Seismic, structural and petrological models of the subcrustal lithosphere in Southern Germany: A quantitative revaluation

Pure and Applied Geophysics

Volumn 156, Issue 1-2, 1999, Pages 53-81

  Weiss, T ^a   Siegesmund, S ^a,b   Bohlen, T ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

^b Geologisch Palaontologisches Institut Universitat Basel   (Switzerland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF KIEL   (Germany)

Author keywords

Compressional waves; Elastic properties; Peridotites; Seismic anisotropy; Shear waves; Uppermost mantle

Indexed keywords

LITHOSPHERIC STRUCTURE; PETROLOGY; SEISMIC ANISOTROPY; UPPER MANTLE;

GERMANY;

EID: 0033402430     PISSN: 00334553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s000240050289     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. ANDERSON, O. L., SCHREIBER, E., and LIEBERMANN, R. C. (1968), Some Elastic Constant Data on Minerals Relevant to Geophysics, Rev. Geophys. 6, 491-524.
2. ANSORGE, J., BONJER, K. P., and EMTER, D. (1979), Structure of the Uppermost Mantle from Long-range Seismic Observations in Southern Germany and the Rhinegraben Area. Tectonophysics 56, 31-48.
3. BABUŠKA, V., and CARA, M., Seismic Anisotropy in the Earth (Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht 1991).
4. BABUŠKA, V., PLOMEROVA, J., and SILENY, J. (1984), Spatial Variations of P Residuals and Deep Structures of the European Lithosphere, Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc. 79, 363-383.
5. BABUŠKA, V., PLOMEROVA, J., and SILENY, J. (1987), Structural model of the subcrustal lithosphere in central Europe. In Composition, Structure and Dynamics of the Lithosphere-asthenosphere System (eds. Fuchs, K., and Froidevaux, C.) (Am. Geophys. Un., Washington DC, 16, 1991) pp. 239-249.
6. BAMFORD, D. (1973) Refraction Data in Western Germany A Time-term Interpretation. J. Geophys. 39, 907-927.
7. n-velocity Anisotropy in a Continental Upper Mantle, Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc. 49, 29-48.
8. n-anisotropy Studies in Northern Britain and the Eastern and Western United States, Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc. 57, 397-439.
9. BLUNDELL, D., FREEMAN, R., and MUELLER, S., A Continent Revealed - The European Geotraverse (Atlas Map 13 Heat-Flow Density, Cambridge University Press 1992).
10. BORMANN, P., BURGHARDT, P.-T., MAKEYEVA, L. I., and VINNIK, L. P. (1993), teleseismic shearwave splitting and deformations in Central Europe, Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 78, 157-166.
11. BORMANN, P., GRÜNTHAL, G., KIND, R., and MONTAG, H. (1996), Upper Mantle Anisotropy beneath Central Europe from SKS Ware Splitting: Effects of Absolute Plate Motion and Lithosphere-asthenosphere Boundary Topography?, J. Geodynamics 22 (1-2), 11-32.
12. BREY, G. (1977), Origin of Olivine Melilitites - Chemical and Experimental Constraints, J. Volc. Geotherm. Res. 3, 61-88.
13. ČERMAK, V., and BODRI, L. (1993), Three-dimensional Deep Temperature Modelling along the European Geotraverse, Tectonophysics 244, 1-11.
14. CHASTEL, Y. B., DAWSON, P. R., WENK, H. R., and BENNETT, K. (1993), Anisotropic Convection with Implications for the Upper Mantle, J. Geophys. Res. 98 (B10), 17,757-17,771.
15. CHESNOKOV, Y. M., and NEVSKIG, M. V. (1977), Seismic Anisotropy Investigation in the USSR, Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc. 49, 115-121.
16. CHRISTENSEN, N. I., and LUNDQUIST, S. M. (1982), Pyroxene Orientation within the Upper Mantle, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 93, 279-288.
17. CHRISTENSEN, N. I., and RAMANANTOANDRO, R. (1971), Elastic Moduli and Anisotropy of Dunite to 10 Kilobars, J. Geophys. Res. 76, 4003-4010.
18. CHRISTENSEN, N. I. (1979), Compressioinal Wave Velocities in Rocks at High Temperatures and Pressures, Critical Thermal Gradients, and Crustal Low-velocity Zones, J. Geophys. Res. 84 (B12), 6849-6857.
19. CHRISTENSEN, N. I. (1984), The Magnitude Symmetry and Origin of Upper Mantle Anisotropy Based on Fabric Analysis of Ultramafic Tectonites, Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc. 76, 89-111.
20. CRAMPIN, S. (1981), A Review of Wave Motion in Anisotropic and Cracked Elastic Media, Wave Motion 3, 343-391.
21. CROSSON, R. S., and LIN, J. W. (1971), Voigt and Reuss Prediction of Anisotropic Elasticity of Olivine, J. Geophys. Res. 76, 570-578.
22. EDEL, J. B., FUCHS, K., GELBKE, C., and PRODEHL, C. (1975), Deep Structure of the Southern Rhinegraben Area from Seismic Refraction Investigations, J. Geophys. 41 (4), 333-356.
23. ENDERLE, U., MECHIE, J., SOBOLEV, S., and FUCHS, K. (1996), Seismic Anisotropy within the Uppermost Mantle of Southern Germany. Geophys. J. Int. 125, 747-767.
24. FRANCIS, D. M. (1978), The Implications of the Compositional Dependence of Texture in Spinel Lherzolite Xenoliths, J. Geol. 86, 473-485.
25. FRISILLO, A. L., and BARSCH, G. R. (1972), Measurement of Single-crystal Elastic Constants of Bronzite as a Function of Pressure and Temperature, J. Geophys. Res. 77, 6360-6383.
26. FUCHS, K. (1983), Recently Formed Elastic Anisotropy and Petrological Models for the Continental Subcrustal Lithosphere in Southern Germany, Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 31, 93-118.
27. GAJEWSKI, D., and PRODEHL, C. (1985), Crustal Structure beneath the Swabian Jura, SW Germany, from Seismic Refraction Investigations, J. Geophys. 56 (2), 69-80.
28. GAJEWSKI, D., and PRODEHL, C. (1987), Seismic Refraction Investigation of the Black Forest, Tectonophysics 142 (1), 27-48.
29. GAJEWSKI, D., and PSENČIK, I. (1990), Vertical Seismic Profile Synthetics by Dynamic Ray Tracing in Laterally Varying Anisotropic Structures, J. Geophys. Res. 95, 11,301-11,315.
30. GIESE, P., and PAVLENKOVA, N. J., Map 21,1. Europe west-depth of crust-mantle boundary, 1:5000000. In Geothermal Atlas of Europe (eds. Hurtig. E. Čermak, V., Haenel, R., and Zui, V. I.) (Hermann Haack-Verlagsanstalt GmbH, Gotha 1991).
31. GLAHN, A., SACHS, P. M., and ACHAUER, U. (1992), A Teleseismic and Petrological Study of the Crust and Upper Mantle beneath the Geothermal Anomaly Urach/SW-Germany, Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 69 (3-4), 176-206.
32. HAENEL, R., Geothermal investigations in the Rhenish Massif. In Plateau Uplift: The Rhenish Shield: A Case History (eds. Fuchs, K., von-Gehlen, K., Maelzer, H., Murawski, H., and Semmel, A.) (Springer Verlag, Berlin 1983) pp. 228-246.
33. HARTMANN, G., and WEDEPOHL, K. H. (1990), Metasomatically Altered Peridotite Xenoliths from the Hessian Depressian (Northwest Germany), Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 54, 71-82.
34. HARTMANN, G., and WEDEPOHL, K. H. (1993), The Composition of Peridotite Tectonites from the Ivrea Complex, Northern Italy: Residues from Melt Extraction, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57 (8), 1761-1782.
35. HESS, H. H. (1964), Seismic Anisotropy of the Uppermost Mantle under Oceans, Nature 203, 629-631.
36. HIRTH, G., and KOHLSTEDT, D. L. (1995), Experimental Constraints on the Dynamics of the Partially Molten Upper Mantle 2. Deformation in the Dislocation Creep Regime, J. Geophys. Res. 100 (B8), 15,441-15,449.
37. ISAAK, D. G. (1992), High Temperature Elasticity of Iron-bearing Olivines, J. Geophys. Res. 97 (B5), 1871-1885.
38. JI, S., ZHAO, X., and FRANCIS, D. (1994), Calibration of Shear-wave Splitting in the Subcontinental Upper Mantle beneath Active Orogenic Belts Using Ultramafic Xenoliths from the Canadian Cordillera and Alaska, Tectonophysics 239, 1-27.
39. JIN, D., KARATO, S. I., and OBATA, M. (1998), Mechanisms of Shear Localization in the Continental Lithosphere: Inference from the Deformation Microstructures of Peridotites from the Ivrea Zone, Northwestern Italy, J. Struct. Geol. 20/2-3, 195-209.
40. KARATO, S. I., Seismic anisotropy due to lattice preferred orientation of minerals: kinematic or dynamic? In High Pressure Research in Mineral Physics (eds Manghnani, M. Y., and Syono, Y.) (Geophysical Monograph. 39, American Geophysical Union, Washington DC 1987).
41. KARATO, S. I. (1988), The Role of Recrystallization in the Preferred Orientation of Olivine, Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 51, 107-122.
42. KUMAZAWA, M., and ANDERSON, O. L. (1969), Elastic Moduli, Pressure Derivatives and Temperature Derivatives of Single-crystal Olivine and Single-crystal Forsterite, J. Geophys. Res. 74, 5311-5320.
43. LEVIEN, L., WEIDNER, D. J., and PREWITT, C. T. (1979), Elasticity of Diopside, Phys. Chem. Min. 4 (2), 105-113.
44. MAINPRICE, D., and HUMBERT, M. (1993), Methods of calculating petrophysical properties from lattice preferred orientation data. In Seismic Properties of Crustal and Mantle Rocks: Laboratory Measurements and Theoretical Calculations (ed. Burlini, L.) (Surveys in Geophysics 15(5), D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht-Boston 1994) pp. 575-592.
45. MAINPRICE, D., and SILVER, P. G. (1993), Interpretation of SKS-waves Using Samples from the Subcontinental Lithosphere, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 78, 257-280.
46. MENZIES, M. A., and BODINIER, J. L. (1993), Growth of the European Lithospheric Mantle: Dependence of Upper-mantle Peridotite Facies and Chemical Heterogeneity on Tectonites and Age, Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 79, 219-240.
47. MERCIER, J. C., and NICOLAS, A. (1975), Textures and Fabrics of Upper Mantle Peridotites as Illustrated by Xenoliths from Basalts, J. Petrol. 16, 454-487.
48. MERCIER, J. C. (1985), Olivines and pyroxenes. In Preferred Orientation in Deformed Minerals and Rocks: An Introduction to Modern Texture Analysis (ed. Wenk, H. R.) (Academic Press, Orlando, United States 1985) pp. 407-430.
49. MONTAGNER, J. P., and ANDERSON, D. L. (1989), Constrained Reference Mantle Model, Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 58 (2-3), 205-227.
50. MONTAGNER, J.-P., and TANIMOTO, T. (1991), Global Upper Mantle Tomography of Seismic Velocities and Anisotropy, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 20,337-20,351.
51. MÜLLER, S., and PANZA, G. G. (1984), The lithosphere-asthenosphere system in Europe. In First EGT Workshop: The Northern Segment (eds. Galson, D. A., Mueller, S., and Munch. B.) (European Science Foundation, Strasbourg 1984) pp. 23-26.
52. NICOLAS, A., BOUDIER, F., and BOULLIER, A. M. (1973), Mechanisms of Flow in Naturally and Experimentally Deformed Peridotites, Am. J. Sci. 273, 853-876.
53. NICOLAS, A., and CHRISTENSEN, N. I. (1987), Formation of anisotropy in upper mantle peridotites: a review. In Composition, Structure and Dynamics of the Lithosphere-asthenosphere System (eds. Fuchs, K., and Froidevaux, C.) (Geodynamics Series. 16, American Geophysical Union. Washington DC, United States 1987) pp. 11-123.
54. NICOLAS, A., Structures of ophiolites and dynamics of oceanic lithosphere (Kluwer Academic: Petrology and Structural Geology 4, 1989).
55. Nicolas, A., The Mid-oceanic Ridges: Mountains below Sea Level (Springer Verlag, Berlin-New York-Heidelberg 1995).
56. OEHM, J., SCHNEIDER, A., and WEDEPOHL, K. H. (1983), Upper Mantle Rocks from Basalts of the Northern Hessian Depression, Tscherm. Min. Petr. Mitt. 32, 25-48.
57. PESELNICK, L., NICOLAS, A., and STEVENSON, P. R. (1974), Velocity Anisotropy in a Mantle Peridotite from the Ivrea Zone: Application to Upper Mantle Anisotropy, J. Geophys. Res. 79, 1175-1182.
58. PLENEFISCH, T., and BONJER, K. P. (1995), The stress tensor in the Rhine Graben area derived from earthquake focal mechanisms. In Seismotectonics and Seismic Hazard in the Roer Valley Graben; With Emphasis on the Roermond Earthquake of April 13, 1992 (eds. van-Eck, T. and Davenport, C. A.). Geol. en Mijnbouw, 73(2-4), 169-172.
59. n, Phases in the Area of the Upper Rhinegraben and Northern Switzerland, Geophys. J. Int. 119, 402-420.
60. POLLACK, H. N., and CHAPMAN, D. S. (1977), On the Regional Variation of Heat Flow, Geotherms and Lithospheric Thickness, Tectonophysics 38, 279-296.
61. PRESS, S., WITT, G., SECK, H. A., EONOV, D., and KOVALENKO, V. I. (1986), Spinel Peridotite Xenoliths from the Tariat Depression, Mongolia: I. Major Element Chemistry and Mineralogy of a Primitive Mantle Xenoliths Suite, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 50, 2587-2599.
62. RINGWOOD, A. E. (1973), Phase Transformations and their Bearing on the Dynamics of the Mantle, Fortschr. Min. 50, 113-139.
63. SACHS, P. M. (1988), Untersuchungen zum Stoffbestand der tieferen Lithosphäre an Xenolithen südwestdeutscher Vulkane, Ber. Inst. Geophys. Univ. Stuttgart, 249 pp.
64. SAVAGE, M. K., and SILVER, P. G. (1993), Mantle Deformation and Tectonics: Constraints from Seismic Anisotropy in the Western United States, Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 78, 207-227.
65. SIEGESMUND, S., VOLLBRECHT, A., CHLUPAC, T., NOVER, G., DÜRRAST, H., MÜLLER, J., and WEBER, K. (1993), Fabric Controlled Anisotropy of Petrophysical Properties Observed in KTB Core Samples, Scientific Drilling 4, 31-54.
66. SIEGESMUND, S., HELMIG, K., and KRUSE, R. (1994), Complete Texture Analysis of a Deformed Amphibolite: Comparison between Neutron Diffraction and U-stage Data, J. Struct. Geol. 16, 131-142.
67. SIEGESMUND, S. (1996), The Significance of Rock Fabrics for the Geological Interpretation of Geophysical Anisotropies, Geotekt. Forsch. 85, 1-123.
68. SILVER, P. G., and CHAN, W. (1991), Shear-wave Splitting and Subcontinental Mantle Deformation, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 16,429-16,454.
69. SILVER, P. G., and KANESHIMA, S. (1993), Constraints on Mantle Anisotropy beneath Pre-Cambrian North America from a Transportable Teleseismic Experiments, Geophys. Res. Lett. 20 (12), 1127-1130.
70. SKROTZKI, W., Mechanisms of texture development in rocks. In Textures of Geological Materials (eds. Bunge, H. J., Siegesmund, S., Skrotzki, W. and Weber, K.) (DGM Informationsgesellschaft Verlag, Oberursel 1994) pp. 167-186.
71. SKROTZKI, W., WEDEL, A., and WEBER, K. (1992), Microstructure and Texture in Peridotites from the Balmuccia Massif (NW-Italy), Geotekt. Forsch. 78, 55-88.
72. SKROTZKI, W., WEDEL, A., WEBER, K., and MÜLLER, W. F. (1990), Microstructure and Texture in Lherzolites of the Balmuccia Massif and their Significance Regarding the Thermomechanical History, Tectonophysics 179, 227-251.
73. TAKESHITA, T., WENK, H. R., CANOVOA, G, R., and MOLINARI, A., Simulation of dislocation-assisted plastic deformation in olivine polycrystals. In Deformation Processes in Minerals, Ceramics and Rocks (eds. Barber, D. J. and Meredith, P. G.) (Unwin Hyman. London, United Kingdom 1990) pp. 365-374.
74. TAYLOR, G. I. (1923), The Motion of Ellipsoidal Particles in a Viscous Fluid, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A. 103, 58-61.
75. n Velocity Anisotropy in Southern California, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 71, 1511-1530.
76. VINNIK, L. P., KRISHNA, V. G., KIND, R., BORMAN, P., and STAMMLER, K. (1994), Shear-wave Splitting in the Records of the German Regional Seismic Network, Geophys. Res. Lett. 21 (6), 457-460.
77. VINNIK, L. P., GREEN, R. W. E., and NICOLAYSEN, L. O. (1995), Recent Deformations of the Deep Continental Root Beneath Southern Africa, Nature 375, 50-52.
78. VINNIK, L. P. (1997), Seismic Anisotropy and Mantle Flow, Geowissenschaften 15, 100-104.
79. VOIGT, W., Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Teubner Verlag. Leipzig 1928).
80. WEDEL, A. (1990), Mikrostruktur und Texturuntersuchungen an Peridotiteinschlüssen in Basalten der Hessischen Senke, Göttinger Arb. Geo. Paläont. 45, 63 pp.
81. WEDEL, A., SKROTZKI, W., and WEBER, K. (1992), Microstructure and Texture in Peridotite Xenoliths from the Hessian Depression, Geotekt. Forsch. 78, 89-125.
82. WENK, H. R., BENNET, K., CANOVA, G. R., and MOLINARI, A. (1991), Modelling Plastic Deformation of Peridotite with the Self-consistent Theory, J. Geophys. Res. 96 (B5), 8337-8349.
83. WERNER, D., and KAHLE, H. G. (1980), A Geophysical Study of the Rhinegraben. Kinematics and Geothermics, Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc. 62, 617-630.
84. ZEIS, S., GAJEWSKI, D., and PRODEHL, C. (1990), Crustal Structure of Southern Germany from Seismic Refraction Data, Tectonophysics 176 (1-2), 59-86.
85. ZHANG, S., and KARATO, S. I. (1995), Lattice Preferred Orientation of Olivine Aggregates Deformed in Simple Shear, Nature 375, 774-777.