The altered state and the state of nature - The French Revolution and international politics

Review of International Studies

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 197-216

  Bukovansky, Mlada ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0033439953     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0260210599001977     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Alfred Cobban, In Search of Humanity: the Role of the Enlightenment in Modern History (London: Jonathan Cape, 1960), p. 192.
2. Alexander Wendt, 'Anarchy is what states make of it', International Organization, 46 (1992), pp. 391-425; also see Michael N. Barnett, 'Identity and Alliances in the Middle East', in Peter J. Katzenstein (ed.), The Culture of National Security (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996).
3. Alexander Wendt, 'Anarchy is what states make of it', International Organization, 46 (1992), pp. 391-425; also see Michael N. Barnett, 'Identity and Alliances in the Middle East', in Peter J. Katzenstein (ed.), The Culture of National Security (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996).
4. David Armstrong, Revolution and World Order (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), ch. 3.
5. Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979), p. 41.
6. James Mayall, '1789 and the Liberal Theory of International Society', Review of International Studies, 15 (1989), pp. 297-307.
7. See Alexis de Tocqueville, The Old Regime and the French Revolution, trans. Stuart Gilbert (New York: Doubleday, 1955); and William Doyle, The Old European Order 1660-1800 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978).
8. See Alexis de Tocqueville, The Old Regime and the French Revolution, trans. Stuart Gilbert (New York: Doubleday, 1955); and William Doyle, The Old European Order 1660-1800 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978).
9. Alexander Wendt, 'Anarchy is what states make of it'; and Martha Finnemore, National Interests in International Society (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996).
10. Alexander Wendt, 'Anarchy is what states make of it'; and Martha Finnemore, National Interests in International Society (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996).
11. Kyung-Won Kim, Revolution and International System (New York: New York University Press, 1970), p. xix.
12. Fred Halliday, 'International Society as Homogeneity: Burke, Marx, Fukuyama', Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 21:3 (1992), p. 435.
13. See J. Samuel Barkin and Bruce Cronin, 'Changing Norms and the Rules of Sovereignty', International Organization, 48 (Winter 1994), pp. 107-130; and Rodney Bruce Hall, Territorial and National Sovereigns: National Collective Identity and the Transformation of the International System, 1996 Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
14. See J. Samuel Barkin and Bruce Cronin, 'Changing Norms and the Rules of Sovereignty', International Organization, 48 (Winter 1994), pp. 107-130; and Rodney Bruce Hall, Territorial and National Sovereigns: National Collective Identity and the Transformation of the International System, 1996 Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
15. Barry Posen, 'Nationalism, the Mass Army, and Military Power', International Security, 18 (Fall 1993), pp. 80-124; Stephen M. Walt, Revolution and War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996), ch. 2.
16. Barry Posen, 'Nationalism, the Mass Army, and Military Power', International Security, 18 (Fall 1993), pp. 80-124; Stephen M. Walt, Revolution and War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996), ch. 2.
17. See Hilton L. Root, The Fountain of Privilege (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1994), esp. chs. 3 and 4.
18. Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (New York: Random House, 1979), ch. 4.
19. Walt, Revolution, ch. 2; also see Stephen M. Walt, The Origins of Alliances (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987).
20. Walt, Revolution, ch. 2; also see Stephen M. Walt, The Origins of Alliances (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987).
21. Walt, Revolution, chs. 2 and 7.
22. Barnett, 'Identity and Alliances in the Middle East', p. 406.
23. Walt, Revolution, p. 334.
24. Walt, Revolution, p. 341.
25. See Trygve R. Tholfsen, Ideology and Revolution in Modern Europe (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), chs. 1 and 5-7; and Keith Michael Baker, Inventing the French Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), ch. 1.
26. See Trygve R. Tholfsen, Ideology and Revolution in Modern Europe (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), chs. 1 and 5-7; and Keith Michael Baker, Inventing the French Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), ch. 1.
27. On balance of threat see Walt, Origins, ch. 2.
28. See Armstrong, Revolution and World Order.
29. Doyle, Old European Order, pp. 73 and 74.
30. Doyle, Old European Order, p. 224.
31. George Rudé, Revolutionary Europe 1783-1815 (New York: Harper and Row, 1964), ch. 2.
32. Montesquieu, Spirit of the Laws, Vol. 1, Book II, ch. 4, translated by Thomas Nugent (New York: Hafner, 1949), p. 16, emphasis mine.
33. Kim, Revolution, p. 8.
34. T. C. W. Blanning, The Origins of the French Revolutionary Wars (London: Longman, 1986), p. 85.
35. Doyle, Old European Order, pp. 265-66.
36. Paul W. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics 1763-1848 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), p. 6.
37. Schroeder, Transformation, p. 8.
38. Cobban, In Search, p. 203.
39. Andreas Osiander, The State-System of Europe 1640-1990 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 208.
40. Doyle, Old European Order, pp. 221-222.
41. Schroeder, Transformation, pp. 6-7.
42. R. H. Lord, The Second Partition of Poland (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1915), pp. 267-281; and Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York: Random House, 1987), p. 122.
43. R. H. Lord, The Second Partition of Poland (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1915), pp. 267-281; and Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York: Random House, 1987), p. 122.
44. Kennedy, Rise and Fall, p. 85.
45. See Francis Stephen Ruddy, International Law in the Enlightenment (Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana, 1975), pp. 13-38.
46. Albert Sorel, L'Europe et la Révolution Française, 15th edn. (Paris: Plon-Nourrit, 1919), vol. 1, p. 8; Schroeder, Transformation.
47. Albert Sorel, L'Europe et la Révolution Française, 15th edn. (Paris: Plon-Nourrit, 1919), vol. 1, p. 8; Schroeder, Transformation.
48. See note #1.
49. T C. W. Blanning, The French Revolution in Germany (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), p. 2.
50. François Furet, Interpreting the French Revolution, translated by Elborg Forster (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981, c. 1978), p. 77.
51. See Blanning, French Revolution in Germany; and Stuart Woolf, Napoleon's Integration of Europe (London: Routledge, 1991).
52. See Blanning, French Revolution in Germany; and Stuart Woolf, Napoleon's Integration of Europe (London: Routledge, 1991).
53. Sorel, L'Europe, vol. 1; Blanning, Origins, ch. 2.
54. Sorel, L'Europe, vol. 1; Blanning, Origins, ch. 2.
55. Quoted in Blanning, Origins, p. 132.
56. Blanning, Origins, p. 74.
57. Blanning, Origins, ch. 3; Walt, Revolution and War, ch. 3
58. Blanning, Origins, ch. 3; Walt, Revolution and War, ch. 3
59. Schroeder, Transformation, chs. 3-4; Blanning, Origins', Lord, Second Partition, ch. 11.
60. Schroeder, Transformation, chs. 3-4; Blanning, Origins', Lord, Second Partition, ch. 11.
61. Schroeder, Transformation, chs. 3-4; Blanning, Origins', Lord, Second Partition, ch. 11.
62. But see William H. Sewell, Jr., 'Ideologies and Social Revolutions: Reflections on the French Case', in T. C. W. Blanning (ed.), The Rise and Fall of the French Revolution (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
63. Anne Sa'adah, The Shaping of Liberal Politics in Revolutionary France (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990), pp. 13-19; Mona Ozouf, 'War and Terror in French Revolutionary Discourse, 1792-1794,' Journal of Modern History, 56 (1984), pp. 579-97.
64. Anne Sa'adah, The Shaping of Liberal Politics in Revolutionary France (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990), pp. 13-19; Mona Ozouf, 'War and Terror in French Revolutionary Discourse, 1792-1794,' Journal of Modern History, 56 (1984), pp. 579-97.
65. D. M. G. Sutherland, France 1789-1815: Revolution and Counterrevolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 81.
66. William Doyle, The Oxford History of the French Revolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), p 119; Simon Schama, Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution (New York: Random House, 1989), ch. 8; Patrice Higonnet, Class, Ideology, and the Rights of Nobles During the French Revolution (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), p. 6.
67. William Doyle, The Oxford History of the French Revolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), p 119; Simon Schama, Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution (New York: Random House, 1989), ch. 8; Patrice Higonnet, Class, Ideology, and the Rights of Nobles During the French Revolution (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), p. 6.
68. William Doyle, The Oxford History of the French Revolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), p 119; Simon Schama, Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution (New York: Random House, 1989), ch. 8; Patrice Higonnet, Class, Ideology, and the Rights of Nobles During the French Revolution (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), p. 6.
69. Schama, Citizens, p. 444.
70. Higonnet, Rights of Nobles, p. 258; also see Hannah Arendt, On Revolution (New York: Viking, 1963), pp. 106-107.
71. Higonnet, Rights of Nobles, p. 258; also see Hannah Arendt, On Revolution (New York: Viking, 1963), pp. 106-107.
72. See Jean-Paul Bertaud, The Army of the French Revolution, translated by R. R. Palmer (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988); and John Lynn, Bayonets of the Republic (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1984).
73. See Jean-Paul Bertaud, The Army of the French Revolution, translated by R. R. Palmer (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988); and John Lynn, Bayonets of the Republic (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1984).
74. Sutherland, France, p. 192ff.
75. Lynn Hunt, D. Lansky, P. Hanson, 'The Failure of the Liberal Republic in France, 1795-1799', Journal of Modern History, 51 (1979):734-59.
76. Furet, Interpreting, p. 47.
77. Schama, Citizens, p. 293; Higonnet, Rights of Nobles, ch. 2.
78. Schama, Citizens, p. 293; Higonnet, Rights of Nobles, ch. 2.
79. Furet, Interpreting, p. 48.
80. Blanning, Origins, p. 99.
81. Furet, Interpreting, p. 27; my emphasis.
82. Furet, Interpreting, p. 29.
83. Georges Lefebvre, The French Revolution from its Origins to 1793 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1962), pp. 196-7.
84. See Rude, Revolutionary Europe, ch. 2; DeTocqueville, The Old Regime and the French Revolution, p. 57.
85. See Rude, Revolutionary Europe, ch. 2; DeTocqueville, The Old Regime and the French Revolution, p. 57.
86. Blanning, French Revolution in Germany, p. 20.
87. Schroeder, Transformation, p. 103.
88. Schroeder, Transformation, p. 137.
89. Schama, Citizens, p. 858.
90. Bertaud, The Army of the French Revolution; Lynn, Bayonets; also see Posen, 'Mass Army'.
91. Bertaud, The Army of the French Revolution; Lynn, Bayonets; also see Posen, 'Mass Army'.
92. Bertaud, The Army of the French Revolution; Lynn, Bayonets; also see Posen, 'Mass Army'.
93. Lynn, Bayonets, p. 64.
94. Schroeder, Transformation, pp. 137-8.
95. This is Georges Lefebvre's basic thesis in Napoleon from 18 Brumaire to Tilsit, 1799-1807, translated by Henry F. Stockhold (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969), introduction.
96. Posen, 'Mass army'.
97. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, edited by J. G. A. Pocock (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 1987), p. 69.
98. For a good historiographical summary see Furet, Interpreting the French Revolution, ch. 1. On state power see Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979);
99. For a good historiographical summary see Furet, Interpreting the French Revolution, ch. 1. On state power see Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979);
100. Skocpol and Kestenbaum, 'Mars Unshackled',
101. and Charles Tilly, 'State and Counterrevolution in France', both in Ferenc Fehér (ed.), The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1990).
102. See Baker, Inventing, ch. 9.
103. See Jeremy Black, British Foreign Policy in an Age of Revolutions 1783-1793 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 527; and James Mayall, '1789'.
104. Georges Lefebvre, Napoleon, from Tilsit to Waterloo, translated by J. E. Anderson (New York: Columbia Universty Press, 1969), p. 54.
105. Quoted in Gunther E. Rothenberg, The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1978), p. 190.
106. Rothenberg, Art of Warfare, p. 165.
107. Schroeder, Transformation', Osiander, States-System.
108. Schroeder, Transformation', Osiander, States-System.
109. Lefebvre, Napoleon, from Tilsit to Waterloo, p. 357.
110. Charles Tilly, 'State and Counter-revolution in France'.
111. Walt, Revolution and War, conclusion.