Contribution of cognitive abilities to performance and improvement on a substitution coding task

Psychology and Aging

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 539-551

  Piccinin, Andrea M ^b   Rabbitt, Patrick M A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^b PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; AGING; ARTICLE; CODING; COGNITION; GROWTH CURVE; HUMAN; MEMORY; MODEL; NORMAL HUMAN; TASK PERFORMANCE;

EID: 0033402346     PISSN: 08827974     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0882-7974.14.4.539     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Ackerman, P. L. (1986). Individual differences in information processing: An investigation of intellectual abilities and task performance during practice. Intelligence, 10, 101-139.
2. Ackerman, P. L. (1987). Individual differences in skill learning: An integration of psychometric and information processing perspectives. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 3-27.
3. Ackerman, P. L. (1988). Determinants of individual differences during skill acquisition: Cognitive abilities and information processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 117, 288-318.
4. Adams, J. A. (1989). Historical background and appraisal of research on individual differences in learning. In R. Kanfer, P. L. Ackerman, & R. Cudeck (Eds.), Abilities, motivation, and methodology: The Minnesota Symposium on Learning and Individual Differences (pp. 3-22). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
5. Beres, C. A., & Baron, A. (1981). Improved digit symbol substitution by older women as a result of extended practice. Journal of Gerontology, 36, 591-597.
6. Birren, J. E. (1964). The psychology of aging. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
7. Brinley, J. F. (1965). Cognitive sets, speed and accuracy of performance in the elderly. In A. T. Welford & J. E. Birren (Eds.), Behavior, aging and the nervous system (pp. 114-149). Springfield, IL: Thomas.
8. Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1989). Single sample cross-validation indices for covariance structures. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 24, 445-455.
9. Browne, M. W., & Du Toit, S. H. C. (1991). Models for learning data. In L. M. Collins & J. L. Horn (Eds.), Best methods for the analysis of change (pp. 47-68). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
10. Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1987). Application of hierarchical linear models to assessing change. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 147-158.
11. Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
12. Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81-105.
13. Carroll, J. B. (1993). Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor analytic studies. New York: Cambridge University Press.
14. Cattell, R. B. (1963). Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: A critical experiment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 54, 1-22.
15. Cattell, R. B., & Cattell, A. K. S. (1960). Culture Fair Test (Scale 3). Champaign, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing.
16. Charness, N., & Schultetus, S. (1998, April). Eye movements and digit-symbol performance. Poster session presented at the biennial Cognitive Aging Conference, Atlanta, GA.
17. Delaney, P. F., Reder, L. M., Staszewski, J. J., & Ritter, F. E. (1998). The strategy-specific nature of improvement: The power law applies by strategy within task. Psychological Science, 9, 1-7.
18. Ekstrom, R. B., French, J. W., & Harman, H. H. (1976). Kit of factor-referenced cognitive tests. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.
19. Erber, J. T. (1976). Age differences in learning and memory on a digit-symbol substitution task. Experimental Aging Research, 2, 45-53.
20. Erber, J. T., Botwinick, J., & Storandt, M. (1981). The impact of memory on age differences in digit symbol performance. Journal of Gerontology, 36, 586-590.
21. Eysenck, H. J. (1987). Speed of information processing, reaction time, and the theory of intelligence. In P. A. Vernon (Ed.), Speed of information processing and intelligence (pp. 21-67). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
22. Fleishman, E. A. (1972). On the relation between abilities, learning, and human performance. American Psychologist, 27, 1017-1032.
23. Fleishman, E. A., & Hempell, W. E. (1954). Factorial analysis of complex psychomotor performance and related skills. Journal of Applied Psychology, 19, 96-104.
24. Grant, E. A., Storandt, M., & Botwinick, J. (1978). Incentive and practice in the psychomotor performance of the elderly. Journal of Gerontology, 33, 413-415.
25. Hertzog, C. (1989). Influences of cognitive slowing on age differences in intelligence. Developmental Psychology, 25, 636-651.
26. Horn, J. L., Donaldson, G., & Engstrom, R. (1981). Apprehension, memory, and fluid intelligence decline in adulthood. Research on Aging, 3, 33-84.
27. Humphreys, L. G. (1960). Investigation of the simplex. Psychometrika, 25, 313-323.
28. Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1989). LISREL 7: A guide to the program and applications. Mooresville, IN: Scientific Software.
29. Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1994). LISREL 8: A guide to the program and applications. Mooresville, IN: Scientific Software.
30. Kyllonen, P. C., & Woltz, D. J. (1989). Role of cognitive factors in the acquisition of cognitive skill. In R. Kanfer, P. L. Ackerman, & R. Cudeck (Eds.), Abilities, motivation, and methodology (pp. 238-280). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
31. Laux, L. F., & Lane, D. M. (1985). Information processing components of substitution test performance. Intelligence, 9, 111-136.
32. Lindenberger, U., & Baltes, P. B. (1997). Intellectual functioning in old and very old age: Cross-sectional results from the Berlin Aging Study. Psychology and Aging, 12, 410-432.
33. Lindenberger, U., Mayr, U., & Kliegl, R. (1993). Speed and intelligence in old age. Psychology and Aging, 8, 207-220.
34. Marsh, H. W., Craven, R. G., & Debus, R. (1991). Self-concepts of young children 5 to 8 years of age: Measurement and multidimensional structure. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83, 377-392.
35. McArdle, J. J. (1988). Dynamic but structural equation modeling of repeated measures data. In J. R. Nesselroade & R. B. Cattell (Eds.), The handbook of multivariate experimental psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 561-564). New York: Plenum Press.
36. McArdle, J. J. (1989). A structural modeling experiment with multiple growth functions. In R. Kanfer, P. L. Ackerman, & R. Cudeck (Eds.), Abilities, motivation & methodology: The Minnesota Symposium on Learning and Individual Differences (pp. 71-117). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
37. McArdle, J. J., & Aber, M. S. (1990). Patterns of change within latent variable structural equation models. In A. von Eye (Ed.), Statistical methods in longitudinal research: Vol. I. Principles and structuring change (pp. 151-224). New York: Academic Press.
38. McArdle, J. J., & Anderson, E. (1990). Latent variable growth models for research on aging. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (3rd ed., pp. 21-44). New York: Academic Press.
39. McArdle, J. J., & Epstein, D. (1987). Latent growth curves within developmental structural equation models. Child Development, 58, 110-133.
40. McArdle, J. J., & Hamagami, F. (1991). Modeling incomplete longitudinal and cross-sectional data using latent growth structural models. In L. M. Collins and J. L. Horn (Eds.), Best methods for the analysis of change (pp. 276-304). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
41. McArdle, J. J., & Hamagami, F. (1996). Multilevel models from a multiple group structural equation perspective. In G. A. Marcoulides & R. E. Schumacker (Eds.), Advanced structural equation modeling: Issues and techniques (pp. 89-124). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
42. Newell, A., & Rosenbloom, P. S. (1981). Mechanisms of skill acquisition and the power law of practice. In J. R. Anderson (Ed.), Cognitive skills and their acquisition (pp. 1-55). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
43. Rabbitt, P., Donlan, C., Bent, N., McInnes, L., & Abson, V. (1993). The University of Manchester Age and Cognitive Performance Research Centre and the North East Age Research Longitudinal Programmes, 1982 to 1997. Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie, 26, 176-183.
44. Salthouse, T. A. (1978). The role of memory in the age decline in digit-symbol substitution performance. Journal of Gerontology, 33, 232-238.
45. Salthouse, T. A. (1985). Speed of behavior and its implications for cognition. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.). Handbook of the psychology of aging (2nd ed., pp. 400-426). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
46. Salthouse, T. A. (1991). Theoretical perspectives on cognitive aging. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
47. Salthouse, T. A. (1992). What do adult age differences in the Digit Symbol Substitution Test reflect? Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 47, 121-128.
48. Salthouse, T. A. (1993). Speed mediation of adult age differences in cognition. Developmental Psychology, 29, 722-738.
49. Salthouse, T. A., Letz, R., & Hooisma, J. (1994). Causes and consequences of age-related slowing in speeded substitution performance. Developmental Neuropsychology, 10, 203-214.
50. Savage, D. (1984). Alphabet Coding Task-15. Unpublished manuscript, Murdock University, Western Australia.
51. Scialfa, C. T., & Joffe, K. M. (1997). Age differences in feature and conjunction search: Implications for theories of visual search and generalized slowing. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 4, 227-246.
52. Scialfa, C. T., & Joffe, K. M. (1998). Response times and eye movements in feature and conjunction search as a function of target eccentricity. Perception and Psychophysics, 60, 1067-1082.
53. Steiger, J. H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An internal estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 173-180.
54. Storandt, M. (1976). Speed and coding effects in relation to age and ability level. Developmental Psychology, 12, 177-178.
55. Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38, 1-10.
56. Vernon, P. A. (1987). New developments in reaction time research. In P. A. Vernon (Ed.), Speed of information processing and intelligence (pp. 1-20). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
57. Vernon, P. E. (1950). The structure of hitman abilities. London: Methuen.
58. Wechsler, D. (1949). Manual for the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. New York: Psychological Corporation.
59. Wechsler, D. (1955). Manual: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. New York: Psychological Corporation.
60. Wechsler, D. (1981). Manual: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Revised. New York: Psychological Corporation.
61. Willett, J. B. (1989). Questions and answers in the measurement of change. In L. L. Rothkopf (Ed.), Review of Research in Education, 15, 345-422.
62. Willett, J. B., & Sayer, A. G. (1994). Using covariance structure analysis to detect correlations and predictors of individual change over time. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 363-381.
63. Willoughby, R. R. (1929). Incidental learning. The Journal of Educational Psychology, 20, 671-682.
64. Willoughby, R. R. (1930). Incidental learning. The Journal of Educational Psychology, 21, 12-23.
65. Woodrow, H. (1938). The relation between abilities and improvement with practice. Journal of Educational Psychology, 29, 215-230.
66. Woodrow, H. (1946). The ability to learn. Psychological Review, 53, 147-158.