," in H. J. Maroney and M. Luxton, eds., Feminism and Political Economy: Women's Work, Women's Struggle (Toronto: Methuen, 1987), 51-68; Maillé and Tremblay, "Femmes et référendum"; and Chantal Maillé and Manon Tremblay, "L'électorat féminin face aux options constitutionnelles: un groupe fragmenté," Politique et Sociétés 17 (1998), 121-50.
107. Francophone feminist political scientists (and historians) have written extensively on this topic. See, notably, Sylvie Arend and Celia Chandler, "Which Distinctiveness? Major Cleavages and the Career Paths of Canadian Female and Male Politicians," Women & Politics 16 (1996), 1-29; Yolande Cohen, "Suffrage féminin et démocratie au Canada," in Christine Fauré, ed., Encyclopédie politique et historique des femmes (Paris: PUF, 1997), 535-50; Micheline de Sève, "The Perspectives of Québec Feminists," in Constance Backhouse and David H. Flaherty, eds., Challenging Times: The Women's Movement in Canada and the United States (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992), 110-16, Micheline de Sève, "Gendered Feelings about Our National Issue(s)," Atlantis 21 (1997), 111-17; Micheline de Sève, "Féminisme et nationalisme au Québec, une alliance inattendue," International Journal of Canadian Studies 17 (1998), 157-75; Micheline Dumont, "Women of Quebec and the Contemporary Constitutional Issue," in Gingras, ed., Gender and Politics in Contemporary Canada, 153-74; Micheline Dumont, "L'histoire nationale peut-elle intégrer la réflexion féministe sur l'histoire?" in Robert Comeau and Bernard Dionne, eds., À propos de l'histoire nationale (Sillery: Septentrion, 1998), 19-36; Édith Garneau, "Les femmes autochtones partagent-elles le même projet national que les hommes autochtones?" paper delivered at the Conference on Women and Representation: Fragmentation and Integration, Waterloo, 1997; Diane Lamoureux, "Nationalism and Feminism in Quebec: An Impossible Attraction," in H. J. Maroney and M. Luxton, eds., Feminism and Political Economy: Women's Work, Women's Struggle (Toronto: Methuen, 1987), 51-68; Maillé and Tremblay, "Femmes et référendum"; and Chantal Maillé and Manon Tremblay, "L'électorat féminin face aux options constitutionnelles: un groupe fragmenté," Politique et Sociétés 17 (1998), 121-50.
108. Francophone feminist political scientists (and historians) have written extensively on this topic. See, notably, Sylvie Arend and Celia Chandler, "Which Distinctiveness? Major Cleavages and the Career Paths of Canadian Female and Male Politicians," Women & Politics 16 (1996), 1-29; Yolande Cohen, "Suffrage féminin et démocratie au Canada," in Christine Fauré, ed., Encyclopédie politique et historique des femmes (Paris: PUF, 1997), 535-50; Micheline de Sève, "The Perspectives of Québec Feminists," in Constance Backhouse and David H. Flaherty, eds., Challenging Times: The Women's Movement in Canada and the United States (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992), 110-16, Micheline de Sève, "Gendered Feelings about Our National Issue(s)," Atlantis 21 (1997), 111-17; Micheline de Sève, "Féminisme et nationalisme au Québec, une alliance inattendue," International Journal of Canadian Studies 17 (1998), 157-75; Micheline Dumont, "Women of Quebec and the Contemporary Constitutional Issue," in Gingras, ed., Gender and Politics in Contemporary Canada, 153-74; Micheline Dumont, "L'histoire nationale peut-elle intégrer la réflexion féministe sur l'histoire?" in Robert Comeau and Bernard Dionne, eds., À propos de l'histoire nationale (Sillery: Septentrion, 1998), 19-36; Édith Garneau, "Les femmes autochtones partagent-elles le même projet national que les hommes autochtones?" paper delivered at the Conference on Women and Representation: Fragmentation and Integration, Waterloo, 1997; Diane Lamoureux, "Nationalism and Feminism in Quebec: An Impossible Attraction," in H. J. Maroney and M. Luxton, eds., Feminism and Political Economy: Women's Work, Women's Struggle (Toronto: Methuen, 1987), 51-68; Maillé and Tremblay, "Femmes et référendum"; and Chantal Maillé and Manon Tremblay, "L'électorat féminin face aux options constitutionnelles: un groupe fragmenté," Politique et Sociétés 17 (1998), 121-50.
109. Francophone feminist political scientists (and historians) have written extensively on this topic. See, notably, Sylvie Arend and Celia Chandler, "Which Distinctiveness? Major Cleavages and the Career Paths of Canadian Female and Male Politicians," Women & Politics 16 (1996), 1-29; Yolande Cohen, "Suffrage féminin et démocratie au Canada," in Christine Fauré, ed., Encyclopédie politique et historique des femmes (Paris: PUF, 1997), 535-50; Micheline de Sève, "The Perspectives of Québec Feminists," in Constance Backhouse and David H. Flaherty, eds., Challenging Times: The Women's Movement in Canada and the United States (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992), 110-16, Micheline de Sève, "Gendered Feelings about Our National Issue(s)," Atlantis 21 (1997), 111-17; Micheline de Sève, "Féminisme et nationalisme au Québec, une alliance inattendue," International Journal of Canadian Studies 17 (1998), 157-75; Micheline Dumont, "Women of Quebec and the Contemporary Constitutional Issue," in Gingras, ed., Gender and Politics in Contemporary Canada, 153-74; Micheline Dumont, "L'histoire nationale peut-elle intégrer la réflexion féministe sur l'histoire?" in Robert Comeau and Bernard Dionne, eds., À propos de l'histoire nationale (Sillery: Septentrion, 1998), 19-36; Édith Garneau, "Les femmes autochtones partagent-elles le même projet national que les hommes autochtones?" paper delivered at the Conference on Women and Representation: Fragmentation and Integration, Waterloo, 1997; Diane Lamoureux, "Nationalism and Feminism in Quebec: An Impossible Attraction," in H. J. Maroney and M. Luxton, eds., Feminism and Political Economy: Women's Work, Women's Struggle (Toronto: Methuen, 1987), 51-68; Maillé and Tremblay, "Femmes et référendum"; and Chantal Maillé and Manon Tremblay, "L'électorat féminin face aux options constitutionnelles: un groupe fragmenté," Politique et Sociétés 17 (1998), 121-50.
110. Francophone feminist political scientists (and historians) have written extensively on this topic. See, notably, Sylvie Arend and Celia Chandler, "Which Distinctiveness? Major Cleavages and the Career Paths of Canadian Female and Male Politicians," Women & Politics 16 (1996), 1-29; Yolande Cohen, "Suffrage féminin et démocratie au Canada," in Christine Fauré, ed., Encyclopédie politique et historique des femmes (Paris: PUF, 1997), 535-50; Micheline de Sève, "The Perspectives of Québec Feminists," in Constance Backhouse and David H. Flaherty, eds., Challenging Times: The Women's Movement in Canada and the United States (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992), 110-16, Micheline de Sève, "Gendered Feelings about Our National Issue(s)," Atlantis 21 (1997), 111-17; Micheline de Sève, "Féminisme et nationalisme au Québec, une alliance inattendue," International Journal of Canadian Studies 17 (1998), 157-75; Micheline Dumont, "Women of Quebec and the Contemporary Constitutional Issue," in Gingras, ed., Gender and Politics in Contemporary Canada, 153-74; Micheline Dumont, "L'histoire nationale peut-elle intégrer la réflexion féministe sur l'histoire?" in Robert Comeau and Bernard Dionne, eds., À propos de l'histoire nationale (Sillery: Septentrion, 1998), 19-36; Édith Garneau, "Les femmes autochtones partagent-elles le même projet national que les hommes autochtones?" paper delivered at the Conference on Women and Representation: Fragmentation and Integration, Waterloo, 1997; Diane Lamoureux, "Nationalism and Feminism in Quebec: An Impossible Attraction," in H. J. Maroney and M. Luxton, eds., Feminism and Political Economy: Women's Work, Women's Struggle (Toronto: Methuen, 1987), 51-68; Maillé and Tremblay, "Femmes et référendum"; and Chantal Maillé and Manon Tremblay, "L'électorat féminin face aux options constitutionnelles: un groupe fragmenté," Politique et Sociétés 17 (1998), 121-50.
111. Francophone feminist political scientists (and historians) have written extensively on this topic. See, notably, Sylvie Arend and Celia Chandler, "Which Distinctiveness? Major Cleavages and the Career Paths of Canadian Female and Male Politicians," Women & Politics 16 (1996), 1-29; Yolande Cohen, "Suffrage féminin et démocratie au Canada," in Christine Fauré, ed., Encyclopédie politique et historique des femmes (Paris: PUF, 1997), 535-50; Micheline de Sève, "The Perspectives of Québec Feminists," in Constance Backhouse and David H. Flaherty, eds., Challenging Times: The Women's Movement in Canada and the United States (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992), 110-16, Micheline de Sève, "Gendered Feelings about Our National Issue(s)," Atlantis 21 (1997), 111-17; Micheline de Sève, "Féminisme et nationalisme au Québec, une alliance inattendue," International Journal of Canadian Studies 17 (1998), 157-75; Micheline Dumont, "Women of Quebec and the Contemporary Constitutional Issue," in Gingras, ed., Gender and Politics in Contemporary Canada, 153-74; Micheline Dumont, "L'histoire nationale peut-elle intégrer la réflexion féministe sur l'histoire?" in Robert Comeau and Bernard Dionne, eds., À propos de l'histoire nationale (Sillery: Septentrion, 1998), 19-36; Édith Garneau, "Les femmes autochtones partagent-elles le même projet national que les hommes autochtones?" paper delivered at the Conference on Women and Representation: Fragmentation and Integration, Waterloo, 1997; Diane Lamoureux, "Nationalism and Feminism in Quebec: An Impossible Attraction," in H. J. Maroney and M. Luxton, eds., Feminism and Political Economy: Women's Work, Women's Struggle (Toronto: Methuen, 1987), 51-68; Maillé and Tremblay, "Femmes et référendum"; and Chantal Maillé and Manon Tremblay, "L'électorat féminin face aux options constitutionnelles: un groupe fragmenté," Politique et Sociétés 17 (1998), 121-50.
112. Francophone feminist political scientists (and historians) have written extensively on this topic. See, notably, Sylvie Arend and Celia Chandler, "Which Distinctiveness? Major Cleavages and the Career Paths of Canadian Female and Male Politicians," Women & Politics 16 (1996), 1-29; Yolande Cohen, "Suffrage féminin et démocratie au Canada," in Christine Fauré, ed., Encyclopédie politique et historique des femmes (Paris: PUF, 1997), 535-50; Micheline de Sève, "The Perspectives of Québec Feminists," in Constance Backhouse and David H. Flaherty, eds., Challenging Times: The Women's Movement in Canada and the United States (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992), 110-16, Micheline de Sève, "Gendered Feelings about Our National Issue(s)," Atlantis 21 (1997), 111-17; Micheline de Sève, "Féminisme et nationalisme au Québec, une alliance inattendue," International Journal of Canadian Studies 17 (1998), 157-75; Micheline Dumont, "Women of Quebec and the Contemporary Constitutional Issue," in Gingras, ed., Gender and Politics in Contemporary Canada, 153-74; Micheline Dumont, "L'histoire nationale peut-elle intégrer la réflexion féministe sur l'histoire?" in Robert Comeau and Bernard Dionne, eds., À propos de l'histoire nationale (Sillery: Septentrion, 1998), 19-36; Édith Garneau, "Les femmes autochtones partagent-elles le même projet national que les hommes autochtones?" paper delivered at the Conference on Women and Representation: Fragmentation and Integration, Waterloo, 1997; Diane Lamoureux, "Nationalism and Feminism in Quebec: An Impossible Attraction," in H. J. Maroney and M. Luxton, eds., Feminism and Political Economy: Women's Work, Women's Struggle (Toronto: Methuen, 1987), 51-68; Maillé and Tremblay, "Femmes et référendum"; and Chantal Maillé and Manon Tremblay, "L'électorat féminin face aux options constitutionnelles: un groupe fragmenté," Politique et Sociétés 17 (1998), 121-50.
113. Francophone feminist political scientists (and historians) have written extensively on this topic. See, notably, Sylvie Arend and Celia Chandler, "Which Distinctiveness? Major Cleavages and the Career Paths of Canadian Female and Male Politicians," Women & Politics 16 (1996), 1-29; Yolande Cohen, "Suffrage féminin et démocratie au Canada," in Christine Fauré, ed., Encyclopédie politique et historique des femmes (Paris: PUF, 1997), 535-50; Micheline de Sève, "The Perspectives of Québec Feminists," in Constance Backhouse and David H. Flaherty, eds., Challenging Times: The Women's Movement in Canada and the United States (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992), 110-16, Micheline de Sève, "Gendered Feelings about Our National Issue(s)," Atlantis 21 (1997), 111-17; Micheline de Sève, "Féminisme et nationalisme au Québec, une alliance inattendue," International Journal of Canadian Studies 17 (1998), 157-75; Micheline Dumont, "Women of Quebec and the Contemporary Constitutional Issue," in Gingras, ed., Gender and Politics in Contemporary Canada, 153-74; Micheline Dumont, "L'histoire nationale peut-elle intégrer la réflexion féministe sur l'histoire?" in Robert Comeau and Bernard Dionne, eds., À propos de l'histoire nationale (Sillery: Septentrion, 1998), 19-36; Édith Garneau, "Les femmes autochtones partagent-elles le même projet national que les hommes autochtones?" paper delivered at the Conference on Women and Representation: Fragmentation and Integration, Waterloo, 1997; Diane Lamoureux, "Nationalism and Feminism in Quebec: An Impossible Attraction," in H. J. Maroney and M. Luxton, eds., Feminism and Political Economy: Women's Work, Women's Struggle (Toronto: Methuen, 1987), 51-68; Maillé and Tremblay, "Femmes et référendum"; and Chantal Maillé and Manon Tremblay, "L'électorat féminin face aux options constitutionnelles: un groupe fragmenté," Politique et Sociétés 17 (1998), 121-50.
114. Francophone feminist political scientists (and historians) have written extensively on this topic. See, notably, Sylvie Arend and Celia Chandler, "Which Distinctiveness? Major Cleavages and the Career Paths of Canadian Female and Male Politicians," Women & Politics 16 (1996), 1-29; Yolande Cohen, "Suffrage féminin et démocratie au Canada," in Christine Fauré, ed., Encyclopédie politique et historique des femmes (Paris: PUF, 1997), 535-50; Micheline de Sève, "The Perspectives of Québec Feminists," in Constance Backhouse and David H. Flaherty, eds., Challenging Times: The Women's Movement in Canada and the United States (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992), 110-16, Micheline de Sève, "Gendered Feelings about Our National Issue(s)," Atlantis 21 (1997), 111-17; Micheline de Sève, "Féminisme et nationalisme au Québec, une alliance inattendue," International Journal of Canadian Studies 17 (1998), 157-75; Micheline Dumont, "Women of Quebec and the Contemporary Constitutional Issue," in Gingras, ed., Gender and Politics in Contemporary Canada, 153-74; Micheline Dumont, "L'histoire nationale peut-elle intégrer la réflexion féministe sur l'histoire?" in Robert Comeau and Bernard Dionne, eds., À propos de l'histoire nationale (Sillery: Septentrion, 1998), 19-36; Édith Garneau, "Les femmes autochtones partagent-elles le même projet national que les hommes autochtones?" paper delivered at the Conference on Women and Representation: Fragmentation and Integration, Waterloo, 1997; Diane Lamoureux, "Nationalism and Feminism in Quebec: An Impossible Attraction," in H. J. Maroney and M. Luxton, eds., Feminism and Political Economy: Women's Work, Women's Struggle (Toronto: Methuen, 1987), 51-68; Maillé and Tremblay, "Femmes et référendum"; and Chantal Maillé and Manon Tremblay, "L'électorat féminin face aux options constitutionnelles: un groupe fragmenté," Politique et Sociétés 17 (1998), 121-50.
115. Tremblay and Andrew, eds., Femmes et représentation politique.
116. Andrew and Rodgers, eds., Women and the Canadian State/Les femmes et l'État canadien.
117. Politique et Sociétés 17 (1998). See the response of the board of directors of the Canadian Political Science Association to the recommendations made in the Report on the Status of Women in the Discipline that dealt with the CPSA's annual meeting and this JOURNAL (Canadian Political Science Association, Minutes of the Meeting of the Board of Directors, 7 June, 1998, Item 11, The Canadian Political Science Association/Association canadienne de science politique Bulletin 27 [May 1998], 24-26).
118. Politique et Sociétés 17 (1998). See the response of the board of directors of the Canadian Political Science Association to the recommendations made in the Report on the Status of Women in the Discipline that dealt with the CPSA's annual meeting and this JOURNAL (Canadian Political Science Association, Minutes of the Meeting of the Board of Directors, 7 June, 1998, Item 11, The Canadian Political Science Association/Association canadienne de science politique Bulletin 27 [May 1998], 24-26).
119. See Lamoureux, Trimble and Koene, Report on the Status of Women in the Discipline.
120. Caroline Andrew, "Women and the Welfare State," this JOURNAL 17 (1984), 668, 683.
121. For a comparative analysis of the role of women in the emergence of the welfare state in English-Canada and Québec, see Cohen, "Suffrage féminin et démocratie au Canada."
122. For example, see Jane Jenson, "Les réformes des services de garde pour jeunes enfants en France et au Québec: une analyse historico-institutionnaliste," Politique et sociétés 17 (1998), 183-216.
123. Vickers, Reinventing Political Science, 77.
124. West and Zimmerman, "Doing Gender."
125. Carroll and Zerilli, "Feminist Challenges to Political Science," 70.
126. Andrew, "Women and the Welfare State," 683. Andrew revisits her topic in "Les femmes et l'État-providence: question revue et corrigée," Politique et Sociétés 17 (1998), 171-82. Her tone is more pessimistic than 15 years earlier. Women have, she concludes, borne an enormous cost from the downsizing of the welfare state. The fact that the original address was published in English and the updated account is in French invites further dialogue between feminist linguistic communities.
127. Andrew, "Women and the Welfare State," 683. Andrew revisits her topic in "Les femmes et l'État-providence: question revue et corrigée," Politique et Sociétés 17 (1998), 171-82. Her tone is more pessimistic than 15 years earlier. Women have, she concludes, borne an enormous cost from the downsizing of the welfare state. The fact that the original address was published in English and the updated account is in French invites further dialogue between feminist linguistic communities.