General-process theories of motivation revisited: The role of habituation

Psychological Bulletin

Volumn 125, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 437-457

  McSweeney, Frances K ^a   Swindell, Samantha ^b  

^a WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033438856     PISSN: 00332909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.125.4.437     Document Type: Article

References (304)

1. Adlerstein, A., & Fehrer, E. (1955). The effect of food deprivation on exploratory behavior in a complex maze. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 48, 250-253.
2. Adolph, E. F. (1947). Urges to eat and drink in rats. The American Journal of Physiology, 151, 110-125.
3. Allison, J., & Castellan, N. J., Jr. (1970). Temporal characteristics of nutritive drinking in rats and humans. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 70, 116-125.
4. Amsel, A., & Maltzman, I. (1950). The effect upon generalized drive strength of emotionality as inferred from the level of consummatory response. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 40, 563-569.
5. Antelman, S. M., Rowland, N. E., & Fisher, A. E. (1976). Stimulation bound ingestive behavior: A view from the tail. Physiology & Behavior, 17, 743-748.
6. Antelman, S. M., & Szechtman, H. (1975, August 29). Tail pinch induces eating in sated rats which appears to depend on nigrostriatal dopamine. Science, 189, 731-733.
7. Antonitis, J. J., & Baron, A. (1961). A test of the hypothesis of an unconditioned operant reserve. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 54, 457-460.
8. Ayya, N., & Beauchamp, G. K. (1992). Short-term effects of diet on salt taste preference. Appetite, 18, 77-82.
9. Azrin, N. H. (1956). Some effects of two intermittent schedules of immediate and non-immediate punishment. Journal of Psychology, 42, 3-21.
10. Azrin, N. H. (1970). Punishment of elicited aggression. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 14, 7-10.
11. Azrin, N. H., Hake, D. F., & Hutchinson, R. R. (1965). Elicitation of aggression by a physical blow. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 8, 55-57.
12. Azrin, N. H., Hutchinson, R. R., & McLaughlin, R. (1965). The opportunity for aggression as an operant reinforcer during aversive stimulation. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 8, 171-180.
13. Azrin, N. H., Ulrich, R. E., Hutchinson, R. R., & Norman, D. G. (1964). Effect of shock duration on shock-induced fighting. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 7, 9-11.
14. Baenninger, R., & Grossman, J. C. (1969). Some effects of punishment on pain-elicited aggression. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 12, 1017-1022.
15. Baker, A. G., Steinwald, H., & Bouton, M. E. (1991). Contextual conditioning and reinstatement of extinguished instrumental responding. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 43B, 199-218.
16. Baker, T. B., & Tiffany, S. T. (1985). Morphine tolerance as habituation. Psychological Review, 92, 78-108.
17. Barfield, R. J., & Sachs, B. D. (1968, July 26). Sexual behavior: Stimulation by painful electric shock to skin in male rats. Science, 161, 392-395.
18. Barnes, G. W., & Baron, A. (1961). The effects of sensory reinforcement on extinction behavior. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 54, 461-465.
19. Baron, A., Antonitis, J. J., & Beale, R. H. (1961). Effects of activity deprivation upon bar pressing. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 54, 291-293.
20. Barrass, R. (1961). A quantitative study of the behavior of the male Mormoniella vitripennis (walker) (Hymenoptera pteromalidae) towards two constant stimulus-situations. Behaviour, 18, 288-312.
21. Beach, F. A. (1947). Evolutionary changes in the physiological control of mating behavior in mammals. Psychological Review, 54, 297-315.
22. Bellisle, F., & Le Magnen, J. (1980). The analysis of human feeding patterns: The edogram. Appetite, 1, 141-150.
23. Bellisle, F., & Le Magnen, J. (1981). The structure of meals in humans: Eating and drinking patterns in lean and obese subjects. Physiology & Behavior, 27, 649-658.
24. Bellisle, F., Lucas, F., Amrani, R., & Le Magnen, J. (1984). Deprivation, palatability and the micro-structure of meals in human subjects. Appetite, 5, 85-94.
25. Berlyne, D. E. (1955). The arousal and satiation of perceptual curiosity in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 48, 238-246.
26. Berlyne, D. E., & Slater, J. (1957). Perceptual curiosity, exploratory behavior, and maze learning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 50, 228-232.
27. Bermant, G. (1961, June 2). Response latencies of female rats during sexual intercourse. Science, 133, 1771-1773.
28. Berridge, K. C. (1991). Modulation of taste affect by hunger, caloric satiety, and sensory-specific satiety in the rat. Appetite, 16, 103-120.
29. Berry, S. L., Beatty, W. W., & Klesges, R. C. (1985). Sensory and social influences on ice cream consumption by males and females in a laboratory setting. Appetite, 6, 41-45.
30. Birch, L. L., & Deysher, M. (1986). Caloric compensation and sensory specific satiety: Evidence for self regulation of food intake by young children. Appetite, 7, 323-331.
31. Blass, E. M., & Hall, W. G. (1976). Drinking termination: Interactions among hydrational, orogastric, and behavioral controls in rats. Psychological Review, 83, 356-374.
32. Blass, E. M., Jobaris, R., & Hall, W. G. (1976). Oropharyngeal control of drinking in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 90, 909-916.
33. Bolles, R. C. (1965a). Consummatory behavior in rats maintained a-periodically. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 60, 239-243.
34. Bolles, R. C. (1965b). Readiness to eat: Effects of age, sex, and weight loss. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 60, 88-92.
35. Bolles, R. C. (1980). Stress-induced overeating? A response to Robbins and Fray. Appetite, 1, 229-230.
36. Bousfield, W. A. (1935). Quantitative indices of the effects of fasting on eating-behavior. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 46, 476-479.
37. Bousfield, W. A., & Elliott, M. H. (1934). The effect of fasting on the eating-behavior of rats. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 45, 227-237.
38. Brala, P. M., & Hagen, R. L. (1983). Effects of sweetness perception and caloric value of a preload on short term intake. Physiology & Behavior, 30, 1-9.
39. Brennan, W. M., Ames, E. W., & Moore, R. W. (1966, January 21). Age differences in infants' attention to patterns of different complexities. Science, 151, 354-356.
40. Bruce, R. H. (1938). The effect of lessening the drive upon performance by white rats in a maze. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 25, 225-248.
41. Butler, R. A. (1957). The effect of deprivation of visual incentives on visual exploration motivation in monkeys. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 50, 177-179.
42. Cabanac, M. (1971, September 17). Physiological role of pleasure. Science, 173, 1103-1107.
43. Cabanac, M. (1979). Sensory pleasure. Quarterly Review of Biology, 54, 1-29.
44. Cabanac, M., & Duclaux, R. (1970). Specificity of internal signals in producing satiety for taste stimuli. Nature, 227, 966-967.
45. Caggiula, A. R. (1972). Shock-elicited copulation and aggression in male rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 80, 393-397.
46. Caggiula, A. R., & Eibergen, R. (1969). Copulation of virgin male rats evoked by painful peripheral stimulation. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 69, 414-419.
47. Caron, R. F., & Caron, A. J. (1968). The effect of repeated exposure and stimulus complexity on visual fixation in infants. Psychonomic Science, 10, 207-208.
48. Caron, R. F., & Caron, A. J. (1969). Degree of stimulus complexity and habituation of visual fixation in infants. Psychonomic Science, 14, 78-79.
49. Chutuape, M. A., Mitchell, S., & de Wit, H. (1994). Ethanol preloads increase ethanol preference under concurrent random-ratio schedules in social drinkers. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2, 310-318.
50. Clark, F. C. (1958). The effect of deprivation and frequency of reinforcement on variable-interval responding. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1, 221-228.
51. Clayton, D. A. (1976a). The effect of pretest conditions on social facilitation of drinking in ducks. Animal Behaviour, 24, 125-134.
52. Clayton, D. A. (1976b). Social facilitation of drinking of a partially satiated duckling. Animal Learning & Behavior, 4, 391-395.
53. Clendenen, V. I., Herman, C. P., & Polivy, J. (1994). Social facilitation of eating among friends and strangers. Appetite, 23, 1-13.
54. Clifton, P. G., Burton, M. J., & Sharp, C. (1987). Rapid loss of stimulus-specific satiety after consumption of a second food. Appetite, 9, 149-156.
55. Cofer, C. N., & Appley, M. H. (1964). Motivation: Theory and research. New York: Wiley.
56. Cohen, L. B. (1969). Observing responses, visual preferences, and habituation to visual stimuli in infants. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 7, 419-433.
57. Corbit, J. D. (1965). Effect of intravenous sodium chloride on drinking in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 60, 397-406.
58. Cornell, C. E., Rodin, J., & Weingarten, H. (1989). Stimulus-induced eating when satiated. Physiology & Behavior, 45, 695-704.
59. Davies, R. F. (1977). Long-and short-term regulation of feeding patterns in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 91, 574-585.
60. Davis, J. D. (1988). Do we really need new concepts to explain satiety? I think not. Appetite, 11, 42-47.
61. Davis, J. D., & Levine, M. W. (1977). A model for the control of ingestion. Psychological Review, 84, 379-412.
62. Davis, J. D., & Smith, G. P. (1988). Analysis of lick rate measures of the positive and negative feedback effects of carbohydrates on eating. Appetite, 11, 229-238.
63. de Castro, J. M. (1975). Meal pattern correlations: Facts and artifacts. Physiology & Behavior, 15, 13-15.
64. de Castro, J. M. (1981). The stomach energy content governs meal patterning in the rat. Physiology & Behavior, 26, 795-798.
65. de Castro, J. M. (1990). Social facilitation of duration and size but not rate of the spontaneous meal intake of humans. Physiology & Behavior, 47, 1129-1135.
66. de Castro, J. M., & Balagura, S. (1975). Ontogeny of meal patterning in rats and its recapitulation during recovery from lateral hypothalamic lesions. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 89, 791-802.
67. de Castro, J. M., & Brewer, E. M. (1991). The amount eaten in meals by humans is a power function of the number of people present. Physiology & Behavior, 51, 121-125.
68. de Castro, J. M., Brewer, E. M., Elmore, D. K., & Orozco, S. (1990). Social facilitation of the spontaneous meal size of humans occurs regardless of time, place, alcohol or snacks. Appetite, 15, 89-101.
69. de Castro, J. M., & Kreitzman, S. M. (1985). A microregulatory analysis of spontaneous human feeding patterns. Physiology & Behavior, 35, 329-335.
70. de Castro, J. M., McCormick, J., Pedersen, M., & Kreitzman, S. N. (1986). Spontaneous human meal patterns are related to preprandial factors regardless of natural environmental constraints. Physiology & Behavior, 38, 25-29.
71. Dember, W. N. (1956). Response by the rat to environmental change. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 49, 93-95.
72. Dess, N. K. (1997). Ingestion after stress: Evidence for a regulatory shift in food-rewarded operant performance. Learning and Motivation, 28, 342-356.
73. Dethier, V. G. (1962). To know a fly. San Fransisco: Holden-Day.
74. Dethier, V. G. (1976). The hungry fly: A physiological study of the behavior associated with feeding. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
75. Deutsch, J. A., Adams, D. W., & Metzner, R. J. (1964). Choice of intracranial stimulation as a function of delay between stimulations and strength of competing drive. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 57, 241-243.
76. de Wit, H. (1996). Priming effects with drugs and other reinforcers. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 4, 5-10.
77. de Wit, H., & Chutuape, M. A. (1993). Increased ethanol choice in social drinkers following ethanol preload. Behavioral Pharmacology, 4, 29-36.
78. de Wit, H., & Stewart, J. (1981). Reinstatement of cocaine-reinforced responding in the rat. Psychopharmacology, 75, 134-143.
79. de Wit, H., & Stewart, J. (1983). Drug reinstatement of heroin-reinforced responding in the rat. Psychopharmacology, 79, 29-31.
80. Dinsmoor, J. A. (1962). Variable-interval escape from stimuli accompanied by shocks. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 5, 41-47.
81. Drewnowski, A. (1996). The behavioral phenotype in human obesity. In E. D. Capaldi (Ed.), Why we eat what we eat: The psychology of eating (pp. 291-308). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
82. Drewnowski, A., Grinker, J. A., & Hirsch, J. (1982). Obesity and flavor perception: Multidimensional scaling of soft drinks. Appetite, 3, 361-368.
83. Eisenstein, E. M., & Peretz, B. (1973). Comparative aspects of habituation in invertebrates. In H. V. S. Peeke & M. J. Herz (Eds.), Habituation: Volume 2. Physiological substrates (pp. 1-31). New York: Academic Press.
84. Eiserer, L. A. (1977). Behavioral control by stimulus components of an imprinting object. Animal Learning & Behavior, 5, 153-160.
85. Eiserer, L. A. (1978). Effects of food primes on the operant behavior of nondeprived rats. Animal Learning & Behavior, 6, 308-312.
86. Eiserer, L. A., & Hoffman, H. S. (1973). Priming of ducklings' responses by presenting an imprinted stimulus. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 82, 345-359.
87. Epstein, L. H., Caggiula, A. R., Perkins, K. A., Mitchell, S. L., & Rodefer, J. S. (1992). Abstinence from smoking decreases habituation to food cues. Physiology & Behavior, 52, 641-646.
88. Epstein, L. H., Caggiula, A. R., Rodefer, J. S., Wisniewski, L., & Mitchell, S. L. (1993). The effects of calories and taste on habituation of the human salivary response. Addictive Behaviors, 18, 179-185.
89. Epstein, L. H., Rodefer, J. S., Wisniewski, L., & Caggiula, A. R. (1992). Habituation and dishabituation of human salivary response. Physiology & Behavior, 51, 945-950.
90. Falk, J. L. (1961). The behavioral regulation of water-electrolyte balance. In M. R. Jones (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (pp. 1-33). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
91. Fass, B., Strub, H., Greenspon, J. M., Stevens, D. A., & Stein, D. G. (1981). A descriptive analysis of tail-pinch elicited eating-behavior of rats. Physiology & Behavior, 26, 355-359.
92. Fisher, A. E. (1962). Effects of stimulus variation on sexual satiation in the male rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 614-620.
93. Fitzsimons, T. J., & Le Magnen, J. (1969). Eating as a regulatory control of drinking in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 67, 273-283.
94. Forgays, D. G., & Levin, H. (1961). Learning as a function of change of sensory stimulation: Distributed vs. massed trials. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 54, 59-62.
95. Fowler, H., & Whalen, R. E. (1961). Variation in incentive stimulus and sexual behavior in the male rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 54, 68-71.
96. Fox, S. S. (1962). Self-maintained sensory input and sensory deprivation in monkeys: A behavioral and neuropharmacological study. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 438-444.
97. Franken, R. E. (1967). Stimulus change, exploration, and latent learning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 64, 301-307.
98. Fraser, D., & Spigel, I. M. (1971). Shock-induced threat and biting by the turtle. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 16, 349-353.
99. Fray, P. J., Koob, G. F., & Iversen, S. D. (1978, September 1). Response to Perachio and Herndon (1978), tail pinch versus brain stimulation: Problems of comparison. Science, 201, 841-842.
100. French, G. M., & Harlow, H. F. (1955). Locomotor reaction decrement in normal and brain-damaged rhesus monkeys. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 48, 496-501.
101. Gallistel, C. R. (1974). Motivation as central organizing process: The psychophysical approach to its functional and neurophysiological analysis. In J. K. Cole & T. B. Sonderegger (Eds.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (pp. 183-250). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
102. Gallistel, C. R., Stellar, J. R., & Bubis, E. (1974). Parametric analysis of brain stimulation reward in the rat: I. The transient process and the memory-containing process. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 87, 848-859.
103. Glanzer, M. (1961). Changes and interrelations in exploratory behavior. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 54, 433-438.
104. Glickman, S. E., & Hartz, K. E. (1964). Exploratory behavior in several species of rodents. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 58, 101-104.
105. Greeno, C. G., & Wing, R. R. (1994). Stress-induced eating. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 444-464.
106. Greenspon, J. M., & Fass, B. (1981). A reexamination of tail-pinch elicited eating behavior following lateral hypothalamic lesions. Physiology & Behavior, 27, 487-492.
107. Grill, H. J., & Berridge, K. C. (1985). Taste reactivity as a measure of the neural control of palatability. In J. M. Sprague & A. N. Epstein (Eds.), Progress in psychobiology and physiological psychology (Vol. 11, pp. 1-61). New York: Academic Press.
108. Groves, P. M., & Thompson, R. F. (1970). Habituation: A dual-process theory. Psychological Review, 77, 419-450.
109. Grunt, J. A., & Young, W. C. (1952). Psychological modification of fatigue following orgasm (ejaculation) in the male guinea pig. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 45, 508-510.
110. Guder, L. D., & Kornblith, C. L. (1979). Tail pinch-induced eating does generalize to a nonpreferred but familiar food. Physiology & Behavior, 22, 179-183.
111. Hake, D. F., & Campbell, R. L. (1972). Characteristics and response-displacement effects of shock-generated responding during negative reinforcement procedures: Pre-shock responding and post-shock aggressive responding. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 17, 303-323.
112. Harlow, H. F. (1932). Social facilitation of feeding in the albino rat. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 41, 211-221.
113. Harlow, H. F., & Yudin, H. C. (1933). Social behavior of primates. 1. Social facilitation of feeding in the monkey and its relation to attitudes of ascendance and submission. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 16, 171-185.
114. Haude, R. H., & Ray, O. S. (1967). Visual exploration in monkeys as a function of visual incentive duration and sensory deprivation. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 64, 332-336.
115. Heiligenberg, W. (1974). Processes governing behavioral states of readiness. Advances in the Study of Behavior, 5, 173-200.
116. Herman, C. P., & Polivy, J. (1975). Anxiety, restraint, and eating behavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 84, 666-672.
117. Hetherington, M. M. (1996). Sensory-specific satiety and its importance in meal termination. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 20, 113-117.
118. Hetherington, M., Rolls, B. J., & Burley, V. J. (1989). The time course of sensory-specific satiety. Appetite, 12, 57-68.
119. Hill, A. J., Magson, L. D., & Blundell, J. E. (1984). Hunger and palatability. Tracking ratings of subjective experience before, during and after the consumption of preferred and less preferred food. Appetite, 5, 361-371.
120. Hill, S. W. (1974). Eating responses of humans during dinner meals. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 86, 652-657.
121. Hill, W. F. (1956). Activity as an autonomous drive. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 49, 15-19.
122. Hill, W. F. (1958). The effect of varying periods of confinement on activity in tilt cages. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 51, 570-574.
123. Hinde, R. A. (1970). Behavioral habituation. In G. Horn & R. A. Hinde (Eds.) Short-term changes in neural activity and behavior (pp. 3-40). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
124. Hogan, J. A., Honrado, G. I., & Vestergaard, K. (1991). Development of a behavior system: Dustbathing in the Burmese red junglefowl (Gallus gallus spadiceus): II. Internal factors. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 105, 269-273.
125. Hogan, J. A., & van Boxel, F. (1993). Causal factors controlling dustbathing in Burmese red junglefowl: Some results and a model. Animal Behaviour, 46, 627-635.
126. Hunsicker, J. P., & Reid, L. D. (1974). "Priming effect" in conventionally reinforced rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 87, 618-621.
127. Hutchinson, R. R. (1977). By-products of aversive control. In W. K. Honig & J. E. R. Staddon (Eds.), Handbook of operant behavior (pp. 415-431). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
128. Hutchinson, R. R., Azrin, N. H., & Renfrew, J. W. (1968). Effects of shock intensity and duration on the frequency of biting attack by squirrel monkeys. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 11, 83-88.
129. Hutchinson, R. R., Ulrich, R. E., & Azrin, N. H. (1965). Effects of age and related factors on the pain-aggression reaction. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 59, 365-369.
130. Hutt, C. (1967). Effects of stimulus novelty on manipulatory exploration in an infant. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 8, 241-247.
131. Hynan, M. T. (1976). The influence of the victim on shock-induced aggression in rats. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 25, 401-409.
132. Johnson, J., & Vickers, Z. (1993). Effects of flavor and macronutrient composition of food servings on liking, hunger and subsequent intake. Appetite, 21, 25-39.
133. Johnson, W. G. (1974). Effect of cue prominence and subject weight on human food-directed performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 843-848.
134. Jones, A., Wilkinson, H. J., & Braden, I. (1961). Information deprivation as a motivational variable. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62, 126-137.
135. Junquera, J., Lanzagorta, G., & Russek, M. (1987). Adrenaline-induced anorexia acts on tail-pinch feeding in the rat. Appetite, 9, 113-118.
136. Kaplan, D. L. (1980). Eating styles of obese and nonobese males. Psychosomatic Medicine, 42, 529-538.
137. Karen, L. M., & Barfield, R. J. (1975). Differential rates of exhaustion and recovery of several parameters of male rat sexual behavior. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 88, 693-703.
138. Kimble, G. A. (1951). Behavior strength as a function of the intensity of the hunger drive. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 41, 341-348.
139. Kish, G. B., & Baron, A. (1962). Satiation of sensory reinforcement. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 1007-1010.
140. Kissileff, H. R. (1991), Chance and necessity in ingestive behavior. Appetite, 17, 1-22.
141. Kissileff, H. R., Klingsberg, G., & van Itallie, T. B. (1986). Universal eating monitor for continuous recording of solid or liquid consumption in man. American Journal of Physiology, 238, R14-R22.
142. Kissileff, H. R., Thornton, J., & Becker, E. (1982). A quadratic equation adequately describes the cumulative food intake curve in man. Appetite, 3, 255-272.
143. Kivy, P. N., Earl, R. W., & Walker, E. L. (1956). Stimulus context and satiation. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 49, 90-92.
144. Kleges, R. C., Bartsch, D., Norwood, J. D., Kautzman, D., & Haugrud, S. (1984). The effects of selected social and environmental variables on the eating behavior of adults in the natural environment. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 3, 35-41.
145. Konorski, J. (1967). Integrative activity of the brain, an interdisciplinary approach. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
146. Koob, G. F., Fray, P. J., & Iversen, S. D. (1976, November 5). Tail-pinch stimulation: Sufficient motivation for learning. Science, 194, 637-639.
147. Kupfermann, I. (1964). Eating behaviour induced by sounds. Nature, 201, 324.
148. Larsson, K. (1963). Non-specific stimulation and sexual behaviour in the male rat. Behaviour, 20, 110-114.
149. Lashley, K. S. (1938). Experimental analysis of instinctive behavior. Psychological Review, 45, 445-471.
150. Leathwood, P., & Pollet, P. (1988). Effects of slow release carbohydrates in the form of bean flakes on the evolution of hunger and satiety in man. Appetite, 10, 1-11.
151. Leibrecht, B. C., & Kemmerer, W. S. (1974). Varieties of habituation in the chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera). Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 86, 124-132.
152. Leon, G. R., & Roth, L. (1977). Obesity: Psychological causes, correlations, and speculations. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 117-139.
153. Levine, A. S., & Morley, J. E. (1982). Gnawing is the preferred consummatory behavior initially induced by tail pinch. Appetite, 3, 135-138.
154. Logue, A. W. (1991). The psychology of eating and drinking: An introduction (2nd ed.). New York: Freeman.
155. Lovibond, P. F. (1980). Effects of long-and variable-duration signals for food on activity, instrumental responding, and eating. Learning and Motivation, 11, 164-184.
156. Lovibond, P. F. (1983). Facilitation of instrumental behavior by a Pavlovian appetitive conditioned stimulus. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 9, 225-247.
157. Mackintosh, N. J. (1987). Neurobiology, psychology and habituation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 25, 81-97.
158. Marcus, E. A., Nolen, T. G., Rankin, C. H., & Carew, T. J. (1988, July 8). Behavioral dissociation of dishabituation, sensitization, and inhibition in Aplysia. Science, 241, 210-213.
159. McCarron, A., & Tierney, K. J. (1989). The effect of auditory stimulation on the consumption of soft drinks. Appetite, 13, 155-159.
160. McKenna, R. J. (1972). Some effects of anxiety level and food cues on the earing behavior of obese and normal subjects: A comparison of the Schachterian and psychosomatic conceptions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 22, 311-319.
161. McSweeney, F. K., Hinson, J. M., & Cannon, C. B. (1996). Sensitization-habituation may occur during operant conditioning. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 256-271.
162. McSweeney, F. K., & Roll, J. M. (1998). Do animals satiate or habituate to repeatedly presented reinforcers? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 5, 428-442.
163. Menzel, E. W., Jr., Davenport, R. K., Jr., & Rogers, C. M. (1961). Some aspects of behavior toward novelty in young chimpanzees. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 54, 16-19.
164. Meyer, J.-E., & Pudel, V. (1972). Experimental studies on food-intake in obese and normal weight subjects. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 16, 305-308.
165. Moffett, A. (1969). Stimulus complexity as a determinant of visual attention in infants. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 8, 173-179.
166. Montgomery, K. C. (1951). The relation between exploratory behavior and spontaneous alternation in the white rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 44, 582-589.
167. Montgomery, K. C. (1952a). Exploratory behavior and its relation to spontaneous alternation in a series of maze exposures. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 45, 50-57.
168. Montgomery, K. C. (1952b). A test of two explanations of spontaneous alternation. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 45, 287-293.
169. Montgomery, K. C. (1953a). The effect of activity deprivation upon exploratory behavior. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 46, 438-441.
170. Montgomery, K. C. (1953b). The effect of the hunger and thirst drives upon exploratory behavior. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 46, 315-319.
171. Montgomery, K. C. (1953c). Exploratory behavior as a function of "similarity" of stimulus situations. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 46, 129-133.
172. Montgomery, K. C. (1955). The relation between fear induced by novel stimulation and exploratory behavior. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 48, 254-260.
173. Montgomery, K. C., & Monkman, J. A. (1955). The relation between fear and exploratory behavior. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 48, 132-136.
174. Mook, D. G. (1988). On the organization of satiety. Appetite, 11, 27-39.
175. Mook, D. G., Brane, J. A., Kushner, L. R., & Whitt, J. A. (1983). Glucose solution intake in the rat: The specificity of postingestive satiety. Appetite, 4, 1-9.
176. Mook, D. G., Brane, J. A., & Whitt, J. A. (1983). "De-satiation": The reinstatement of feeding in glucose-satiated rats. Appetite, 4, 125-136.
177. Mook, D. G., Bryner, C. A., Rainey, L. D., & Wall, C. L. (1980). Release of feeding by the sweet taste in rats: Oropharyngeal satiety. Appetite, 1, 299-315.
178. Mook, D. G., & Cseh, C. L. (1981). Release of feeding by the sweet taste in rats: The influence of body weight. Appetite, 2, 15-34.
179. Mook, D. G., & Dreifuss, S. (1986). Saccharin drinking by hungry rats: Adjustment to constraints. Appetite, 7, 365-379.
180. Mook, D. G., Dreifuss, S., & Keats, P. H. (1986). Satiety for glucose solution in rat: The specificity is postingestive. Physiology & Behavior, 36, 897-901.
181. Mook, D. G., Gonder-Frederick, L., Keats, P. H., & Mangione, R. L. (1984). "De-satiation" produced by liquid diet in rats satiated for glucose solution. Physiology & Behavior, 32, 875-877.
182. Mook, D. G., Kushner, B. D., & Kushner, L. R. (1981). Release of feeding by the sweet taste in rats: The specificity of oral satiety. Appetite, 2, 267-280.
183. Mook, D. G., & Wagner, S. (1987). Some determinants of the time course of saccharin ingestion in hungry rats. Appetite, 9, 39-56.
184. Mook, D. G., & Wagner, S. (1989). Orosensory suppression of saccharin drinking in rat: The response, not the taste. Appetite, 13, 1-13.
185. Morrison, D. (1965). Age and light deprivation in relation to reinforcing effects of light onset. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 60, 432-435.
186. Myers, K. P., Arnold, H. M., & Hall, W. G. (1997). Sensitization of ingestive responding in preweanling rats: Time course and specificity. Behavioral Neuroscience, 111, 413-423.
187. Neuringer, A., & Campbell, N. (1983). Eating as a function of body weight and hours deprivation. Physiology & Behavior, 30, 863-866.
188. Nisbett, R. E. (1968). Taste, deprivation, and weight determinants of eating behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10, 107-116.
189. Panksepp, J. (1973). Reanalysis of feeding patterns in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 82, 78-94.
190. Pear, J. J., Moody, J. E., & Persinger, M. A. (1972). Lever attacking by rats during free-operant avoidance. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 18, 517-523.
191. Peeke, H. V. S., Avis, H. H., & Peeke, S. C. (1979). Motivational variables and the sensitization and habituation of aggression in the convict cichlid (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum). Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie, 51, 363-379.
192. Peeke, H. V. S., & Figler, M. H. (1997). Form and function of habituation and sensitization of male courtship in the three-spined stickelback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L). Behaviour, 134, 1273-1287.
193. Petrinovich, L. (1984). A two-factor dual-process theory of habituation and sensitization. In H. V. S. Peeke & L. Petrinovich (Eds.), Habituation, sensitization and behavior (pp. 17-55). New York: Academic Press.
194. Phillips, P. A., Rolls, B. J., Ledingham, J. G. G., & Morton, J. J. (1984). Body fluid changes, thirst and drinking in man during free access to water. Physiology & Behavior, 33, 357-363.
195. Pinsker, H., Kupfermann, I., Castellucci, V., & Kandel, E. (1970, March 27). Habituation and dishabituation of the gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia. Science, 167, 1740-1742.
196. Pliner, P., Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P. (1980). Short-term intake of overweight individuals and normal weight dieters and non-dieters with and without choice among a variety of foods. Appetite, 1, 203-213.
197. Poucet, B., Durup, M., & Thinus-Blanc, C. (1988). Short-term and long-term habituation of exploration in rats, hamsters and gerbils. Behavioural Processes, 16, 203-211.
198. Premack, D., Collier, G., & Roberts, C. L. (1957). Frequency of light-contingent bar pressing as a function of the amount of deprivation of light. American Psychologist, 12, 411.
199. Price, J. M., & Grinker, J. (1973). Effects of degree of obesity, food deprivation, and palatability on eating behavior of humans. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 85, 265-271.
200. Rabedeau, R., & Miles, R. C. (1959). Response decrement in visual exploratory behavior. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 52, 364-367.
201. Rajecki, D. W., Wilder, D. A., Kidd, R. F., & Jaeger, J. (1976). Social facilitation of pecking and drinking in "satiated" chickens. Animal Learning & Behavior, 4, 30-32.
202. Redd, M., & de Castro, J. M. (1992). Social facilitation of eating: Effects of social instruction on food intake. Physiology & Behavior, 52, 749-754.
203. Richter, C. P. (1927). Animal behavior and internal drives. Quarterly Review of Biology, 2, 307-343.
204. Robbins, T. W., & Fray, P. J. (1980a). Stress-induced eating: Fact, fiction or misunderstanding? Appetite, 1, 103-133.
205. Robbins, T. W., & Fray, P. J. (1980b). Stress-induced eating: Reply to Bolles, Rowland and Marques, and Herman and Polivy. Appetite, 1, 231-239.
206. Roberts, C. L., & Blase, K. (1971). Elicitation and punishment of intraspecies aggression by the same stimulus. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 15, 193-196.
207. Roberts, C. L., Marx, M. H., & Collier, G. (1958). Light onset and light offset as reinforcers for the albino rat. Journal of Comparative and
208. Rodin, J. (1975). Effects of obesity and set point on taste responsiveness and ingestion in humans. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 89, 1003-1009.
209. Rodin, J., Slochower, J., & Fleming, B. (1977). Effects of degree of obesity, age of onset, and weight loss on responsiveness to sensory and external stimuli. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 91, 586-597.
210. Rogers, P. J., & Blundell, J. E. (1989). Separating the actions of sweetness and calories: Effects of saccharin and carbohydrates on hunger and food intake in human subjects. Physiology & Behavior, 45, 1093-1099.
211. Rolls, B. J. (1986). Sensory-specific satiety. Nutrition Reviews, 44, 93-101.
212. Rolls, B. J., Hetherington, M., & Burley, V. J. (1988). The specificity of satiety: The influence of foods of different macronutrient content on the development of satiety. Physiology & Behavior, 43, 145-153.
213. Rolls, B. J., Laster, L. J., & Summerfelt, A. (1989). Hunger and food intake following consumption of low-calorie foods. Appetite, 13, 115-127.
214. Rolls, B. J., & Rolls, E. T. (1982). Thirst. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
215. Rolls, B. J., Rolls, E. T., & Rowe, E. A. (1980). Specific satiety and its influence on feeding. Appetite, 1, 85-86.
216. Rolls, B. J., Rolls, E. T., Rowe, E. A., & Sweeney, K. (1981). Sensory specific satiety in man. Physiology & Behavior, 27, 137-142.
217. Rolls, B. J., Rowe, E. A., & Rolls, E. T. (1982). How sensory properties of foods affect human feeding behavior. Physiology & Behavior, 29, 409-417.
218. Rolls, B. J., Rowe, E. A., Rolls, E. T., Kingston, B., Megson, A., & Gunary, R. (1981). Variety in a meal enhances food intake in man. Physiology & Behavior, 26, 215-221.
219. Rolls, B. J., Van Duijvenvoorde, P. M., & Rolls, E. T. (1984). Pleasantness changes and food intake in a varied four-course meal. Appetite, 5, 337-348.
220. Rolls, B. J., Van Duijvenvoorde, P. M., & Rowe, E. A. (1983). Variety in the diet enhances intake in a meal and contributes to the development of obesity in the rat. Physiology & Behavior, 31, 21-27.
221. Rolls, B. J., Wood, R. J., & Rolls, E. T. (1980). Thirst: The initiation, maintenance, and termination of drinking. In J. M. Sprague & A. N. Epstein (Eds.), Progress in psychobiology and physiological psychology (pp. 263-321). New York: Academic Press.
222. Rolls, B. J., Wood, R. J., Rolls, E. T., Lind, H., Lind, W., & Ledingham, J. G. G. (1980). Thirst following water deprivation in humans. American Journal of Physiology, 239, R476-R482.
223. Rolls, E. T., Rolls, B. J., & Rowe, E. A. (1983). Sensory-specific and motivation-specific satiety for the sight and taste of food and water in man. Physiology & Behavior, 30, 185-192.
224. Rosen, J. J., & Stein, D. G. (1969). Spontaneous alternation behavior in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 68, 420-426.
225. Ross, S., & Ross, J. G. (1949). Social facilitation of feeding behavior in dogs: I. Group and solitary feeding. Journal of Generic Psychology, 74, 97-108.
226. Rothwell, N. J. (1980). Reversible obesity induced by "cafeteria" diets. Appetite, 1, 87.
227. Rowland, N. E., & Antelman, S. M. (1976, January 23). Stress-induced hyperphagia and obesity in rats: A possible model for understanding human obesity. Science, 191, 310-312.
228. Rowland, N., & Marques, D. M. (1980). Stress-induced eating: Misrepresentation? Appetite, 1, 225-228.
229. Sahakian, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (1977). Isolation-rearing enhances tail pinch-induced oral behavior in rats. Physiology & Behavior, 18, 53-58.
230. Savory, C. J. (1988). Rates of eating by domestic fowls in relation to changing food deficits. Appetite, 10, 57-65.
231. Schachter, S., Goldman, R., & Gordon, A. (1968). Effects of fear, food deprivation, and obesity on eating. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10, 91-97.
232. Schaffer, H. R., & Parry, M. H. (1970). The effects of short-term familiarization on infants' perceptual-motor co-ordination in a simultaneous discrimination situation. British Journal of Psychology, 61, 559-569.
233. Schneider, G. E., & Gross, C. G. (1965). Curiosity in the hamster. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 59, 150-152.
234. Sclafani, A., & Gorman, A. N. (1977). Effects of age, sex, and prior body weight on the development of dietary obesity in adult rats. Physiology & Behavior, 18, 1021-1026.
235. Sclafani, A., & Springer, D. (1976). Dietary obesity in adult rats: Similarities to hypothalamic and human obesity syndromes. Physiology & Behavior, 17, 461-471.
236. Shaham, Y., & Stewart, J. (1995). Stress reinstates heroin-seeking in drug-free animals: An effect mimicking heroin, not withdrawal. Psychopharmacology, 119, 334-341.
237. Siegel, P. S., & Brantley, J. J. (1951). The relationship of emotionality to the consummatory response of eating. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 42, 304-306.
238. Siegel, P. S., & Siegel, H. S. (1949). The effect of emotionality on the water intake of the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 42, 12-16.
239. Silberberg, A., Widholm, J. J., Bresler, D., Fujita, K., & Anderson, J. R. (1998). Natural choice in nonhuman primates. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 24, 215-228.
240. Simpson, S. J., & Bernays, E. A. (1983). The regulation of feeding: Locusts and blowflies are not so different from mammals. Appetite, 4, 313-346.
241. Skinner, B. F. (1932a). Drive and reflex strength. Journal of General Psychology, 6, 22-37.
242. Skinner, B. F. (1932b). Drive and reflex strength: II. Journal of General Psychology, 6, 38-47.
243. Skinner, B. F. (1936). Thirst as an arbitrary drive. Journal of General Psychology, 15, 205-210.
244. Sloan, L. R., & Latane, B. (1974). Social deprivation and stimulus satiation in the albino rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 87, 1148-1156.
245. Snowdon, C. T. (1969). Motivation, regulation, and the control of meal parameters with oral and intragastric feeding. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 69, 91-100.
246. Sokolov, Y. N. (1963). Perception and the conditioned reflex. (S. W. Waydenfeld, Trans.). Oxford, England: Pergamon Press.
247. Spiegel, T. A., Shrager, E. E., & Stellar, E. (1989). Responses of lean and obese subjects to preloads, deprivation, and palatability. Appetite, 13, 45-69.
248. Spiegel, T. A., & Stellar, E. (1990). Effects of variety on food intake of underweight, normal-weight and overweight women. Appetite, 15, 47-61.
249. Spitzer, L., & Rodin, J. (1981). Human eating behavior: A critical review of studies in normal weight and overweight individuals. Appetite, 2, 293-329.
250. Staddon, J. E. R., & Higa, J. J. (1996). Multiple time scales in simple habituation. Psychological Review, 103, 720-733.
251. Stang, D. J. (1975). When familiarity breeds contempt, absence makes the heart grow fonder: Effects of exposure and delay on taste pleasantness ratings. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 6, 273-275.
252. Stellar, E., & Hill, J. H. (1952). The rat's rate of drinking as a function of water deprivation. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 45, 96-102.
253. Stellar, J. R., & Gallistel, C. R. (1975). Runway performance of rats for brain-stimulation or food reward: Effects of hunger and priming. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 89, 590-599.
254. Sterritt, G. M. (1962). Inhibition and facilitation of eating by electric shock. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 226-229.
255. Strobel, M. G. (1972). Social facilitation of operant behavior in satiated rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 80, 502-508.
256. Strongman, K. T. (1965). The effect of anxiety on food intake in the rat. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 17, 255-260.
257. Strouthes, A. (1977). Saccharin eating in undeprived and hungry rats. Animal Learning & Behavior, 5, 42-46.
258. Stunkard, A. (1980). Obesity and eating style. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 1127-1129.
259. Swithers, S. E., & Hall, W. G. (1994). Does oral experience terminate ingestion? Appetite, 23, 113-138.
260. Swithers-Mulvey, S. E., & Hall, W. G. (1992). Control of ingestion by oral habituation in rat pups. Behavioral Neuroscience, 106, 710-717.
261. Swithers-Mulvey, S. E., & Hall, W. G. (1993). Integration of oral habituation and gastric signals in decerebrate rat pups. American Journal of Physiology, 265, R216-R219.
262. Tapp, J. T. (1969). Activity, reactivity, and the behavior-directing properties of stimuli. In J. T. Tapp (Ed.), Reinforcement and behavior (pp. 146-177). New York: Academic Press.
263. Teitelbaum, P. (1966). The use of operant methods in the assessment and control of motivational states. In W. K. Honig (Ed.), Operant behavior: Areas of research and application (pp. 565-608). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
264. Terry, W. S. (1980). Effects of food-reinforcer primes during acquisition of an instrumental running response in rats. Journal of General Psychology, 102, 265-274.
265. Terry, W, S. (1983). Effects of food priming on instrumental acquisition and performance. Learning and Motivation, 14, 107-122.
266. Thomas, D. W., & Mayer, J. (1968). Meal taking and regulation of food intake by normal and hypothalamic hyperphagic rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 66, 642-653.
267. Thompson, R. F., & Spencer, W. A. (1966). Habituation: A model phenomenon for the study of neuronal substrates of behavior. Psychological Review, 73, 16-43.
268. Thompson, W. R. (1953). Exploratory behavior as a function of hunger in "bright" and "dull" rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 46, 323-326.
269. Thompson, W. R., & Solomon, L. M. (1954). Spontaneous pattern discrimination in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 47, 104-107.
270. Thorpe, W. H. (1966). Learning and instinct in animals (pp. 55-75). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
271. Tolman, C. W., & Wilson, G. F. (1965). Social feeding in domestic chicks. Animal Behaviour, 13, 134-142.
272. Tordoff, M. G. (1988). How do non-nutritive sweetners increase food intake? Appetite, 11(Suppl. 1), 5-11.
273. Tordoff, M. G., & Alleva, A. M. (1990). Oral stimulation with aspartame increases hunger. Physiology & Behavior, 47, 555-559.
274. Tordoff, M. G., & Friedman, M. I. (1989a). Drinking saccharin increases food intake and preference - I. Comparison with other drinks. Appetite, 12, 1-10.
275. Tordoff, M. G., & Friedman, M. I. (1989b). Drinking saccharin increases food intake and preference - II. Hydrational factors. Appetite, 12, 11-21.
276. Tordoff, M. G., & Friedman, M. I. (1989c). Drinking saccharin increases food intake and preference - III. Sensory and associative factors. Appetite, 12, 23-36.
277. Tordoff, M. G., & Friedman, M. I. (1989d). Drinking saccharin increases food intake and preference - IV. Cephalic phase and metabolic factors. Appetite, 12, 37-56.
278. Treit, D., Spetch, M. L., & Deutsch, J. A. (1983). Variety in the flavor of food enhances eating in the rat: A controlled demonstration. Physiology & Behavior, 30, 207-211.
279. Ullman, A. D. (1951). The experimental production and analysis of a "compulsive eating symptom" in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 44, 575-581.
280. Ullman, A. D. (1952). Three factors involved in producing "compulsive eating" in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 45, 490-496.
281. Ulrich, R. E., & Azrin, N. H. (1962). Reflexive fighting in response to aversive stimulation. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 5, 511-520.
282. Ulrich, R. E., Hutchinson, R. R., & Azrin, N. H. (1965). Pain-elicited aggression. Psychological Record, 15, 111-126.
283. Ulrich, R., Wolfe, M., & Dulaney, S. (1969). Punishment of shock-induced aggression. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 12, 1009-1015.
284. Vestergaard, K. (1982). Dust-bathing in the domestic fowl - Diurnal rhythm and dust deprivation. Applied Animal Ethology, 8, 487-495.
285. Vinogradova, O. S. (1970). Registration of information and the limbic system. In G. Horn & R. A. Hinde (Eds.), Short-term changes in neural activity and behavior (pp. 95-140). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
286. Wagner, A. R. (1976). Priming in STM: An information-processing mechanism for self-generated or retrieval-generated depression in performance. In T. J. Tighe & R. N. Leaton (Eds.), Habilitation: Perspectives from child development, animal behavior and neurophysiology (pp. 95-128). New York: Wiley.
287. Weingarten, H. P. (1983, April 22). Conditioned cues elicit feeding in sated rats: A role for learning in meal initiation. Science, 220, 431-433.
288. Weingarten, H. P. (1984). Meal initiation controlled by learned cues: Basic behavioral properties. Appetite, 5, 147-158.
289. Welker, W. I. (1956a). Some determinants of play and exploration in chimpanzees. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 49, 84-89.
290. Welker, W. I. (1956b). Variability of play and exploratory behavior in chimpanzees. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 49, 181-185.
291. Welker, W. I., & King, W. A. (1962). Effects of stimulus novelty on gnawing and eating by rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 838-842.
292. Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S., Westerterp, K. R., Nicolson, N. A., Mordant, A., Schoffelen, P. F. M., & ten Hoor, F. (1990). The shape of the cumulative food intake curve in humans, during basic and manipulated meals. Physiology & Behavior, 47, 569-576.
293. Whitlow, J. W., Jr. (1975). Short-term memory in habituation and dishabituation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 1, 189-206.
294. Wilkinson, L. (1990). SYSTAT: The system for statistics [Computer software]. Chicago, IL: SPSS.
295. Williams, C. D., & Kuchta, J. C. (1957). Exploratory behavior in two mazes with dissimilar alternatives. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 50, 509-513.
296. Wisniewski, L., Epstein, L. H., & Caggiula, A. R. (1992). Effect of food change on consumption, hedonics, and salivation. Physiology & Behavior, 52, 21-26.
297. Woods, P. J. (1962). Behavior in a novel situation as influenced by the immediately preceding environment. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 5, 185-190.
298. Yeomans, M. R. (1993). The appetiser effect; Sensory enhancement of feeding as a measure of reward. Appetite, 21, 219.
299. Young, R. C., Gibbs, J., Antin, J., Holt, J., & Smith, G. P. (1974). Absence of satiety during sham feeding in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 87, 795-800.
300. Zajonc, R. B. (1965, July 16). Social facilitation. Science, 149, 269-274.
301. Zeigler, H. P., Green, H. L., & Lehrer, R. (1971). Patterns of feeding behavior in the pigeon. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 76, 468-477.
302. Zentall, T. R., & Hogan, D. E. (1976). Imitation and social facilitation in the pigeon. Animal Learning & Behavior, 4, 427-430.
303. Zentall, T. R., Hogan, D. E., Compomizzi, K., & Compomizzi, C. (1976). Responding to a positive stimulus by satiated pigeons. Learning and Motivation, 7, 141-159.
304. Zimbardo, P. G., & Montgomery, K. C. (1957). The relative strengths of consummatory responses in hunger, thirst, and exploratory drive. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 50, 504-508.