Vascular calcification

Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 443-448

  Christian, Rose C ^a   Fitzpatrick, Lorraine A ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; ESTROGEN; SCLEROPROTEIN; VITAMIN D;

ARTERY CALCIFICATION; ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BLOOD VESSEL CALCIFICATION; BLOOD VESSEL WALL; BONE MATRIX; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; HEMODIALYSIS PATIENT; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; UREMIA; VALVULAR HEART DISEASE;

ANIMALS; CALCINOSIS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HUMANS; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; RENAL DIALYSIS; UREMIA; VASCULAR DISEASES;

EID: 0033405747     PISSN: 10624821     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00041552-199907000-00008     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Anderson HC. Calcific diseases: a concept. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1983; 107:341-348.
2. Fitzpatrick LA, Severson A, Edwards WD, Ingram RT. Diffuse calcification in human coronary arteries: association of osteopontin with atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 1994; 94:1597-1604.
3. Kim K. Calcification of matrix vesicles in human aortic valve and aortic media. Fed Proc 1976; 35:156-162.
4. Gehron Robey G. Vertebrate mineralized matrix proteins: structure and function. Connect Ties Res 1996; 35:131-136.
5. O'Brien ER, Garvin MR, Stewart DK, Hinohara T, Simpson JB, Schwartz SM, Giachelli CM. Osteopontin is synthesized by macrophage, smooth muscle, and endothelial cells in primary and restenotic human coronary atherosclerotic plaques. Arterioscler Thromb 1994; 14:1648-1656.
6. Gadeau A-P, Campan M, Millet D, Candresse T, Desgranges C. Osteopontin overexpression is associated with arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation in vitro. Arterioscler Thromb 1993; 13:120-125.
7. Ikeda T, Shirasawa, Esaki Y, Yoshiki S, Hirokawa K. Osteopontin mRNA is expressed by smooth muscle-derived foam cells in human atherosclerotic lesions of the aorta. J Clin Invest 1993; 92:2814-2820.
8. 3 effects on VSMC calcification and alkaline phosphatase levels suggests a role in vascular calcification.
9. Towler DA, Bidder M, Latifi T, Coleman T, Semenkovich CF. Diet-induced diabetes activates an osteogenic gene regulatory program in the aortas of low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:30427-30434. This in-vivo study of the effect of diet on vascular calcification in rodents is the first to demonstrate the involvement of osteoprogenitor cells in the adventitia rather than media or intima of calcified aortas.
10. Proudfoot D, Skepper JN, Shanahan CM, Weissberg PL. Calcification of human vascular cells in vitro is correlated with high levels of matrix Gla protein and low levels of osteopontin expression. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18;379-388. An in-vitro study documenting the ability of human VSMCs to calcify in vitro and associated changes in the expression of non-collagenous proteins.
11. Luo G, Ducy P, McKee MD, Pinero GJ, Loyer E, Behringer RR, Karsenty G. Spontaneous calcification of arteries and cartilage in mice lacking matrix GLA protein. Nature 1997; 386:78-81.
12. Mori K, Shioi A, Jono S, Nishizawa Y, Morii H. Expression of matrix G1 a protein (MGP) in an in vitro model of vascular calcification. FEBS Lett 1998; 433:19-22. This in-vitro study correlates MGP expression to the extent of bovine VSMC calcification and reports the effect of bisphosphonates.
13. Bucay N, Sarosi I, Dunstan CR, Moronay S, Tarpley J, Capparelli C, et al. Osteoprotegerin-deficient mice develop early onset osteoporosis and arterial calcification. Genes Dev 1998; 12:1260-1268. This study demonstrates arterial calcification in an osteoprotegerin-deficient mouse model.
14. Jeziorska M, McCollum C, Woolley DE. Calcification in atherosclerotic plaque of human carotid arteries; associations with mast cells and macrophages. J Pathol 1998; 185:10-17. A histopathological study of cell types associated with the intima and media of human carotid arteries.
15. Sangiorgi G, Rumberger JA, Severson A, Edwards WD, Gregoire J, Fitzpatrick LA, Schwartz RS. Arterial calcification and not lumen stenosis is highly correlated with atherosclerotic plaque burden in humans: a histologic study of 723 coronary artery segments using nondecalcifying methodology. J Am Coll Cardioll 1998; 31:126-133. This histopathological study may explain the poor correlation of coronary calcium to stenosis in atherosclerotic disease, and contains an excellent discussion of the theory of vascular remodeling.
16. Rumberger JA, Simons DB, Fitzpatrick LA, Sheedy PF, Schwartz RS. Coronary artery calcium area by electron-beam computed tomography and coronary atherosclerotic plaque area: a histopathologic correlative study. Circulation 1995; 92:2157-2162.
17. Wexler L, Brundage B, Crouse J, Detrano R, Fuster V, Maddahi J, et al. Coronary artery calcification: pathophysiology, epidemiology, imaging methods, and clinical implications. A statement for health professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation 1996; 94:1175-1192.
18. Rumberger JA, Sheedy PF, Breen JF, Schwartz RS. Coronary calcium, as determined by electron beam computed tomography, and coronary disease in arteriogram: effect of patient's sex on diagnosis. Circulation 1995; 91:1363-1367.
19. Schmermund A, Baumgart D, Gorge G, Gronemeyer D, Seibel R, Bailey KR, et al. Measuring the effect of risk factors on coronary atherosclerosis: coronary calcium score versus angiographic disease severity. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 31:1267-1273. An excellent discussion of the potential clinical research application of EBCT for assessing the predictive value of developing and conventional CAD risk factors.
20. Guerci A, Spadaro LA, Goodman KJ, Lledo-Perez A, Newstein D, Lerner G, Arad Y. Comparison of electron beam computed tomography scanning and conventional risk factor assessment for the prediction of angiographic coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32:673-679. This study presents an argument for the superiority of EBCT over conventional risk factor assessment for predicting angiographic CAD.
21. Agatston AS, Janowitz WR, Kaplan GS, Lee D, Prashad R, Viamonte M, Lamas GA. Electon beam CT calcium predicts future coronary events. Circulation 1996; 94:360.
22. Arad Y, Spadaro LA, Goodman K, Lledo-Perez A, Sherman S, Lerner G, Guerci AD. Predictive value of electron beam computed tomography of the coronary arteries: 19-month follow-up of 1173 asymptomatic subjects. Circulation 1996; 93:1951-1953.
23. Secci A, Wong N, Tang W, Wang S, Doherty T, Detrano R. Electron beam computed tomographic coronary calcium as a predictor of coronary events. Comparison of two protocols. Circulation 1997; 96:1122-1129.
24. Moraghan T, Antoniucci DM, Grenert JP, Sieck GC, Johnson C, Miller VM, Fitzpatrick LA. Differential response in cell proliferation to beta-estradiol in coronary arterial vascular smooth muscle cells obtained from mature female versus male animals. Endocrinology 1996; 137:5174-5177.
25. Fitzpatrick LA, Sleck GC, Miller VM. Gender-related differences in atherosclerosis: differential effects of estrogens on proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Circulation 1998; 90:183.
26. Fitzpatrick LA. Gender-related differences in the development of atherosclerosis: studies at the cellular level. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1996; 23:267-269.
27. McLaughlin VV, Hoff JA, Rich S. Relation between hormone replacement therapy in women and coronary artery disease estimated by electron beam tomography. Am Heart J 1997; 134:1115-1119.
28. Shemesh J, Frenkel Y, Leibovitch L, Grossman E, Pines A, Motro M. Does hormone replacement therapy inhibit coronary artery calcification? Obstet Gynecol 1997; 89:989-992.
29. Jono S, Nishizawa Y, Shioi A, Morii H. Parathyroid hormone-related peptide as a local regulator of vascular calcification: its inhibitory action on in vitro calcification by bovine vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17:1135-1142.
30. Watson KE, Abrolat ML, Malone LL, Hoeg JM, Doherty T, Detrano R, Demer LL. Active serum vitamin D levels are inversely correlated with coronary calcification. Circulation 1997; 95:1755-1760.
31. Arad Y, Spadaro LA, Roth M, Scordo J, Goodman K, Sherman S, et al. Serum concentration of calcium, 1,25 vitamin D and parathyroid hormone are not correlated with coronary calcifications. An electron beam computed tomography study. Coronary Artery Dis 1998; 9:513-518. This small clinical EBCT study does not confirm Watson's 1997 finding of an inverse relationship of serum vitamin D levels and CAC.
32. Mohler ER, Adam LP, McClelland P. Detection of osteopontin in calcified human aortic valves. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17:547-552.
33. Sarig S, Weiss TA, Katz I, Kahana F, Azoury R, Okon E, Kruth HS. Detection of cholesterol associated with calcium mineral using confocal fluorescence microscopy. Lab Invest 1994; 71:762-787.
34. Srivatsa SS, Harrity PJ, Maercklein PB, Kleppe L, Veinot J, Edwards WD, et al. Increased cellular expression of matrix proteins that regulate mineralization is associated with calcification of native human and porcine xenograft bioprosthetic heart valves. J Clin Invest 1997; 99:996-1009.
35. Schoen FJ, Levy RJ, Piehler HR. Pathological considerations in replacement cardiac valves. Cardiovasc Pathol 1992; 1:29-52.
36. O'Keefe JH, Lavie CJ, Nishimura RA, Edwards WD. Degenerative aortic stenosis: one effect of the graying of America. Postgrad Med 1991; 89:143-154.
37. Lombard JT, Selzer A. Valvular aortic stenosis: clinical and hemodynamic profile of patients. Ann Intern Med 1987; 106:292-298.
38. Selzer A. Changing aspects of the natural history of valvular aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med 1987; 317:91-98.
39. Schoen FJ, Hobson CE. Anatomic analysis of removed prosthetic heart valves; causes of failure of 33 mechanical valves and 58 bioprosthesis, 1980 to 1983. Hum Pathol 1985; 16:549-559.
40. O'Brien KD, Kuusisto J, Reichenbach DD, Ferguson M, Giachelli C, Alpers CE, Otto CM. Osteopontin is expressed in human aortic valvular lesions. Circulation 1995; 92:2163-2168.
41. Levy RJ, Gundberg C, Sheinman R. The identification of the vitamin K-dependent-bone protein osteocalcin as one of the γ-carobxyglutamic acid containing proteins present in calcified atherosclerotic plaque and mineralized heart valves. Atherosclerosis 1983; 46:49-56.
42. Price PA, Faus SA, Williamson MK. Warfarin causes rapid calcification of the elastic lamellae in rat arteries and heart valves. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18:1400-1407. This study of MGP expression in warfarin-induced aortic and valvular calcification is interesting in the light of warfarin's association with CUA reported in reference [45].
43. Ribeiro S, Ramos A, Brandao A, Rebelo JR, Guerra A, Resina C. et al. Cardiac valve calcification in haemodialysis patients: role of calcium-phosphate metabolism. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13:2037-2040. A case-control study that correlates CVC with age and calcium-phosphate product.
44. Salguiera M, Jarava C, Alba RM, Armas JR, Areste N, Palma A, Milan JA. Valvular heart calcifications in hemodialysis patients: an analysis of predisposing factors. Nefrologia 1998; 18:221-226. This study documents the prevalence of CVC and associated clinical factors in 70 chronic hemodialysis patients.
45. Coates T, Kirkland GS, Dymock RB, Murphy BF, Brealey JK, Mathew TH, Disney APS. Cutaneous necrosis from calcific uremic arteriolopathy. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 32:384-391. This report of 16 cases discusses theories of pathogenesis and treatment of CUA.
46. Asirvatham S, Sebastian C, Sivaram CA, Kaufman C, Chandrasekaran K. Aortic valve involvement in calciphylaxis: uremic small artery disease with medial calcification and intimal hyperplasia. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 32:499-502. A case report of rapid aortic and aortic valve calcification in CUA.
47. Bleyer AJ, Choi M, Igwemezie B, de la Torre E, White WL. A case control study of proximal calciphylaxis. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 32:376-383. This autopsy study of proximal CUA identifies high body-mass index and low serum albumin as predictive factors.