Modes of citizenship in Mexico

Public Culture

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 269-293

  Lomnitz, Claudio ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0033436417     PISSN: 08992363     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/08992363-11-1-269     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Roberto da Matta, Carnivals, Rogues and Heroes (1979; reprint, South Bend, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1991), 137-97. For a more elaborated version, see A casa e a rua: Espaço, cidadania, mulher e morte no Brasil (São Paulo: Brasiliense, 1985). See also Marcel Mauss, "A Category of the Human Mind: The Notion of Person, the Notion of Self," in The Category of the Person, ed. Michael Carrithers, Steven Collins, and Steven Lukes (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 1-25.
2. Roberto da Matta, Carnivals, Rogues and Heroes (1979; reprint, South Bend, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1991), 137-97. For a more elaborated version, see A casa e a rua: Espaço, cidadania, mulher e morte no Brasil (São Paulo: Brasiliense, 1985). See also Marcel Mauss, "A Category of the Human Mind: The Notion of Person, the Notion of Self," in The Category of the Person, ed. Michael Carrithers, Steven Collins, and Steven Lukes (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 1-25.
3. Roberto da Matta, Carnivals, Rogues and Heroes (1979; reprint, South Bend, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1991), 137-97. For a more elaborated version, see A casa e a rua: Espaço, cidadania, mulher e morte no Brasil (São Paulo: Brasiliense, 1985). See also Marcel Mauss, "A Category of the Human Mind: The Notion of Person, the Notion of Self," in The Category of the Person, ed. Michael Carrithers, Steven Collins, and Steven Lukes (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 1-25.
4. The same saying exists in Mexico and has been attributed to none other than Benito Juárez. Mexico's most famous liberal. See Fernando Escalante Gonzalbo, Ciudadanos imaginarios: Memorial de los afanes y desventuras de la virtud, y apologia del vicio triunfante en la Republica Mexicana - tratado de moral publica (Mexico City: Centro de Estudios Sociologicos, Colegio de Mexico, 1992).
5. See Petra María Secanella, El periodismo político en México (Barcelona: Editorial Mitre, 1983).
6. Bando de Hidalgo, 10 December 1810, quoted in Felipe Tena Ramírez, Leyes fundamentales de México, 1808-1975 (Mexico City: Editorial Porrúa, 1975), 22.
7. López's constitution can be found in Tena, Leyes fundamentales, 24-27.
8. These strictures are repeated by Murelos in his Sentimientos de la nación (1813): "Article 9. "All [public] jobs shall only be obtained by Americans" ( quoted in Tena, Leyes fundamentales, 29-31).
9. These strictures are repeated by Murelos in his Sentimientos de la nación (1813): "Article 9. "All [public] jobs shall only be obtained by Americans" ( quoted in Tena, Leyes fundamentales, 29-31).
10. Tena, Leyes fundamentales, 27.
11. Tena, Leyes fundamentales, 27.
12. François-Xavier Guerra, "The Spanish-American Tradition of Representation and Its European Roots," Journal of Latin American Studies 26 (1994): 1-35.
13. Florencia E. Mallon, Peasant and Nation: The Making of Postcolonial Mexico and Peru (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 129-33.
14. Lorenzo de Zavala, "Viaje a los Estados Unidos del Norte de América, 1834," in Obras, ed. Manuel González Ramírez (Mexico City: Editorial Porrúa, 1976), 156.
15. In Pantaleon Tovar, Historia parlamentaria del cuarto congreso constitucional, vol. 1, (Mexico City: Imprenta de I. Cumplido, 1872), 400-401.
16. Tovar, Historia parlamentaria, 306-8.
17. The discussion occurs on 28 December 1867 (see Tovar, Historia parlamentaria, 122). In a related discussion a few days later, representative Zarco justifies the war in Yucatan by explaining that "From the days of Maximilian, it is well known that there were designs to create a viceroyalty in Yucatan, an asylum for reactionaries. These traitors toil to separate that territory from the republic and to instate it as a principality so that they can sell the Indians off as slaves" (quoted in Tovar, Historia parlamentarai, 137). Interestingly, in order to combat these reactionaries and the Maya rebels. Juárez and his liberals essentially legalized corvée labor and slavery in the peninsula.
18. The discussion occurs on 28 December 1867 (see Tovar, Historia parlamentaria, 122). In a related discussion a few days later, representative Zarco justifies the war in Yucatan by explaining that "From the days of Maximilian, it is well known that there were designs to create a viceroyalty in Yucatan, an asylum for reactionaries. These traitors toil to separate that territory from the republic and to instate it as a principality so that they can sell the Indians off as slaves" (quoted in Tovar, Historia parlamentarai, 137). Interestingly, in order to combat these reactionaries and the Maya rebels. Juárez and his liberals essentially legalized corvée labor and slavery in the peninsula.
19. All citationS of discussions of the First Constitutional Congress are from the facsimile edition. Actas constitucionales mexicanas (1821-1824), 10 vols. (Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1980). Dates of discussion will be cited rather than pagination which is not entirely sequential.
20. Minister of War, Actas constitucionales, 8 June 1824.
21. Oración cívica que en el aniversario del grito de independencia se pronunció en el palacio de govierno de Durango el 16 de septiembre de 1841 por el Lic. Jesus Arellano (Colección Lafragua, Biblioteca Nacional, Mexico City). Hereafter Arellano, "Civic Oration."
22. Oración cívica que en el aniversario del grito de independencia se pronunció en el palacio de govierno de Durango el 16 de septiembre de 1841 por el Lic. Jesus Arellano (Colección Lafragua, Biblioteca Nacional, Mexico City). Hereafter Arellano, "Civic Oration."
23. Arellano, "Civic Oration," 11. Curiously, the scorpion would later go on to become emblematic of the state of Durango.
24. Arellano, "Civic Oration," 6.
25. Arellano, "Civic Oration," 16.
26. Opúsculo patriótico, que pronunció el ciudadano teniente coronel graduado Francisco Santoyo, como miembro de la junta patriótica de esta ciudad [de Orizaba] el dia II de septiembre de 1842 (Colección Lafragua, Biblioteca Nacional, Mexico City), 16.
27. Escalante, Ciudadanos imaginarios, 372.
28. Escalante, Ciudadanos imaginarios, 375-76.
29. In the case of Texas and New Mexico, altruistic appeals to national identity and shared religion were the principal resources used by Mexico to try to keep those territories in the republic. See Andrés Reséndez, "Caught between Profits and Rituals: National Contestation in Texas and New Mexico, 1821-1848" (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1997).
30. On 7 February 1868, just a few months after the execution of Maximilian von Hapsburg, the project for a law trying to ritually enshrine the 1857 Constitution was presented to Congress. The justification for this proposal is significant: "It is unquestionable that this talisman [the Constitution of 1857] that is so loved by the Mexican people, was the cause of the prodigious valor that distinguished us in the bloody war that has just passed" (cited in Tovar, Historia parlamentaria, 398; emphasis in original).
31. Descriptions of Porfirian state theater are plentiful; for the boulevards, see Barbara Tenenbaum, "Streetwise History: The Pase de la Reforma and the Profirian State, 1876-1910," in Rituals of Rule, Rituals of Resistance: Public Celebrations and Popular Culture in Mexico, ed. William H. Beezley, Cheryl English Martin, and William E. French (Wilmington, Del.: SR Books, 1994), 127-50; tor the rurales, see Paul J. Vanderwood, Disorder and Progress: Bandits, Police, and Mexican Development (1981; reprint, Wilmington, Del.: SR Books, 1992); for a general appreciation of Porfirian state theater , see Mauricio Tenorio-Trillo, Mexico at the World's Fairs: Crafting a Modern Nation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).
32. Descriptions of Porfirian state theater are plentiful; for the boulevards, see Barbara Tenenbaum, "Streetwise History: The Pase de la Reforma and the Profirian State, 1876-1910," in Rituals of Rule, Rituals of Resistance: Public Celebrations and Popular Culture in Mexico, ed. William H. Beezley, Cheryl English Martin, and William E. French (Wilmington, Del.: SR Books, 1994), 127-50; tor the rurales, see Paul J. Vanderwood, Disorder and Progress: Bandits, Police, and Mexican Development (1981; reprint, Wilmington, Del.: SR Books, 1992); for a general appreciation of Porfirian state theater , see Mauricio Tenorio-Trillo, Mexico at the World's Fairs: Crafting a Modern Nation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).
33. Descriptions of Porfirian state theater are plentiful; for the boulevards, see Barbara Tenenbaum, "Streetwise History: The Pase de la Reforma and the Profirian State, 1876-1910," in Rituals of Rule, Rituals of Resistance: Public Celebrations and Popular Culture in Mexico, ed. William H. Beezley, Cheryl English Martin, and William E. French (Wilmington, Del.: SR Books, 1994), 127-50; tor the rurales, see Paul J. Vanderwood, Disorder and Progress: Bandits, Police, and Mexican Development (1981; reprint, Wilmington, Del.: SR Books, 1992); for a general appreciation of Porfirian state theater , see Mauricio Tenorio-Trillo, Mexico at the World's Fairs: Crafting a Modern Nation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).
34. Samuel Ramos, El perfil del hombre y la cultura en México (1938); reprinted in Samuel Ramos: Trayectoria filosófica y antología de textos por Agustín Basave Fernandez del Valle (Monterrey: Centro de Estudios Humanísticos de la Universidad de Nuevo Leon, 1965), 131-35.
35. Samuel Ramos, El perfil del hombre y la cultura en México (1938); reprinted in Samuel Ramos: Trayectoria filosófica y antología de textos por Agustín Basave Fernandez del Valle (Monterrey: Centro de Estudios Humanísticos de la Universidad de Nuevo Leon, 1965), 131-35.
36. Mary Kay Vaughan, "The Construction of the Patriotic Festival in Tecamachalco, Puebla, 1900-1946," in Beezley et al., Rituals of Rule, 213-46.
37. Martin Welsh, "Citizenship in Crisis: Oil, Banks, and the Public Sphere, 1938-1982" (unpublished manuscript, Department of History, University of Chicago).
38. See, for example, Larissa Lomnitz, Networks and Marginality: Life in a Mexican Shantytown (New York: Academic Press, 1975); Carlos Vélez-Ibáñez, Rituals of Marginality: Politics, Process, and Culture Change in Urban Central Mexico, 1969-1974 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981) ; Antonio Azuela, ed., La Urbanización popular y el orden juridico en América Latina (Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1993).
39. See, for example, Larissa Lomnitz, Networks and Marginality: Life in a Mexican Shantytown (New York: Academic Press, 1975); Carlos Vélez-Ibáñez, Rituals of Marginality: Politics, Process, and Culture Change in Urban Central Mexico, 1969-1974 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981) ; Antonio Azuela, ed., La Urbanización popular y el orden juridico en América Latina (Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1993).
40. See, for example, Larissa Lomnitz, Networks and Marginality: Life in a Mexican Shantytown (New York: Academic Press, 1975); Carlos Vélez-Ibáñez, Rituals of Marginality: Politics, Process, and Culture Change in Urban Central Mexico, 1969-1974 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981) ; Antonio Azuela, ed., La Urbanización popular y el orden juridico en América Latina (Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1993).
41. For a full description of these campaign rituals, see Larissa Lomnitz, Claudio Lomnitz, and Ilya Adler, "The Function of the Form: Power, Play and Ritual in the 1988 Mexican Presidential Campaign," in Constructing Culture and Power in Latin America, ed. Daniel Levine (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993), 357-402.
42. Today this version is common wisdom, but for a succinct synthesis of this perspective, see Lorenzo Meyer, Liberalismo autoritario: Las contradicciomes del sistema politico mexicano (Mexico City: Oceano, 1996).