Results from an ECMWF-SSM/I forced mixed layer model of the Southern Ocean

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 104, Issue C7, 1999, Pages 15603-15620

  Markus, Thorsten ^a  

^a NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HYDROGRAPHY; MIXED LAYER; MODEL; POLAR REGION; SEA ICE;

SOUTHERN OCEAN;

EID: 0033436302     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/1999jc900080     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Bathmann, U., V. Smetacek, H. de Baar, E. Fahrbach, and G. Krause (Eds.), The Expeditions ANTARKTIS X/6-8 of the Research Vessel Polarstern in 1992/93, Rep. Pol. Res. 135, 236 pp., Alfred-Wegener-Inst. Bremerhaven, Germany, 1994.
2. Carsey, F.D., Microwave observations of the Weddell Polynya, Mon. Weather Rev., 108, 2032-2044, 1980.
3. Cavalieri, D.J., and S. Martin, A passive microwave study of polynyas along the Antarctic Wilkes Land coast, in Oceanology of the Antarctic Continental Shelf, Antarct. Res. Ser., vol. 43, edited by S. Jacobs, pp. 227-252, AGU, Washington, D.C., 1985.
4. Cavalieri, D.J., P. Gloersen, and W.J. Campbell, Determination of sea ice parameters with the NIMBUS 7 scanning multichannel microwave radiometer, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 5355-5369, 1984.
5. Cavalieri, D.J., et al., NASA sea ice validation program for the DMSP SSM/I: Final report, NASA Tech. Memo., 104559, 126pp., 1992.
6. Chen, D., L.M. Rothstein, and A.J. Busalacchi, A hybrid vertical mixing scheme and its application to tropical ocean models, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 2156-2179, 1994.
7. Eicken, H., Deriving modes and rates of ice growth in the Weddell Sea from microstructural, salinity and stable-isotope data, in Antarctic Sea Ice Physical Processes, Interactions, and Variability, Antarct. Res. Ser.,vol. 74, edited by M.O. Jeffries, pp. 89-122, AGU, Washington, D.C., 1998.
8. European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), The Description of the ECMWF/WRCP Level III: A Global Atmospheric Data Archive, Shinfield Park, Reading, Engl., U.K., 1992.
9. Fischer, H., and P. Lemke, On the required accuracy of atmospheric forcing fields for driving dynamic-thermodynamic ocean models, in The Polar Oceans and Their Role in Shaping the Global Environment, The Nansen Centennial Volume edited by O.M. Johannessen, R.D. Muench, and J.E. Overland, pp. 373-382, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 85, AGU, Washington, D.C., 1994.
10. Garwood, R.W., An oceanic mixed layer model capable of simulating cyclic states, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, 455-468, 1977.
11. Gill, A.E., Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics, 662 pp., Academic, San Diego, Califor., 1982.
12. Gloersen, P., and D.J. Cavalieri, Reduction of weather effects in the calculation of sea ice concentration from microwave radiances, J. Geophys. Res.91, 3913-3919, 1986.
13. Gloersen, P., W.J. Campbell, D.J. Cavalieri, J.C. Comiso, C.L. Parkinson, and H.J. Zwally, Arctic and Antarctic sea ice, 1978-1987: Satellite passive microwave observations and analysis, NASA Spec. Publ., NASA SP-511, 290 pp., Washington, D.C., 1992.
14. Gordon, A.L., Two stable modes of Southern Ocean winter stratification, in Deep Convection and Deep Water Formation in the Oceans, edited by P.C. Chu and J.C. Gascard, pp. 17-36, Elsevier, New York, 1991.
15. Gordon, A.L., and J.C. Comiso, Polynyas in the Southern Ocean, Sci. Am., 256, 90-97, 1988.
16. Gordon, A.L., and B.A. Huber, Southern Ocean winter mixed layer, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 11,655-11,672, 1990.
17. Haidvogel, D.B., and F.O. Bryan, Ocean circulation modeling, in Climate System Modeling, edited by K.E. Trenberth, pp. 371-412, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1992.
18. Häkkinen, S., A coupled dynamic-thermodynamic model of an ice-ocean system in the marginal ice zone, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 9469-9478, 1987.
19. Häkkinen, S., Seasonal simulation of the Southern Ocean coupled ice-ocean system, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 22,733-22,748, 1995.
20. Harder, M., and P. Lemke, Modeling the extent of sea ice ridging in the Weddell Sea, in The Polar Oceans and Their Role in Shaping the Global Environment, The Nansen Centennial Volume edited by O.M. Johannessen, R.D. Muench, and J.E. Overland, pp. 187-197, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 85, AGU, Washington, D.C., 1994.
21. Henderson-Sellers, B., and A.M. Davies, Thermal stratification modeling for oceans and lakes, Annu. Rev. Numer. Fluid Mech. Heat Transfer, 2, 86-156, 1989.
22. Huber, B., P.A. Mele, W.E. Haines, A.L. Gordon, and V.I. Lukin, Ice Station Weddell-1, CTD/Hydrographic Data, Techn. Rep., LDEO-94-2, Lamont-Doherty Earth Obs., Palisades, N.Y., 1994.
23. Jeffries, M.O., S. Li, R.A. Jaña, H.R. Krause, and B. Hurst-Cushing, Late winter first-year ice floe thickness variability, sea-water flooding and snow ice formation in the Amundsen and Ross Seas, in Antarctic Sea Ice Physical Processes, Interactions, and Variability, Antarct. Res. Ser., vol. 74, edited by M.O. Jeffries, pp. 69-88, AGU, Washington, D.C., 1998.
24. Killworth, P.D., On "chimney" formations in the ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 9, 531-554, 1979.
25. Kraus, E.B., and J.S. Turner, A one-dimensional model of the seasonal thermocline, II, Tellus, 19, 98-105, 1967.
26. Lemke, P., A coupled one-dimensional sea ice-ocean model, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 13,164-13,172, 1987.
27. Lemke, P. (Ed.), The Expedition ANTARKTIS X/4 of RV Polarstern in 1992, Rep. Pol. Res. 140, 90 pp., Alfred-Wegener-Inst. Bremerhaven, Germany, 1994.
28. Lemke, P., W.B. Owens, and W.D. Hibler III, A coupled sea ice-mixed layer-pycnocline model for the Weddell Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 9513-9525, 1990.
29. Lemke, P., W.D. Hibler, G. Flato, M. Harder, and M. Kreyscher, On the improvement of sea-ice models for climate simulations: The Sea Ice Model Intercomparison Project, Ann. Glaciol., 25, 183-187, 1997.
30. Levitus, S., Climatological atlas of the world ocean, NOAA Prof. Pap. 13, 173 pp. U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, D.C., 1982.
31. Lytle, V.I., and S.F. Ackley, Heat flux through sea ice in the western Weddell Sea: Convective and conductive transfer processes, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 8853-8868, 1996.
32. Markus, T., and D.J. Cavalieri, Snow depth distribution over sea ice in the Southern Ocean from satellite passive microwave data, in Antarctic Sea Ice Physical Processes, Interactions, and Variability, Antarct. Res. Ser., vol. 74, edited by M.O. Jeffries, pp. 19-39, AGU, Washington, D.C., 1998.
33. Markus, T., C. Kottmeier, and E. Fahrbach, Ice formation in coastal polynyas in the Weddell Sea and their impact on oceanic salinity, in Antarctic Sea Ice Physical Processes, Interactions and Variability, Antarct. Res. Ser., vol. 74, edited by M.O. Jeffries, pp. 273-292, AGU, Washington, D.C., 1998.
34. Martin, R.J., Simulation of the mixed layer at OWS November and Papa with several models, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 903-916, 1985.
35. Martin, S., and P. Kaufmann, A field and laboratory study of wave damping by grease ice, J. Glaciol., 27, 283-314, 1981.
36. Martinson, D.G., Evolution of the Southern Ocean winter mixed layer and sea ice: Open ocean deep water formation and ventilation, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 11,641-11,654, 1990.
37. Martinson, D.G., Open ocean convection in the Southern Ocean, in Deep Convection and Deep Water Formation in the Oceans, edited by P.C. Chu and J.C. Gascard, pp. 37-52, Elsevier, New York, 1991.
38. Martinson, D.G., P.D. Killworth, and A.L. Gordon, A convective model for the Weddell Polynya, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 466-488, 1981.
39. Maykut, G.A., The surface heat and mass balance, in The Geophysics of Sea Ice, NATO ASI Ser., vol. 146, edited by N. Untersteiner, pp. 395-464, Kluwer Acad. Norwell, Mass., 1986.
40. Maykut, G.A., and M.G. McPhee, Solar heating of the Arctic mixed layer, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 24,691-24,703, 1995.
41. Maykut, G.A., and N. Untersteiner, Some results from a time-dependent thermodynamic model of sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 1550-1575, 1971.
42. McPhee, M.G., Turbulent heat flux in the upper ocean under sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 5365-5379, 1992.
43. McPhee, M.G., and D.G. Martinson, Turbulent mixing under drifting pack ice in the Weddell Sea, Science, 263, 218-221, 1994.
44. Mellor, G.L., and T. Yamada, Development of a turbulent closure model for geophysical fluid problems, Rev. Geophys., 20, 851-875, 1982.
45. National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), DMSP SSM/I Brightness Temperature and Sea Ice Concentration Grids for the Polar Regions on CD-ROM: User's Guide, Boulder, Color., 1992.
46. Niiler, R.P., and E.B. Kraus, One-dimensional models of the upper ocean, in Modeling and Prediction of the Upper Layers of the Ocean, edited by E.B. Kraus, pp.143-172, Pergamon, New York, 1977.
47. Parkinson, C.L., On the development and cause of the Weddell polynya in a sea ice simulation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 501-511, 1983.
48. Parkinson, C.L., and W.M. Washington, A large-scale numerical model of sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 311-337, 1979.
49. Pollard, D., M.L. Batteen, and Y.L. Mass, Development of a simple upper-ocean and sea-ice model, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 754-768, 1983.
50. Preller, R.H., J.E. Walsh, and J. A. Maslanik, The use of satellite observations in ice cover simulations, ir. Microwave Remote Sensing of Ice, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 68, edited by F. Carsey, pp. 385-404, AGU, Washington, D.C., 1992.
51. Rossow, W.B., and R.A. Schiffer, ISCCP cloud data products, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 72, 2-20, 1991.
52. Semtner, A.J., Jr., A model for the thermodynamic growth of sea ice in numerical investigations of climate, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 6, 379-389, 1976.
53. Tang, C.L., A two-dimensional thermodynamic model for sea ice advance and retreat in the Newfoundland marginal ice zone, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 4723-4737, 1991.
54. Wadhams, P., M. Lange, and S.F. Ackley, The ice thickness distribution across the Atlantic sector of the Antarctic Ocean in mid-winter, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 14,535-14,522, 1987.
55. Worby, A.P., R.A. Massom, I. Allison, V. Lytle, and P. Heil, East Antarctic sea ice: A review of its structure, properties and drift, in Antarctic Sea Ice Physical Processes, Interactions, and Variability, Antarct. Res. Ser., vol. 74, edited by M.O. Jeffries, pp. 41-68, AGU, Washington, D.C., 1998.
56. Zwally, H.J., J.C. Comiso, C.L. Parkinson, W.J. Campbell, F.D. Carsey, and P. Gloersen, Antarctic sea ice, 1973-1976: Satellite passive microwave observations, NASA Spec. Publ., NASA SP-459, 206 pp., Washington, D.C., 1983.
57. Zwally, H.J., J.C. Comiso, and A.L. Gordon, Antarctic offshore leads and polynyas and oceanographic effects, in Oceanology of the Antarctic Continental Shelf, Antarct. Res. Ser., vol. 43, edited by S. Jacobs, pp. 227-252, AGU, Washington, D.C., 1985.