Neuroimaging in child abuse: A mechanism-based approach

Neuroradiology

Volumn 41, Issue 10, 1999, Pages 711-722

  Chen, C Y ^a   Zimmerman, R A ^b   Rorke, L B ^b  

^a TRI SERVICE GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

^b CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF PHILADELPHIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BLUNT TRAUMA; BRAIN EDEMA; BRAIN INFARCTION; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; HEAD INJURY; HUMAN; INFANT; NEURORADIOLOGY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETINA HEMORRHAGE; REVIEW; SKULL; STRANGULATION; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE; SUBDURAL HEMATOMA; WHIPLASH INJURY; WHITE MATTER;

BRAIN; BRAIN INJURIES; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; EDEMA; HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL; HUMANS; SKULL;

EID: 0033437171     PISSN: 00283940     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s002340050830     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. Merten DF, Osborne DRS, Radkowski MA, Leonidas JC (1984) Craniocerebral trauma in the child abuse syndrome: radiological observations. Pediatr Radiol 14: 272-277
2. Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT, Bruce D, Schut L, Uzzell B, Goldberg HI (1979) Computed tomography of craniocerebral injury in the abused child. Radiology 130: 687-690
3. Cohen RA, Kaufman RA, Myers PA, Towbin RB (1986) Cranial computed tomography in the abused child with head injury. AJR 146: 97-102
4. Duhaime AC, Alario AJ, Lewander WJ, et al (1992) Head injury in very young children: mechanisms, injury types, and ophthalmologic findings in 100 hospitalized patients younger than 2 years of age. Pediatrics 90: 179-185
5. Bruce DA, Zimmerman RA (1989) Shaken impact syndrome. Pediatr Ann 18: 482-494
6. Radkowski MA, Merten DR, Leonidas JC (1983) The abused child: criteria for the radiological diagnosis. Radiographics 3: 262-297
7. Ball WS (1989) Nonaccidental craniocerebral trauma (child abuse): MR imaging. Radiology 173: 609-610
8. Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE (1985) Biomechanics of head injury. In: Wilkins RH, Rengachary SS (eds) Neurosurgery. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 1531-1536
9. Ommaya AK, Gennarelli TA (1974) Cerebral concussion and traumatic unconsciousness: correlation of experimental and clinical observations on blunt head injuries. Brain 97: 633-654
10. Stalhammer D (1986) Experimental models of head injury. Acta Neurochir Suppl 36: 33-46
11. Chan K, Yue CP, Kirpal SM (1990) The risk of intracranial complication in pediatric head injury: results of multivariate analysis. Childs Nerv Syst 6: 27-29
12. Steinbok P, Flodmark O, Martens D, Germann ET (1987) Management of simple depressed skull fractures in children. J Neurosurg 66: 506-510
13. Bonadio WA, Smith DS, Hillman S (1989) Clinical indicators of intracranial lesion on computed tomographic scan in children with parietal skull fractures. Am J Dis Child 143:194-196
14. Meservy CJ, Towbin R, McLaurin RL, Myers PA, Bal W (1987) Radiographic characteristics of skull fractures resulting from child abuse. AJR 149: 173-175
15. Liu-Shindo M, Hawkins DB (1989) Basilar skull fractures in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 17: 109-117
16. Hanigan WC, Peterson RA, Njus G (1987) Tin ear syndrome: rotational acceleration in pediatric head injuries. Pediatrics 80: 618-622
17. Margulies SS, Thibault LE (1989) An analytical model of traumatic diffuse brain injury. J Biochem Eng 111: 241-249
18. Kleinman PK (1990) Diagnostic imaging in infant abuse. AJR 155: 703-712
19. Hadley MN, Sonntag VKH, Rekate HL, Murphy A (1989) The infant whiplash-shake injury syndrome; a clinical and pathological study. Neurosurgery 24: 536-540
20. Hart BL, Dudley MH, Zumwalt RE (1996) Postmortem cranial MRI and autopsy correlation in suspected child abuse. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 17: 217-224
21. Brown JK, Minns RA (1993) Non-accidental head injury, with particular reference to whiplash shaking injury and medico-legal aspects. Dev Med Child Neurol 35: 849-869
22. Hahn YS, Raimondi AJ, McLone DG, Yamanouchi Y (1983) Traumatic mechanisms of head injury in child abuse. Childs Brain 10: 229-241
23. Krause JF, Fife D, Cox P, Ramstein K, Conroy C (1986) Incidence, severity and external causes of pediatric brain injury. Am J Dis Child 140: 687-693
24. Lindenberg R, Freytag E (1969) Morphology of brain lesions from blunt trauma in early infancy. Arch Pathol 87: 298-305
25. McCormick MC, Shapiro S, Starfield BH (1981) Injury and its correlates among one year old children. Am J Dis Child 135:159-163
26. Tasi FY, Zee CS, Apthorp JS, Dixon GH (1980) Computed tomography in child abuse head trauma. J Comput Tomogr 4: 277-286
27. Merten DF, Radkowski MA, Leonidas JC (1983) The abused child: a radiological reappraisal. Radiology 146: 377-381
28. Roberts F, Shopfner CE (1972) Plain skull roentgenograms in children with head trauma. Am J Roentgenol 114: 230-240
29. Duhaime AC, Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE, Bruce DA, Margulies SS, Wiser R (1987) The shaken baby syndrome: a clinical, pathological, and biomechanical study. J Neurosurg 66: 409-415
30. Ito H, Miwa T, Onodra Y (1977) Growing skull fracture of childhood. Child's Brain 3: 116-126
31. Alberico AM, Ward JD, Choi SC, Marmarou A, Young HF (1987) Outcome after severe head injury: relationship to mass lesions, diffuse injury, and ICP course in pediatric and adult patients. J Neurosurg 67: 648-656
32. Guthkelch AN (1971) Infantile subdural haematoma and its relationship to whiplash injuries. BMJ 2: 430-431
33. Caffey J (1972) On the theory and practice of shaking infants. Its potential residual effects of permanent brain damage and mental retardation. Am J Dis Child 124: 161-169
34. Caffey J (1974) The whiplash shaken infant syndrome: manual shaking by the extremities with whiplash-induced intracranial and intraocular bleedings, linked with residual permanent brain damage and mental retardation. Pediatrics 54: 396-403
35. Ommaya AK, Faas F, Yarnell P (1968) Whiplash injury and brain damage. An experimental study. JAMA 204: 75-79
36. Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE, Adams JH, et al (1982) Diffuse axonal injury and traumatic coma in the primate. Ann Neurol 12: 564-574
37. Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT, Bruce D, et al (1978) Computed tomography of pediatric head trauma: acute general cerebral swelling. Radiology 126: 403-408
38. Zepp F, Bruhl K, Zimmer B, Schumacher R (1992) Battered child syndrome: cerebral ultrasound and CT findings after vigorous shaking. Neuropediatrics 23:188-191
39. Johnson DL, Boal D, Baule R (1995) Role of apnea in nonaccidental head injury. Pediatr Neurosurg 23: 305-310
40. Elmer E, Gregg GS (1967) Developmental characteristics of abused children. Pediatrics 40: 596-602
41. Aoki N (1990) Chronic subdural hematoma in infancy. Clinical analysis of 30 cases in the CT era. J Neurosurg 73: 201-205
42. Aoki N, Masuzawa H (1984) Infantile acute subdural hematoma. Clinical analysis of 26 cases. J Neurosurg 61: 273-280
43. Emery JL (1965) Intracranial effects of long-standing decompression of the brain in children with hydrocephalus and meningomyelocele. Dev Med Child Neurol 7: 302:309
44. Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT, Bruce D, Schut L, Uzzel B, Goldberg HI (1978) Interhemispheric acute subdural hematoma: a computed tomographic manifestation of child abuse by shaking. Neuroradiology 16: 39-40
45. Sato Y, Yuh WT, Smith WL (1989) Head injury in child abuse: evaluation with MR imaging. Radiology 173: 653-657
46. Bradley WG Jr (1993) MR appearance of hemorrhage in the brain. Radiology 189: 15-26
47. Gomori JM, Grossman RI (1988) Mechanisms responsible for the MR appearance and evolution of intracranial hemorrhage. Radiographies 8: 427-440
48. Noguchi K, Ogawa T, Inugami A, et al (1995) Acute subarachnoid hemorrhage: MR imaging with fluid-attenuated inversion recovery pulse sequences. Radiology 196: 773-777
49. Zimmerman RD, Russell EJ, Yurberg E, Leeds NE (1982) Faix and interhemispheric fissure on axial CT. II. Recognition and differentiation of interhemispheric subarachnoid and subdural hemorrhage. AJNR 3: 635-642
50. Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT (1994) Pediatric head trauma. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 4: 349-366
51. Bruce DA, Bilaniuk LT, Dolinskas C, Obrist W, Uzzell B (1981) Diffuse cerebral swelling following head injuries in children: the syndrome of "malignant brain edema." J Neurosurg 54: 170-178
52. Secrist RD, Traynelis V, Schochet SS Jr (1989) MR imaging of acute cortical venous infarction: preliminary experience with an animal model. Magn Reson Imaging 7:149-153
53. Warach S, Dashe JF, Edelman RR (1996) Clinical outcome in ischemic stroke predicted by early diffusion-weighted and perfusion magnetic resonance imaging: a preliminary analysis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 16: 53-59
54. Ran BK, Towbin RB, Courten-Myers GD, McLaurin RL, Ball WS (1989) Reversal sign of CT: effect of anoxic/ischemic cerebral injury in children. AJNR 10: 1191-1198
55. Holshouser BA, Ashwal S, Luh G, et al (1997) Proton MR spectroscopy after central nervous system injury: outcome prediction in neonates, infants, and children. Radiology 202: 487-496
56. Lindenberg R, Reytag E (1960) A mechanism of cerebral contusions: a pathologic-anatomic study. Arch Pathol 69: 440-469
57. Graham D, Gennarelli TA (1997) Trauma. In: Graham DI, Lantos PL (eds) Greenfield's Neuropathology, 6th ed. Edward Arnold, New York, pp 198-262
58. Strich SJ (1961) Shearing of nerve fibers as a cause of brain damage due to head injury - a pathological study of 20 cases. Lancet ii 443-448
59. Gilkes MJ, Mann TP (1967) Fundi of battered babies. Lancet ii 468-469
60. Tomasi LG, Rosman NP (1975) Purtscher retinopathy in the battered child syndrome. Am J Dis Child 129: 1335-1337
61. Levin S, Janive J, Mintz M, et al (1979) Diagnostic and prognostic value of retinal hemorrhages in the neonate. Obstet Gynecol 55: 309-314
62. Billmire ME, Myers PA (1985) Serious head injury in infants: accident or abuse? Pediatrics 13: 569
63. Kanter RK (1986) Retinal hemorrhage after cardiopulmonary resuscitation or child abuse. J Pediatr 108: 430
64. Elder JE, Traylor RG, Klug GL (1991) Retinal hemorrhage in accidental head trauma in childhood. J Paediatr Child Health 27: 286-289
65. Planten JT, Schaaf PC (1971) Retinal hemorrhages in the newborn. Ophthalmologica 162: 430
66. Goetting MG, Sowa B (1990) Retinal hemorrhage after cardipulmonary resuscitation in children: an etiologic reevaluation. Pediatrics 11: 79-82
67. Gilliland MGF, Luckenbach MW (1993) Are retinal hemorrhages found after resuscitation attempts? A study of the eyes of 169 children. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 14: 187-192
68. Gilliland MGF, Folberg R (1996) Shaken babies - some have no impact injuries. J Forens Sci 41: 114-116
69. Bonnier C, Nassogne MC, Evard P (1995) Outcome and prognosis of whiplash shaken infant syndrome; late consequences after a symptom-free interval. Dev Med Child Neurol 37: 943-956
70. Norman MG, Newman DE, Smialek JE, Horembala EJ (1984) The postmortem examination on the abused child. Pathological, radiographic, and legal aspects. Perspect Pediatr Pathol 8: 313-343
71. Duhaime AC, Christian C, Moss E, Seidl T (1996) Long-term outcome in infants with the shaking-impact syndrome. Pediatr Neurosurg 24: 292-298
72. Bird CR, McMahan, Gilles FH, Senac MO, Apthorp JS (1987) Strangulation in child abuse: CT diagnosis. Radiology 163: 373-375
73. Feldman KW, Simms RJ (1980) Strangulation in childhood: epidemiology and clinical course. Pediatrics 65: 1079-1085
74. Dominguez T, Chalom R, Costarino A Jr (1999) The severity and cost of child abuse (CA) in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Crit Care Med 27 Suppl: Abstract 6