메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 4, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 294-299

Rheology of granular media

Author keywords

Arching; Avalances; Force chains; Granular materials; Hopper; Sand pile; Silo; Solid friction

Indexed keywords

RUBBER;

EID: 0033429656     PISSN: 13590294     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1359-0294(99)90004-3     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (29)

References (52)
  • 1
    • 0003661673 scopus 로고
    • CambridgeThis book is one of the most clear and complete on the standard mechanics of granular materials. It stays as close as possible to the concepts with a special emphasis on 'Coulomb models'. It also provides a clear view of all the standard aspects of soil mechanics without going into the unnecessary complexities of the theories: Cambridge University Press
    • Nedderman R.M. Statics and kinematics of granular materials. 1992;Cambridge University Press, CambridgeThis book is one of the most clear and complete on the standard mechanics of granular materials. It stays as close as possible to the concepts with a special emphasis on 'Coulomb models'. It also provides a clear view of all the standard aspects of soil mechanics without going into the unnecessary complexities of the theories.
    • (1992) Statics and Kinematics of Granular Materials
    • Nedderman, R.M.1
  • 3
    • 0020751294 scopus 로고
    • A theory for the rapid flow of identical, smooth, nearly elastic, spherical particles
    • Jenkins J.T., Savage S.B. A theory for the rapid flow of identical, smooth, nearly elastic, spherical particles. J Fluid Mech. 130:1983;187-202.
    • (1983) J Fluid Mech , vol.130 , pp. 187-202
    • Jenkins, J.T.1    Savage, S.B.2
  • 4
    • 0020811698 scopus 로고
    • Grain flow as a fluid-mechanical phenomenon
    • Haff P.K. Grain flow as a fluid-mechanical phenomenon. J Fluid Mech. 134:1983;401-430.
    • (1983) J Fluid Mech , vol.134 , pp. 401-430
    • Haff, P.K.1
  • 5
    • 0025957905 scopus 로고
    • Inelastic microstructures in rapid granular flows of smooth disks
    • Hopkins M.A., Louge M.Y. Inelastic microstructures in rapid granular flows of smooth disks. Phys Fluids A. 3:1991;47-57.
    • (1991) Phys Fluids a , vol.3 , pp. 47-57
    • Hopkins, M.A.1    Louge, M.Y.2
  • 6
    • 0015416976 scopus 로고
    • • Photoelastic verification of a mechanical model for the flow of a granular material
    • Large force paths are often called arches or vaults by physicists. In the mechanics community this definition is rather reserved to local discontinuities of the stress values
    • Drescher A, Josselin G de Jong.• Photoelastic verification of a mechanical model for the flow of a granular material. J Mech Phys Solids 1972;20:337-51. Large force paths are often called arches or vaults by physicists. In the mechanics community this definition is rather reserved to local discontinuities of the stress values.
    • (1972) J Mech Phys Solids , vol.20 , pp. 337-351
    • Drescher, A.1    Josselin, G.D.J.2
  • 7
    • 0000704967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • •• Force distribution in a granular medium
    • This article reports an experimental determination of the force intensity distribution at the bottom and at the walls of a granular column. They evidence a clear exponential tail for the large forces and a remarkable high probability for small forces (equivalent to the probability of the average force)
    • Mueth DM, Jaeger HM, Nagel SR.•• Force distribution in a granular medium. Phys Rev E 1998;57:3164-69. This article reports an experimental determination of the force intensity distribution at the bottom and at the walls of a granular column. They evidence a clear exponential tail for the large forces and a remarkable high probability for small forces (equivalent to the probability of the average force).
    • (1998) Phys Rev e , vol.57 , pp. 3164-3169
    • Mueth, D.M.1    Jaeger, H.M.2    Nagel, S.R.3
  • 8
    • 0003765549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental study of the force distributions inside a 2D Granular system
    • In: Herrmann HJ, Hoviand J-P, Luding S, editors Kluwer Acad Publisher
    • Tsoungi O, Vallet D, Charmet JC. Experimental study of the force distributions inside a 2D Granular system. In: Herrmann HJ, Hoviand J-P, Luding S, editors. Physics of dry granular media. Kluwer Acad Publisher 1998;149.
    • (1998) Physics of Dry Granular Media , pp. 149
    • Tsoungi, O.1    Vallet, D.2    Charmet, J.C.3
  • 9
    • 0000319412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Force distribution in dense two-dimensional granular systems
    • Radjai F., Jean M., Moreau J.J., Roux S. Force distribution in dense two-dimensional granular systems. Phys Rev Lett. 77:1996;274.
    • (1996) Phys Rev Lett , vol.77 , pp. 274
    • Radjai, F.1    Jean, M.2    Moreau, J.J.3    Roux, S.4
  • 10
    • 0031571019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Force distribution in frictionless granular pile at rigidity threshold
    • Ouagenouni S., Roux J.N. Force distribution in frictionless granular pile at rigidity threshold. Europhys Lett. 39:1997;117.
    • (1997) Europhys Lett , vol.39 , pp. 117
    • Ouagenouni, S.1    Roux, J.N.2
  • 11
    • 0031379729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stochastic aspect of the force network in a regular granular piling
    • Eloy C., Clément E. Stochastic aspect of the force network in a regular granular piling. J Phys I (France). 7:1997;1541.
    • (1997) J Phys I (France) , vol.7 , pp. 1541
    • Eloy, C.1    Clément, E.2
  • 12
    • 0000412175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Average stresses and force fluctuations in non-cohesive granular material
    • Socolar J.E. Average stresses and force fluctuations in non-cohesive granular material. Phys Rev E. 57:1998;3204-3215.
    • (1998) Phys Rev e , vol.57 , pp. 3204-3215
    • Socolar, J.E.1
  • 13
    • 11744290710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ••• Bimodal character of stress transmission in granular packings
    • The network of contact forces can be divided into two parts: the large network bearing most of the load with a stress tensor and an angular distribution of contacts, which is suited to oppose external constraints. On the other hand, the small forces network shows isotropic contact direction and a weak anisotropy of the stress tensor with the major principal axis oriented in such a way that it opposes the buckling of large force chains
    • Radjai F, Wolf D, Jean M, Moreau JJ.••• Bimodal character of stress transmission in granular packings. Phys Rev Lett 1997;80:61-4. The network of contact forces can be divided into two parts: the large network bearing most of the load with a stress tensor and an angular distribution of contacts, which is suited to oppose external constraints. On the other hand, the small forces network shows isotropic contact direction and a weak anisotropy of the stress tensor with the major principal axis oriented in such a way that it opposes the buckling of large force chains.
    • (1997) Phys Rev Lett , vol.80 , pp. 61-64
    • Radjai, F.1    Wolf, D.2    Jean, M.3    Moreau, J.J.4
  • 14
    • 0033096572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • •• Granular matter: A tentative view
    • A review on recent developments in granular material physics with a special focus on the problem of static granular assemblies. A clarification is given on the notion reference state, which is the position of the particle from the moment it has stopped on the free surface during the pouring process. This definition might be non-ambiguous but still is difficult to use in practice. An important remark is made introducing the notion of partial friction mobilization at a boundary (the so-called 'mobilization length')
    • DeGennes PG.•• Granular matter: a tentative view. Reviews of Modern Physics 1999;71 S374. A review on recent developments in granular material physics with a special focus on the problem of static granular assemblies. A clarification is given on the notion reference state, which is the position of the particle from the moment it has stopped on the free surface during the pouring process. This definition might be non-ambiguous but still is difficult to use in practice. An important remark is made introducing the notion of partial friction mobilization at a boundary (the so-called 'mobilization length').
    • (1999) Reviews of Modern Physics , vol.71
    • Degennes, P.G.1
  • 15
    • 0000559928 scopus 로고
    • Stress distribution in granular media and nonlinear wave equation
    • Bouchaud J.-P., Cates M.E., Claudin P. Stress distribution in granular media and nonlinear wave equation. J Phys I. 5:1995;639.
    • (1995) J Phys I , vol.5 , pp. 639
    • Bouchaud, J.-P.1    Cates, M.E.2    Claudin, P.3
  • 16
    • 0003182397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A theoretical model for the stress distribution in granular matter. I: Basic equations
    • Edwards S.F., Mounfield C.C. A theoretical model for the stress distribution in granular matter. I: basic equations. Physica A. 226:1996;1.
    • (1996) Physica a , vol.226 , pp. 1
    • Edwards, S.F.1    Mounfield, C.C.2
  • 17
    • 3042875279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ••• Development of stresses in cohesionless poured sand
    • Synthetic presentation of the 'propagative' theories for static assemblies. A specific definition of fragile matter is introduced: due to the contact geometry and the presence of structure (force chains), if some boundary condition is not satisfied, restructuration occurs to cope with these new boundaries. Hence, a new structure will follow that can still be described using a propagative model. A qualitative picture for the interpretation of constitutive coefficients in the O.S.L. theory is proposed
    • Cates ME, Wittmer J, Bouchaud J-P, Claudin P.••• Development of stresses in cohesionless poured sand. Phil Trans Soc Lond A 1998;356:2535-60. Synthetic presentation of the 'propagative' theories for static assemblies. A specific definition of fragile matter is introduced: due to the contact geometry and the presence of structure (force chains), if some boundary condition is not satisfied, restructuration occurs to cope with these new boundaries. Hence, a new structure will follow that can still be described using a propagative model. A qualitative picture for the interpretation of constitutive coefficients in the O.S.L. theory is proposed.
    • (1998) Phil Trans Soc Lond a , vol.356 , pp. 2535-2560
    • Cates, M.E.1    Wittmer, J.2    Bouchaud, J.-P.3    Claudin, P.4
  • 18
    • 0011276218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • •• Modeling and granular materials boundary value problems
    • In: Herrmann HJ, Hovi J-P, Luding S, editors Kluwer Acad Publisher This article is a polemical response to the idea of the propagative theory for granular materials. Though excessive in its style it should not be ignored since it gives the standard vision of soil mechanics. It contains a well developed argumentation and many classical soil mechanics references
    • Savage S. •• Modeling and granular materials boundary value problems. In: Herrmann HJ, Hovi J-P, Luding S, editors. Physics of dry granular media, Kluwer Acad Publisher 1998:25-96. This article is a polemical response to the idea of the propagative theory for granular materials. Though excessive in its style it should not be ignored since it gives the standard vision of soil mechanics. It contains a well developed argumentation and many classical soil mechanics references.
    • (1998) Physics of Dry Granular Media , pp. 25-96
    • Savage, S.1
  • 19
    • 4243664116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • •• Jamming, force chains and fragile matter
    • A link with the rheology of other fragile systems such as colloids suspensions is made
    • Cates ME, Wittmer J, Bouchaud J-P, Claudin P. •• Jamming, force chains and fragile matter. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1998:81:1841. A link with the rheology of other fragile systems such as colloids suspensions is made.
    • (1998) Phys. Rev. Lett. , vol.81 , pp. 1841
    • Cates, M.E.1    Wittmer, J.2    Bouchaud, J.-P.3    Claudin, P.4
  • 21
    • 0001468847 scopus 로고
    • Pressure screening and fluctuations at the bottom of a granular column
    • and Refs. therein
    • Vanel L, Clement E. Pressure screening and fluctuations at the bottom of a granular column. Eur Phys J B 1991;11:525-553 and Refs. therein.
    • (1991) Eur Phys J B , vol.11 , pp. 525-553
    • Vanel, L.1    Clement, E.2
  • 22
    • 0007820630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anomalous density dependence of static friction is sand
    • Horwarth V.K., Janosi I.M., Vella P.J. Anomalous density dependence of static friction is sand. Phys Rev E. 54:1996;2005.
    • (1996) Phys Rev e , vol.54 , pp. 2005
    • Horwarth, V.K.1    Janosi, I.M.2    Vella, P.J.3
  • 23
    • 0001718185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasound propagation in externally stressed granular media
    • Jia X., Caroli C., Velicky B. Ultrasound propagation in externally stressed granular media. Phys Rev Lett. 82:1999;1863.
    • (1999) Phys Rev Lett , vol.82 , pp. 1863
    • Jia, X.1    Caroli, C.2    Velicky, B.3
  • 24
    • 0000336385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stress fluctuations and shear zones in quasi-static granular chute flows
    • Pouliquen O., Gutfraind R. Stress fluctuations and shear zones in quasi-static granular chute flows. Phys Rev E. 53:1996;552.
    • (1996) Phys Rev e , vol.53 , pp. 552
    • Pouliquen, O.1    Gutfraind, R.2
  • 25
    • 0030238376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Void ratio evolution inside shear bands in triaxial sand specimen studied by computed tomography
    • Desrue J., Chambon J., Mokni M., Mazerolle F. Void ratio evolution inside shear bands in triaxial sand specimen studied by computed tomography. Geothechnique. 46:1996;529-546.
    • (1996) Geothechnique , vol.46 , pp. 529-546
    • Desrue, J.1    Chambon, J.2    Mokni, M.3    Mazerolle, F.4
  • 26
    • 0001295483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intermitency in the compression process of a granular medium
    • In this simple case of ball bearing steel beads pushed by a wall, the amplitude of the high resistance force peaks was explicitly related to a buckling mechanism of the stress chains, which is a precursor for the apparition of localized shear bands. In this case the amplitude of the force peaks scales in such a way that in the large system limit, the standard Mohr-Coulomb criterion is recovered
    • Ngadi A, Rajchenbach J. Intermitency in the compression process of a granular medium. Phys Rev Lett 1998;80:273-76. In this simple case of ball bearing steel beads pushed by a wall, the amplitude of the high resistance force peaks was explicitly related to a buckling mechanism of the stress chains, which is a precursor for the apparition of localized shear bands. In this case the amplitude of the force peaks scales in such a way that in the large system limit, the standard Mohr-Coulomb criterion is recovered.
    • (1998) Phys Rev Lett , vol.80 , pp. 273-276
    • Ngadi, A.1    Rajchenbach, J.2
  • 27
    • 0000877237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • •• Stress fluctuations for continuously sheared granular materials
    • Measurement of a granular flow were carried in a Couette cell sheared from above. The experiment shows that the signal is rate independent (a plastic behavior) but can be highly fluctuating, indicating the presence of complex mechanical structures such as vaults. The stress probe evidences long-time correlation that could be related to a slow dynamics of the granular structures
    • Miller B, O'Hern C, Behringer RP.•• Stress fluctuations for continuously sheared granular materials. Phys Rev Lett 1996;77:3110. Measurement of a granular flow were carried in a Couette cell sheared from above. The experiment shows that the signal is rate independent (a plastic behavior) but can be highly fluctuating, indicating the presence of complex mechanical structures such as vaults. The stress probe evidences long-time correlation that could be related to a slow dynamics of the granular structures.
    • (1996) Phys Rev Lett , vol.77 , pp. 3110
    • Miller, B.1    O'Hern, C.2    Behringer, R.P.3
  • 28
    • 18344361905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kinematics of a two-dimensional granular Couette experiment at the transition to shearing
    • Veje C., Howell D., Behringer R.P. Kinematics of a two-dimensional granular Couette experiment at the transition to shearing. Phys Rev E. 59:1999;739-745.
    • (1999) Phys Rev e , vol.59 , pp. 739-745
    • Veje, C.1    Howell, D.2    Behringer, R.P.3
  • 29
    • 18344372651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stress fluctuations in a 2D granular couette experiment: A continuous transition
    • Howell D., Behringer R.P., Veje C. Stress fluctuations in a 2D granular couette experiment: a continuous transition. Phys Rev Lett. 11:1999;5241-5244.
    • (1999) Phys Rev Lett , vol.11 , pp. 5241-5244
    • Howell, D.1    Behringer, R.P.2    Veje, C.3
  • 30
    • 0001070246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • •• Friction in granular layers: hysteresis and Precursors
    • The analogy with real solid on solid friction is investigated in details for a solid block driven on a sandy ground. A dynamic coefficient of friction is measured and its hysteretic behavior is evidenced for different instantaneous sliding velocities
    • Nasuno S, Kudrolli A, Gollub JP. •• Friction in granular layers: hysteresis and Precursors. Phys Rev Lett 1997;79:949. The analogy with real solid on solid friction is investigated in details for a solid block driven on a sandy ground. A dynamic coefficient of friction is measured and its hysteretic behavior is evidenced for different instantaneous sliding velocities.
    • (1997) Phys Rev Lett , vol.79 , pp. 949
    • Nasuno, S.1    Kudrolli, A.2    Gollub, J.P.3
  • 31
    • 0003624265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • •• Force fluctuations in a vertically pushed granular layer
    • (to appear in April). On a simple granular model system, different regimes of response are evidenced for different grains and various driving velocities. At low velocities the transition to a stick-slip motion is evidenced. The response is regular for low friction grains and disordered for larger friction grains. In the last situation a wide distribution of slip events is measured which may be due a mechanism of arches formation leading to the building up of a large resistance to vertical motion
    • Kolb E, Mazozi T, Clément E, Duran J. •• Force fluctuations in a vertically pushed granular layer. Eur Phys J B 1999 (to appear in April). On a simple granular model system, different regimes of response are evidenced for different grains and various driving velocities. At low velocities the transition to a stick-slip motion is evidenced. The response is regular for low friction grains and disordered for larger friction grains. In the last situation a wide distribution of slip events is measured which may be due a mechanism of arches formation leading to the building up of a large resistance to vertical motion.
    • (1999) Eur Phys J B
    • Kolb, E.1    Mazozi, T.2    Clément, E.3    Duran, J.4
  • 33
    • 0007791739 scopus 로고
    • Statistics of glass sphere avalanches in a partly filled rotating cylinder
    • Evesque P., Rajchenbach J. Statistics of glass sphere avalanches in a partly filled rotating cylinder. CR Acad Sci Serie II. 307:1988;223-226.
    • (1988) CR Acad Sci Serie II , vol.307 , pp. 223-226
    • Evesque, P.1    Rajchenbach, J.2
  • 36
    • 0001046552 scopus 로고
    • Flow in powders: From discrete avalanches to continuous regime
    • Rajchenbach J. Flow in powders: from discrete avalanches to continuous regime. Phys Rev Lett. 65:1990;2221.
    • (1990) Phys Rev Lett , vol.65 , pp. 2221
    • Rajchenbach, J.1
  • 38
    • 0029210598 scopus 로고
    • Experiments in model granular media: A study of gravity flows. Fractal aspect of materials
    • Family F, Sapoval B, eds. Pittsburg
    • Rajchenbach J, Clément E, Duran J. Experiments in model granular media: a study of gravity flows. Fractal aspect of materials. Family F, Sapoval B, eds. Pittsburg, M.R.S. Symposium 1995;376:525.
    • (1995) M.R.S. Symposium , vol.376 , pp. 525
    • Rajchenbach, J.1    Clément, E.2    Duran, J.3
  • 39
    • 0000228919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ••• Experimental study of collisional granular flows down an inclined plane
    • to be published. Thorough experimental measurements on density and velocity fields in a 2D granular chute. Different regimes are evidence for changing inclinations, dissipation properties of the grains and various flow depths
    • Azanza E, Chevoir F, Moucheront P. ••• Experimental study of collisional granular flows down an inclined plane. J Fluid Mech 1999, to be published. Thorough experimental measurements on density and velocity fields in a 2D granular chute. Different regimes are evidence for changing inclinations, dissipation properties of the grains and various flow depths.
    • (1999) J Fluid Mech
    • Azanza, E.1    Chevoir, F.2    Moucheront, P.3
  • 40
    • 0000094507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface flows of granular materials: A modified picture for thick avalanches
    • Boutreux T., Raphael E., deGennes P.-G. Surface flows of granular materials: a modified picture for thick avalanches. Phys Rev E. 58:1998;4692.
    • (1998) Phys Rev e , vol.58 , pp. 4692
    • Boutreux, T.1    Raphael, E.2    Degennes, P.-G.3
  • 41
    • 0000046051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On granular surface flow equations
    • Douady S., Andreotti B., Daerr A. On granular surface flow equations. Eur Phys J. 11:1999;131-142.
    • (1999) Eur Phys J , vol.11 , pp. 131-142
    • Douady, S.1    Andreotti, B.2    Daerr, A.3
  • 42
    • 0032614720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thick surface flows of granular materials: Effect of the velocity profile on the avalanche amplitude
    • Aradian A., Raphael E., de Gennes P.-G. Thick surface flows of granular materials: effect of the velocity profile on the avalanche amplitude. Phys Rev E. 60:1999;2009.
    • (1999) Phys Rev e , vol.60 , pp. 2009
    • Aradian, A.1    Raphael, E.2    De Gennes, P.-G.3
  • 43
    • 0030170389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Onset of granular flows on an inclined rough bed: Dilatancy effects
    • Pouliquen O., Renaut N. Onset of granular flows on an inclined rough bed: dilatancy effects. J Phys II (France). 6:1996;923-935.
    • (1996) J Phys II (France) , vol.6 , pp. 923-935
    • Pouliquen, O.1    Renaut, N.2
  • 44
    • 0000058528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ••• Scaling laws in granular flows down rough inclined planes
    • A report on an extended series of experiments probing the non-local aspect of momentum transfer in dense granular chutes
    • Pouliquen O.••• Scaling laws in granular flows down rough inclined planes. Physics of fluids 1999;11:542. A report on an extended series of experiments probing the non-local aspect of momentum transfer in dense granular chutes.
    • (1999) Physics of Fluids , vol.11 , pp. 542
    • Pouliquen, O.1
  • 45
    • 0033558390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Model for a stationary dense granular flow along an inclined wall
    • Mills P., Loggia D., Tixier M. Model for a stationary dense granular flow along an inclined wall. Europhys Lett. 45:1999;733-738.
    • (1999) Europhys Lett , vol.45 , pp. 733-738
    • Mills, P.1    Loggia, D.2    Tixier, M.3
  • 46
    • 0024611991 scopus 로고
    • The motion of a finite mass of granular material down a rough incline
    • Savage S.B., Hutter K. The motion of a finite mass of granular material down a rough incline. J Fluid Mech. 199:1989;177.
    • (1989) J Fluid Mech , vol.199 , pp. 177
    • Savage, S.B.1    Hutter, K.2
  • 47
    • 0032298241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-linear dynamics of density waves in granular flows through narrow vertical channels
    • Valance A., Le Pennec T. Non-linear dynamics of density waves in granular flows through narrow vertical channels. Eur Phys J B. 5:1998;223-229.
    • (1998) Eur Phys J B , vol.5 , pp. 223-229
    • Valance, A.1    Le Pennec, T.2
  • 48
    • 0008237541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continuum modeling of granular assemblies: Quasi-static and yield
    • In: Herrmann HJ, Hovi J-P, Luding S, editors Kluwer Acad Publisher
    • Goddard J. Continuum modeling of granular assemblies: quasi-static and yield. In: Herrmann HJ, Hovi J-P, Luding S, editors. Physics of dry granular media. Kluwer Acad Publisher 1998:1-24.
    • (1998) Physics of Dry Granular Media , pp. 1-24
    • Goddard, J.1
  • 49
    • 0040417246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multicontact dynamics
    • In: Herrmann HJ, Hovi J-P, Luding S, editors Kluwer Acad. Publisher
    • Radjai F. Multicontact dynamics. In: Herrmann HJ, Hovi J-P, Luding S, editors. Physics of dry granular media. Kluwer Acad. Publisher 1998:305-12.
    • (1998) Physics of Dry Granular Media , pp. 305-312
    • Radjai, F.1
  • 51
    • 0000280912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Memories in sand: experimental tests of construction history on stress distributions under sandpiles
    • and Refs. therein
    • Vanel L, Howell D, Clark D, Behringer RP, Clement E. Memories in sand: experimental tests of construction history on stress distributions under sandpiles. Phys Rev E (November) 1999:60 and Refs. therein.
    • (1999) Phys Rev e (November) , vol.60
    • Vanel, L.1    Howell, D.2    Clark, D.3    Behringer, R.P.4    Clement, E.5
  • 52
    • 0009376936 scopus 로고
    • An introduction to strain localization in granular materials
    • D. Bideau, & J. Dodds. New-York: Nova Science Publishers
    • Desrue J. An introduction to strain localization in granular materials. Bideau D., Dodds J. Physics of granular media. 1991;Nova Science Publishers, New-York.
    • (1991) Physics of Granular Media
    • Desrue, J.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.