Organizational Entry and Exit: An Exploratory Longitudinal Examination of Early Careers

Human Performance

Volumn 12, Issue 3-4, 1999, Pages 311-341

  Holton III, Elwood F ^a   Russell, Craig J ^b  

^a LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033434911     PISSN: 08959285     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08959289909539874     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Adkins, C. L. (1995). Previous work experience and organizational socialization: A longitudinal examination. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 839-862.
2. Adler, S., & Aranya, N. (1984). A comparison of the work needs, attitudes, and preferences of professional accountants at different career stages. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 25, 45-57.
3. Allen, N., & Meyer, J. (1990). Organizational socialization tactics: A longitudinal analysis of links to newcomer's commitment and role orientation. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 847-85.
4. Arnold, J. (1985). Tales of the unexpected: Surprises experienced by graduates in the early months of employment. British Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 13, 308-319.
5. Ashford, S. J. (1988). Individual strategies for coping with stress during organizational transitions. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 24, 19-36.
6. Ashford, S. J., & Black, J. S. (1996). Proactivity during organizational entry: The role of desire for control. Journal of Applied Psychology, 183, 199-214.
7. Ashford, S. J., & Cummings, L. L. (1985). Proactive feedback seeking: The instrumental use of the information environment. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 58, 67-79.
8. Ashford, S. J., & Taylor, M. S. (1990). Understanding individual adaptation: An integrative approach. In B. Rowland & G. Ferris (Eds.), Research in personnel and human resources management (pp. 1-39). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
9. Ashforth, B. E., & Saks, A. M. (1996). Socialization tactics: Longitudinal effects on newcomer adjustment. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 149-178.
10. Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44, 1-26.
11. Bauer, T. N., & Green, S. G. (1994). The effect of newcomer involvement in work-related activities: A longitudinal study of socialization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 211-223.
12. Bauer, T. N., Morrsion, E. W., & Callister, R. R. (1998). Organizational socialization: A review and directions for future research. In G. Ferris (Ed.), Research in personnel and human resource management, Vol. 16 (pp. 149-214). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
13. Blau, G. J. (1988). Further exploring the meaning and measurement of career commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 32, 284-297.
14. Brief, A. P., Aldag, R. J., Van Sell, M., & Melone, N. (1979). Relationship of stress to individually and organizationally valued states: Higher order needs as a moderator. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 20, 161-166.
15. Buchanan, B. (1974). Building organizational commitment: The socialization of managers in work organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 19, 533-546.
16. Buckley, M. R., Fedor, D. B., Veres, J. G., Wiese, D. S., & Carrajer, S. M. (1998). Investigating newcomer expectations and job-related outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 452-456.
17. Chao, G. T., O'Leary-Kelly, A., Wolf, S., Klein, H. J., & Gardner, P. D. (1994) Organizational socialization: Its content and consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 450-463.
18. Cranny, C. J., & Doherty, M. E. (1988). Importance ratings in job analysis: Note on the misinterpretation of factor analyses. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 320-322.
19. Dean, R. A. (1981). Reality shock, organizational commitment, and behavior: A realistic job preview experiment. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International.
20. Feldman, D. C. (1976). A contingency theory of socialization. Administrative Science Quarterly, 21, 433-152.
21. Feldman, D. C. (1977). The role of initiation activities in socialization. Human Relations, 30, 977-990.
22. Feldman, D. C. (1980, March-April). A socialization process that helps new recruits succeed. Personnel, 11-23.
23. Feldman, D. C. (1989). Socialization, resocialization, and training: Reframing the research agenda. In I. L. Goldstein (Ed.), Training and development in organizations (pp. 376-416). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
24. Feldman, D. C., & Brett, J. M. (1983). Coping with new jobs: A comparative study of new hires and job changers. Academy of Management Journal, 26, 258-272.
25. Fisher, C. D. (1982). Identifying the outcomes of socialization: Two studies (Report No. TR-ONR-8). Arlington, VA: Office of Naval Research.
26. Fisher, C. D. (1985). Social support and adjustment to work: A longitudinal study. Journal of Management, 11, 39-53.
27. Frese, M. (1984). Transitions in jobs, occupational socialization and strain. In V. L. Allen & E. van de Vliert (Eds.), Role transitions: Explorations and explanations (pp. 239-252). New York: Plenum.
28. Gardner, P. D., & Lambert, S. E. (1993). It's a hard, hard, hard, hard, hard, hard world. Journal of Career Planning and Employment, 53, 41-49.
29. George, J. M. (1996). Trait and state affect. In K. Murphy (Ed.), Individual differences and behavior in organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
30. Gist, M. E, Stevens, C. K., & Bavetta, A. G. (1991). Effects of self-efficacy and posttraining intervention on the acquisition and maintenance of complex interpersonal skills. Personnel Psychology, 44, 837-861.
31. Golembiewski, R. T., Billingsley, K., & Yeager, S. (1976). Measuring change and persistence in human affairs: Types of change generated by OD designs. Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences, 12, 133-157.
32. Hackman, J. R., & Lawler, E. E., III. (1971). Employee reactions to job characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 55, 259-286.
33. Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1975). Development of the job diagnostic survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 159-170.
34. Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
35. Hall, D. T., & Foster, L. W. (1977). A psychological success cycle and goal setting: Goals, performance and attitudes. Academy of Management Journal, 20, 282-290.
36. Hall, D. T., Goodale, J. G., Rabinowitz, S., & Morgan, M. A. (1978). Effects of top-down departmental and job change upon perceived employee behavior and attitudes: A natural field experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 62-72.
37. Hall, D. T., & Lawler, E. E., III. (1970). Job characteristics and pressures and the organizational integration of professionals. Administrative Science Quarterly, 15, 271-281.
38. Holton, E. F., III. (in press). New employee development tactics: Perceived availability, helpfulness, and relationship with job attitudes. Journal of Business and Psychology.
39. Holton, E. F., III, & Russell, C. J. (1997). The relationship of anticipation to newcomer socialization processes and outcomes: A pilot study. Journal of Organizational and Occupational Psychology, 70(2), 163-172.
40. Holton, E. F., III. (1996). New employee development: A review and reconceptualization. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 7, 233-252.
41. Holton, E. F., III. (1995). College graduates' experiences and attitudes during organizational entry. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 6, 59-78.
42. House, R. J., & Rizzo, J. R. (1972). Role conflict and ambiguity as critical variables in a model of organizational behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 7, 467-505.
43. James, L., & Brett, J. (1984). Mediators, moderators, and tests for mediations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 307-321.
44. Jones, G. R. (1983). Psychological orientation and the process of organizational socialization: An interactionist perspective. Academy of Management Review, 8, 464-474.
45. Jones, G. R. (1986). Socialization tactics, self-efficacy, and newcomer's adjustments to organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 29, 262-279.
46. Judge, T. A., & Wattanabe, S. (1993). Is the past prologue? A test of Ghiselli's hobo syndrome. Journal of Management, 21, 211-229.
47. Katz, R. (1985). Organizational stress and early socialization experiences. In T. A. Beehr & R. S. Bhagat (Eds.), Human stress and cognition in organizations (pp. 117-139). New York: Wiley.
48. Keenan, A., & Newton, T. J. (1986). Work aspirations and experiences of young graduate engineers. Journal of Management Studies, 23, 224-237.
49. Kopelman, R. E., Brief, A. P., & Guzzo, R. A. (1990). The role of climate and culture in productivity. In B. Schneider (Ed.), Organizational climate and culture (pp. 280-318). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
50. Kram, K. E. (1988). Mentoring at work. Lanham: University Press of America.
51. Kram, K. E., & Isabella, L. A. (1985). Mentoring alternatives: The role of peer relationships in career development. Academy of Management Journal, 28, 110-132.
52. Leibowitz, Z. B., Schlossberg, N. K., & Shore, J. E. (1991, February). Stopping the revolving door. Training and Development Journal, 43-50.
53. Lodahl, T. M., & Kejner, M. (1965). The definition and measurement of job involvement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 49, 24-33.
54. Louis, M. R. (1980). Surprise and sensemaking: What newcomers experience in entering unfamiliar organizational settings. Administrative Science Quarterly, 25, 226-251.
55. Louis, M. R. (1982, Spring). Managing career transition: A missing link in career development. Organizational Dynamics, 68-77.
56. Louis, M. R. (1985). Career transition and adaptation: Appreciating and facilitating the transition. In R. Tannenbaum, N. Margulies, & F. Massarik (Eds.), Human systems development (67-94). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
57. Louis, M. R. (1990). Acculturation in the workplace: Newcomers as lay ethnographers. In B. Schneider (Ed.), Organizational climate and culture (pp. 85-129). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
58. Louis, M. R., Posner, B. Z., & Powell, G. N. (1983). The availability and helpfulness of socialization practices. Personnel Psychology, 36, 857-866.
59. Mabey, C. (1986). Graduates into industry: A survey of changing graduate attitudes. Brookfield, VT: Gower.
60. Major, D. A., & Kozlowski, S. W. J. (1997). Newcomer information seeking: Individual and contextual influences. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 5, 16-28.
61. Major, D. A., Kozlowski, S. W. J., Chao, G. T., & Gardner, P. D. (1995). A longitudinal investigation of newcomer expectations, early socialization outcomes, and the moderating effects. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 418-431.
62. McCall, M. W., & Bobko, P. (1990). Research methods in the service of discovery. In M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 381-418). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
63. Meglino, B. M., & DeNisi, A. S. (1988). Realistic job previews: Some thoughts on their more effective use in managing the flow of human resources. Human Resource Planning, 10, 157-167.
64. Meglino, B. M., Ravlin, E. C., & Adkins, C. L. (1989). A work values approach to corporate culture: A field test of the value congruence process and its relationship to individual outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 424-432.
65. Miller, V. D., & Jablin, F. M. (1991). Information seeking during organizational entry: Influences, tactics, and a model of the process. Academy of Management Review, 16, 92-120.
66. Mobley, W. H. (1977). Intermediate linkages in the relationship between job satisfaction and employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 237-240.
67. Morrison, E. W. (1993). Newcomer information seeking: Exploring types, modes, resources, and outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 557-589.
68. Morrison, R. F., & Bratner, T. M. (1992). What enhances or inhibits learning a new job? A basic career issue. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 926-940.
69. Morrow, P. C., & McElroy, J. C. (1987). Work commitment and job satisfaction over three career stages. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 30, 330-346.
70. Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1979). The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14, 224-247.
71. Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W., & Steers, R. M. (1982). Employee-organization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. San Diego: Academic.
72. Necowitz, L. B., & Roznowski, M. (1994). Negative affectivity and job satisfaction: Cognitive processes underlying the relationship and effects on employee behaviors. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45, 270-294.
73. Nelson, D. L. (1987). Organizational socialization: A stress perspective. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 8, 311-324.
74. Nelson, D. L., & Quick, J. C. (1991). Social support and newcomer adjustment in organizations: Attachment theory at work? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12, 543-554.
75. Nicholson, N., & Arnold, J. (1989). Graduates' early experience in a multinational corporation. Personnel Review, 18, 3-14.
76. Nicholson, N., & Arnold, J. (1991). From expectation to experience: Graduates entering a large corporation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12, 413-429.
77. Ostroff, C., & Kozlowski, S. W. J. (1992). Organizational socialization as a learning process: The role of information acquisition. Personnel Psychology, 45, 849-874.
78. Ostroff, C., & Kozlowski, S. W. J. (1993). The role of mentoring in the information gathering processes of newcomers during organizational entry. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 42, 170-183.
79. Pierce, J. L., & Dunham, R. B. (1987). Organizational commitment: Pre-employment propensity and intial work experiences. Journal of Management, 13, 163-178.
80. Premack, P. L., & Wanous, J. P. (1985). A meta-analysis of realistic job preview experiments. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 706-719.
81. Rabinowitz, S., & Hall, D. T. (1981). Changing correlates of job involvement in three career stages. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 18, 138-144.
82. Reichers, A. E. (1987). An interactionist perspective on newcomer socialization rates. Academy of Management Review, 12, 278-287.
83. Richards, E. W. (1984a). Undergraduate preparation and early career outcomes: A study of recent career graduates. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 24, 279-304.
84. Richards, E. W. (1984b). Early employment situations and work role satisfaction among recent college graduates. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 24, 305-318.
85. Rizzo, J. R., House, R. J., & Lirtzman, S. I. (1970). Role conflict and ambiguity in complex organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 15, 150-163.
86. Rosse, G., & Noel, T. (1996). Leaving the organization. In K. R. Murphy (Ed.), Individual differences and behavior in organizations (pp. 451-504). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
87. Saks, A. M., & Ashforth, B. E. (1997). Organizational socialization: Making sense of the past and present as a prologue for the future. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 51, 234-279.
88. Schein, E. H. (1968, Winter). Organizational socialization and the profession of management. Industrial Management Review, 1-16.
89. Schein, E. H. (1978). Career dynamics: Matching individual and organizational needs. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
90. Schlossberg, N. K. (1981). A model for analyzing human adaptation to transition. The Counseling Psychologist, 9, 2-18.
91. Sheridan, J. E. (1992). Organizational culture and employee retention. Academy of Management Journal, 5, 1036-1056.
92. Stumpf, S. A., & Hartman, K. (1984). Individual exploration to organization commitment or withdrawal. Academy of Management Journal, 27, 308-329.
93. Terborg, J. R., Howard, G. S., & Maxwell, S. E. (1980). Evaluating planned organizational change: A method forassessing alpha beta and gamma change. Academy of Management Review, 5, 109-121.
94. Van Maanen, J. (1976). Breaking in: Socialization to work. In R. Dubin (Ed.), Handbook of work, organization, and society (pp. 67-130). Chicago: Rand McNally.
95. Van Maanen, J., & Schein, E. H. (1979). Toward a theory of organizational socialization. In B. Staw (Ed.), Research in organizational behavior (pp. 209-264). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
96. Von Bertelanffy, L. (1968). General system theory: Foundations, development, applications. New York: Braziller.
97. Wanous, J. P. (1980). Organizational entry: Recruitment, selection and socialization of newcomers. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
98. Wanous, J. P., & Colella, A. (1989). Organizational entry research: Current status and future directions. In B. Rowland & G. Ferris (Eds.), Research in personnel and human resources management (pp. 59-120). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
99. Zahrly, J., & Tosi, H. (1989). The differential effect of organizational induction process on early work role adjustment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 10, 59-74.