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Nedderman R.M. Statics and kinematics of granular materials. 1992;Cambridge University Press, CambridgeThis book is one of the most clear and complete on the standard mechanics of granular materials. It stays as close as possible to the concepts with a special emphasis on 'Coulomb models'. It also provides a clear view of all the standard aspects of soil mechanics without going into the unnecessary complexities of the theories.
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Drescher A, Josselin G de Jong.• Photoelastic verification of a mechanical model for the flow of a granular material. J Mech Phys Solids 1972;20:337-51. Large force paths are often called arches or vaults by physicists. In the mechanics community this definition is rather reserved to local discontinuities of the stress values.
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This article reports an experimental determination of the force intensity distribution at the bottom and at the walls of a granular column. They evidence a clear exponential tail for the large forces and a remarkable high probability for small forces (equivalent to the probability of the average force)
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Mueth DM, Jaeger HM, Nagel SR.•• Force distribution in a granular medium. Phys Rev E 1998;57:3164-69. This article reports an experimental determination of the force intensity distribution at the bottom and at the walls of a granular column. They evidence a clear exponential tail for the large forces and a remarkable high probability for small forces (equivalent to the probability of the average force).
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The network of contact forces can be divided into two parts: the large network bearing most of the load with a stress tensor and an angular distribution of contacts, which is suited to oppose external constraints. On the other hand, the small forces network shows isotropic contact direction and a weak anisotropy of the stress tensor with the major principal axis oriented in such a way that it opposes the buckling of large force chains
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Radjai F, Wolf D, Jean M, Moreau JJ.••• Bimodal character of stress transmission in granular packings. Phys Rev Lett 1997;80:61-4. The network of contact forces can be divided into two parts: the large network bearing most of the load with a stress tensor and an angular distribution of contacts, which is suited to oppose external constraints. On the other hand, the small forces network shows isotropic contact direction and a weak anisotropy of the stress tensor with the major principal axis oriented in such a way that it opposes the buckling of large force chains.
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A review on recent developments in granular material physics with a special focus on the problem of static granular assemblies. A clarification is given on the notion reference state, which is the position of the particle from the moment it has stopped on the free surface during the pouring process. This definition might be non-ambiguous but still is difficult to use in practice. An important remark is made introducing the notion of partial friction mobilization at a boundary (the so-called 'mobilization length')
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DeGennes PG.•• Granular matter: a tentative view. Reviews of Modern Physics 1999;71 S374. A review on recent developments in granular material physics with a special focus on the problem of static granular assemblies. A clarification is given on the notion reference state, which is the position of the particle from the moment it has stopped on the free surface during the pouring process. This definition might be non-ambiguous but still is difficult to use in practice. An important remark is made introducing the notion of partial friction mobilization at a boundary (the so-called 'mobilization length').
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Synthetic presentation of the 'propagative' theories for static assemblies. A specific definition of fragile matter is introduced: due to the contact geometry and the presence of structure (force chains), if some boundary condition is not satisfied, restructuration occurs to cope with these new boundaries. Hence, a new structure will follow that can still be described using a propagative model. A qualitative picture for the interpretation of constitutive coefficients in the O.S.L. theory is proposed
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Cates ME, Wittmer J, Bouchaud J-P, Claudin P.••• Development of stresses in cohesionless poured sand. Phil Trans Soc Lond A 1998;356:2535-60. Synthetic presentation of the 'propagative' theories for static assemblies. A specific definition of fragile matter is introduced: due to the contact geometry and the presence of structure (force chains), if some boundary condition is not satisfied, restructuration occurs to cope with these new boundaries. Hence, a new structure will follow that can still be described using a propagative model. A qualitative picture for the interpretation of constitutive coefficients in the O.S.L. theory is proposed.
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In: Herrmann HJ, Hovi J-P, Luding S, editors Kluwer Acad Publisher This article is a polemical response to the idea of the propagative theory for granular materials. Though excessive in its style it should not be ignored since it gives the standard vision of soil mechanics. It contains a well developed argumentation and many classical soil mechanics references
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(to appear in April). On a simple granular model system, different regimes of response are evidenced for different grains and various driving velocities. At low velocities the transition to a stick-slip motion is evidenced. The response is regular for low friction grains and disordered for larger friction grains. In the last situation a wide distribution of slip events is measured which may be due a mechanism of arches formation leading to the building up of a large resistance to vertical motion
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