메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 135, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 411-423

Population structure of the widely dispersing marine bryozoan Membranipora membranacea (Cheilostomata): Implications for population history, biogeography, and taxonomy

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALLELE; ALLOENZYME; ATLANTIC OCEAN; GENE FLOW; GENE LOCUS; GENETIC DISTANCE; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; MITOCHONDRIAL DNA; PACIFIC OCEAN; PHENOTYPE; PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY; POPULATION STRUCTURE; TAXONOMY; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0033400473     PISSN: 00253162     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s002270050642     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (47)

References (65)
  • 1
    • 0000729407 scopus 로고
    • The cyphonautes larvae of the Plymouth area and the Metamorphosis of membranipora membranacea (L.)
    • Atkins J (1955) The cyphonautes larvae of the Plymouth area and the metamorphosis of Membranipora membranacea (L.). J mar biol Ass UK 34: 442-449
    • (1955) J Mar Biol Ass UK , vol.34 , pp. 442-449
    • Atkins, J.1
  • 2
    • 0002109904 scopus 로고
    • A comparative summary of genetic distances in vertebrates
    • Avise JC, Aquadro CF (1982) A comparative summary of genetic distances in vertebrates. Evolutionary Biol 15: 151-185
    • (1982) Evolutionary Biol , vol.15 , pp. 151-185
    • Avise, J.C.1    Aquadro, C.F.2
  • 3
    • 0016312051 scopus 로고
    • Genetic differentiation during the speciation process in Drosophila
    • Ayala FJ, Tracey ML, Hedgecock D, Richmond RC (1973) Genetic differentiation during the speciation process in Drosophila. Evolution 28: 576-592
    • (1973) Evolution , vol.28 , pp. 576-592
    • Ayala, F.J.1    Tracey, M.L.2    Hedgecock, D.3    Richmond, R.C.4
  • 4
    • 0027047526 scopus 로고
    • Recent invasions of the Gulf of Maine: Three contrasting ecological histories
    • Berman J, Harris L, Lambert W, Buttrick M, Dufresne M (1992) Recent invasions of the Gulf of Maine: three contrasting ecological histories. Conserv Biol 6: 435-441
    • (1992) Conserv Biol , vol.6 , pp. 435-441
    • Berman, J.1    Harris, L.2    Lambert, W.3    Buttrick, M.4    Dufresne, M.5
  • 5
    • 0001299718 scopus 로고
    • Transoceanic and interoceanic dispersal of coastal marine organisms: The biology of ballast water
    • Carlton JT (1985) Transoceanic and interoceanic dispersal of coastal marine organisms: the biology of ballast water. Oceanogr mar Biol A Rev 23: 313-371
    • (1985) Oceanogr Mar Biol A Rev , vol.23 , pp. 313-371
    • Carlton, J.T.1
  • 6
    • 0027143593 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative genetics of bryozoan phenotypic evolution. I. Rate tests for random change versus selection in differentiation of living species
    • Cheetham AH, Jackson JBC, Hayeck LC (1993) Quantitative genetics of bryozoan phenotypic evolution. I. Rate tests for random change versus selection in differentiation of living species. Evolution 47: 1526-1538
    • (1993) Evolution , vol.47 , pp. 1526-1538
    • Cheetham, A.H.1    Jackson, J.B.C.2    Hayeck, L.C.3
  • 7
    • 0028165403 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative genetics of bryozoan phenotypic evolution. II. Analysis of selection and random change in fossil species using reconstructed genetic parameters
    • Cheetham AH, Jackson JBC, Hayeck LC (1994) Quantitative genetics of bryozoan phenotypic evolution. II. Analysis of selection and random change in fossil species using reconstructed genetic parameters. Evolution 48: 360-375
    • (1994) Evolution , vol.48 , pp. 360-375
    • Cheetham, A.H.1    Jackson, J.B.C.2    Hayeck, L.C.3
  • 8
    • 0028894145 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative genetics of bryozoan phenotypic evolution. III. Phenotypic plasticity and the maintenance of genetic variation
    • Cheetham AH, Jackson JBC, Hayeck LC (1995) Quantitative genetics of bryozoan phenotypic evolution. III. Phenotypic plasticity and the maintenance of genetic variation. Evolution 49: 290-296
    • (1995) Evolution , vol.49 , pp. 290-296
    • Cheetham, A.H.1    Jackson, J.B.C.2    Hayeck, L.C.3
  • 9
    • 0002047502 scopus 로고
    • Speciation and its ontology: The empirical consequences of alternative species concepts for understanding patterns and process of differentiation
    • Otte D, Endler JA (eds) Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts
    • Cracraft J (1989) Speciation and its ontology: the empirical consequences of alternative species concepts for understanding patterns and process of differentiation. In: Otte D, Endler JA (eds) Speciation and its consequences. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts, pp 28-59
    • (1989) Speciation and Its Consequences , pp. 28-59
    • Cracraft, J.1
  • 10
    • 0029666913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nestmate relatedness in a communal bee, Perdita texana (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) based on DNA fingerprinting
    • Danforth BN, Neff JL, Baretto-Ko P (1996) Nestmate relatedness in a communal bee, Perdita texana (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). based on DNA fingerprinting. Evolution 50: 276-284
    • (1996) Evolution , vol.50 , pp. 276-284
    • Danforth, B.N.1    Neff, J.L.2    Baretto-Ko, P.3
  • 11
    • 0002508331 scopus 로고
    • Cenozoic migrations of marine invertebrates through the Bering Strait region
    • Hopkins DM (ed) Stanford University Press, Stanford, California
    • Durham JW, MacNeil FS (1967) Cenozoic migrations of marine invertebrates through the Bering Strait region. In: Hopkins DM (ed) The Bering land bridge. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, pp 326-349
    • (1967) The Bering Land Bridge , pp. 326-349
    • Durham, J.W.1    MacNeil, F.S.2
  • 12
    • 0028528103 scopus 로고
    • DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates
    • Folmer O, Black M, Lutz R, Vrijenhoek R (1994) DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molec mar Biol Biotechnol 3: 294-299
    • (1994) Molec Mar Biol Biotechnol , vol.3 , pp. 294-299
    • Folmer, O.1    Black, M.2    Lutz, R.3    Vrijenhoek, R.4
  • 13
    • 0002217604 scopus 로고
    • The ecology of Jamaican coral reefs. I. Species composition and zonation
    • Goreau TF (1959) The ecology of Jamaican coral reefs. I. Species composition and zonation. Ecology 40: 67-90
    • (1959) Ecology , vol.40 , pp. 67-90
    • Goreau, T.F.1
  • 14
    • 0342313019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FSTAT, a program for IBM PC compatibles to calculate Weir and Cockerham's (1984) estimators of F-statistics (version 2.3, in beta testing stage)
    • Available from the author, Institut de Zoologie et d'Ecologie Animale, Université de Lausanne. CH-1015 Dorigny, Switzerland
    • Goudet J (1998) FSTAT, a program for IBM PC compatibles to calculate Weir and Cockerham's (1984) estimators of F-statistics (Version 2.3, in beta testing stage). Available from the author, Institut de Zoologie et d'Ecologie Animale, B'timent de Biologie, Université de Lausanne. CH-1015 Dorigny, Switzerland
    • (1998) B'timent de Biologie
    • Goudet, J.1
  • 15
    • 0024231461 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of Atlantic and Pacific cod: Loss of genetic variation and gene expression in Pacific cod
    • Grant WS, Ståhl G (1988) Evolution of Atlantic and Pacific cod: loss of genetic variation and gene expression in Pacific cod. Evolution 42: 138-146
    • (1988) Evolution , vol.42 , pp. 138-146
    • Grant, W.S.1    Ståhl, G.2
  • 16
    • 0342313018 scopus 로고
    • Biochemical population genetics of Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) and comparison with Atlantic halibut (H. Hippoglossus)
    • Grant WS, Teel DJ, Kobayashi T, Schmitt C (1984) Biochemical population genetics of Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) and comparison with Atlantic halibut (H. hippoglossus). Can J Fish aquat Sciences 44: 490-498
    • (1984) Can J Fish Aquat Sciences , vol.44 , pp. 490-498
    • Grant, W.S.1    Teel, D.J.2    Kobayashi, T.3    Schmitt, C.4
  • 17
    • 0000112751 scopus 로고
    • Molecular changes at speciation
    • Harrison RG (1991) Molecular changes at speciation. A Rev Ecol Syst 22: 281-308
    • (1991) A Rev Ecol Syst , vol.22 , pp. 281-308
    • Harrison, R.G.1
  • 19
    • 0000234727 scopus 로고
    • Predator-induced defense in a marine bryozoan
    • Harvell CD (1984) Predator-induced defense in a marine bryozoan. Science 224: 1357-1359
    • (1984) Science , vol.224 , pp. 1357-1359
    • Harvell, C.D.1
  • 20
    • 0000730767 scopus 로고
    • The ecology and evolution of inducible defenses in a marine bryozoan: Cues, costs and consequences
    • Harvell CD (1986) The ecology and evolution of inducible defenses in a marine bryozoan: cues, costs and consequences. Am Nat 128: 810-823
    • (1986) Am Nat , vol.128 , pp. 810-823
    • Harvell, C.D.1
  • 21
    • 0026287221 scopus 로고
    • Coloniality and inducible polymorphism
    • Harvell CD (1991) Coloniality and inducible polymorphism. Am Nat 138: 1-14
    • (1991) Am Nat , vol.138 , pp. 1-14
    • Harvell, C.D.1
  • 22
    • 2642706655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic variation and polymorphism in the inducible spines of a marine bryozoan
    • Harvell CD (1998) Genetic variation and polymorphism in the inducible spines of a marine bryozoan. Evolution 52: 80-86
    • (1998) Evolution , vol.52 , pp. 80-86
    • Harvell, C.D.1
  • 23
    • 0025527894 scopus 로고
    • Inducible morphology, heterochrony, and size hierarchies in a colonial monoculture
    • Harvell CD, Padilla DK (1990) Inducible morphology, heterochrony, and size hierarchies in a colonial monoculture. Proc natn Acad Sci USA 87: 508-512
    • (1990) Proc Natn Acad Sci USA , vol.87 , pp. 508-512
    • Harvell, C.D.1    Padilla, D.K.2
  • 24
    • 0025205398 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary significance of morphospecies: A test with cheilostome bryozoa
    • Jackson JBC, Cheetham AH (1990) Evolutionary significance of morphospecies: a test with cheilostome Bryozoa. Science 248: 579-583
    • (1990) Science , vol.248 , pp. 579-583
    • Jackson, J.B.C.1    Cheetham, A.H.2
  • 25
    • 0027332730 scopus 로고
    • Sibling species in the sea
    • Knowlton N (1993) Sibling species in the sea. A Rev Ecol Syst 24: 189-216
    • (1993) A Rev Ecol Syst , vol.24 , pp. 189-216
    • Knowlton, N.1
  • 26
    • 0028008969 scopus 로고
    • New taxonomy and niche partitioning on coral reefs: Jack of all trades or master of some?
    • Knowlton N, Jackson JBC (1994) New taxonomy and niche partitioning on coral reefs: jack of all trades or master of some? Trends Ecol Evolut 9: 7-9
    • (1994) Trends Ecol Evolut , vol.9 , pp. 7-9
    • Knowlton, N.1    Jackson, J.B.C.2
  • 27
    • 0026493582 scopus 로고
    • Sibling species in Montastraea annularis, coral bleaching, and the coral climate record
    • Knowlton N, Weil E, Weight LA, Guzman HM (1992) Sibling species in Montastraea annularis, coral bleaching, and the coral climate record. Science 255: 330-333
    • (1992) Science , vol.255 , pp. 330-333
    • Knowlton, N.1    Weil, E.2    Weight, L.A.3    Guzman, H.M.4
  • 28
    • 0027026904 scopus 로고
    • Changes in the structure of a New England (USA) kelp bed: The effects of an introduced species?
    • Lambert WJ, Levin PS, Berman J (1992) Changes in the structure of a New England (USA) kelp bed: the effects of an introduced species? Mar Ecol Prog Ser 88: 303-307
    • (1992) Mar Ecol Prog Ser , vol.88 , pp. 303-307
    • Lambert, W.J.1    Levin, P.S.2    Berman, J.3
  • 29
    • 0026065517 scopus 로고
    • Bryozoan morphological and genetic correspondence: What does it prove?
    • Levinton J. Jackson JBC, Cheetham AH (1991) Bryozoan morphological and genetic correspondence: what does it prove? Science 251: 318-319
    • (1991) Science , vol.251 , pp. 318-319
    • Levinton, J.1    Jackson, J.B.C.2    Cheetham, A.H.3
  • 30
    • 0000904184 scopus 로고
    • Toward a morphological species concept in cheilostomates: Phenotypic variation in Adeonellopsis yarraenisis (Waters)
    • Hayward PJ, Ryland JS, Taylor PD (eds) Olsen and Olsen, Fredensborg
    • Lidgard S, Buckley GA (1994) Toward a morphological species concept in cheilostomates: phenotypic variation in Adeonellopsis yarraenisis (Waters). In: Hayward PJ, Ryland JS, Taylor PD (eds) Biology and paleobiology of bryozoans. Olsen and Olsen, Fredensborg, pp 101-105
    • (1994) Biology and Paleobiology of Bryozoans , pp. 101-105
    • Lidgard, S.1    Buckley, G.A.2
  • 31
    • 0345040181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for an early opening of the Bering Strait
    • Marincovich L Jr, Gladenkov AY (1999) Evidence for an early opening of the Bering Strait. Nature 397: 149-151
    • (1999) Nature , vol.397 , pp. 149-151
    • Marincovich L., Jr.1    Gladenkov, A.Y.2
  • 32
    • 0003159168 scopus 로고
    • Starch gel electrophoresis of allozymes
    • Hoelzel AR (ed) Oxford University Press, New York, 271-280
    • May B (1992) Starch gel electrophoresis of allozymes. In: Hoelzel AR (ed) Molecular genetic analysis of populations: a practical approach. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 1-27 and 271-280
    • (1992) Molecular Genetic Analysis of Populations: A Practical Approach , pp. 1-27
    • May, B.1
  • 35
    • 0018147653 scopus 로고
    • Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals
    • Nei M (1978) Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals. Genetics 89: 583-590
    • (1978) Genetics , vol.89 , pp. 583-590
    • Nei, M.1
  • 37
    • 0342747927 scopus 로고
    • Observations on the early development of Membranipora villosa
    • O'Donoghue CH (1926) Observations on the early development of Membranipora villosa. Contrib Can Biol Fish, NS 3: 249-263
    • (1926) Contrib Can Biol Fish, NS , vol.3 , pp. 249-263
    • O'Donoghue, C.H.1
  • 38
    • 0001792969 scopus 로고
    • Bryozoa of the Pacific coast of America. Part 1
    • Allan Hancock Foundation Publication 14. University of Southern California Press, Los Angeles
    • Osburn RC (1950) Bryozoa of the Pacific coast of America. Part 1, Cheilostomata-Anasca. Allan Hancock Foundation Publication 14. University of Southern California Press, Los Angeles
    • (1950) Cheilostomata-Anasca
    • Osburn, R.C.1
  • 39
    • 0026274099 scopus 로고
    • Population biology of the trans-Arctic exchange: Mitochondrial DNA sequence similarity between Pacific and Atlantic sea urchins
    • Palumbi SR, Kessing BD (1991) Population biology of the trans-Arctic exchange: mitochondrial DNA sequence similarity between Pacific and Atlantic sea urchins. Evolution 45: 1790-1805
    • (1991) Evolution , vol.45 , pp. 1790-1805
    • Palumbi, S.R.1    Kessing, B.D.2
  • 40
    • 0001466006 scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial DNA diversity in sea urchins Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and S. droebachiensis
    • Palumbi SR, Wilson AC (1990) Mitochondrial DNA diversity in sea urchins Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and S. droebachiensis. Evolution 44: 403-415
    • (1990) Evolution , vol.44 , pp. 403-415
    • Palumbi, S.R.1    Wilson, A.C.2
  • 41
    • 0343182586 scopus 로고
    • Bryozoan-algal associations in southern California waters
    • Pinter P (1969) Bryozoan-algal associations in southern California waters. Bull south Calif Acad Sci 68: 199-218
    • (1969) Bull South Calif Acad Sci , vol.68 , pp. 199-218
    • Pinter, P.1
  • 43
    • 0000625869 scopus 로고
    • Analyzing tables of statistical tests
    • Rice WR (1989) Analyzing tables of statistical tests. Evolution 43: 223-225
    • (1989) Evolution , vol.43 , pp. 223-225
    • Rice, W.R.1
  • 44
    • 0010650175 scopus 로고
    • The encrusting cheilostomatous bryozoa of the west coast of North America
    • Robertson A (1908) The encrusting cheilostomatous Bryozoa of the west coast of North America. Univ Calif Publs Zool 4: 253-344
    • (1908) Univ Calif Publs Zool , vol.4 , pp. 253-344
    • Robertson, A.1
  • 45
    • 0000524304 scopus 로고
    • A genetic comparison of allopatric populations of shore fish species from the eastern and central Pacific Ocean: Dispersal or vicariance?
    • Rosenblatt RH, Waples RS (1986) A genetic comparison of allopatric populations of shore fish species from the eastern and central Pacific Ocean: dispersal or vicariance? Copeia 1986: 275-284
    • (1986) Copeia , vol.1986 , pp. 275-284
    • Rosenblatt, R.H.1    Waples, R.S.2
  • 46
    • 0000202659 scopus 로고
    • Internal fertilization in hermaphroditic colonial invertebrates
    • Ryland JS, Bishop JDD (1993) Internal fertilization in hermaphroditic colonial invertebrates. Oceanogr mar Biol A Rev 31: 445-477
    • (1993) Oceanogr Mar Biol A Rev , vol.31 , pp. 445-477
    • Ryland, J.S.1    Bishop, J.D.D.2
  • 50
    • 0343182584 scopus 로고
    • Observations on the ecology of Membranipora (bryozoa) and a major predator Doridella steinbergae (Nudibranchiata) along the fronds of Laminaria saccharina at Friday Harbor, Washington
    • Seed R (1976) Observations on the ecology of Membranipora (Bryozoa) and a major predator Doridella steinbergae (Nudibranchiata) along the fronds of Laminaria saccharina at Friday Harbor, Washington. J exp mar Biol Ecol 24: 1-17
    • (1976) J Exp Mar Biol Ecol , vol.24 , pp. 1-17
    • Seed, R.1
  • 52
    • 0028519938 scopus 로고
    • Gamete spawning and fertilization in the gymnolaemate bryozoan Membranipora membranacea
    • Temkin MH (1994) Gamete spawning and fertilization in the gymnolaemate bryozoan Membranipora membranacea. Biol Bull mar biol Lab, Woods Hole 187: 143-155
    • (1994) Biol Bull Mar Biol Lab, Woods Hole , vol.187 , pp. 143-155
    • Temkin, M.H.1
  • 53
    • 0020373863 scopus 로고
    • The molecular clock hypothesis: Biochemical evolution, genetic differentiation and systematics
    • Thorpe JP (1982) The molecular clock hypothesis: biochemical evolution, genetic differentiation and systematics. A Rev Ecol Syst 13: 139-168
    • (1982) A Rev Ecol Syst , vol.13 , pp. 139-168
    • Thorpe, J.P.1
  • 55
    • 0002656692 scopus 로고
    • Genetic evidence for cryptic speciation in the marine bryozoan Alcyonidium gelatinosum
    • Thorpe JP, Beardmore JA, Ryland JS (1978a) Genetic evidence for cryptic speciation in the marine bryozoan Alcyonidium gelatinosum. Mar Biol 49: 27-32
    • (1978) Mar Biol , vol.49 , pp. 27-32
    • Thorpe, J.P.1    Beardmore, J.A.2    Ryland, J.S.3
  • 56
    • 0000774654 scopus 로고
    • Cryptic speciation detected by biochemical genetics in three ecologically important intertidal bryozoans
    • Thorpe JP, Ryland JS (1979) Cryptic speciation detected by biochemical genetics in three ecologically important intertidal bryozoans. Estuar cstl mar Sci 8: 395-398
    • (1979) Estuar Cstl Mar Sci , vol.8 , pp. 395-398
    • Thorpe, J.P.1    Ryland, J.S.2
  • 57
    • 0000052970 scopus 로고
    • Genetic variation and biochemical systematics in the marine bryozoan Alcyonidium mytili
    • Thorpe JP, Ryland JS, Beardmore JA (1978b) Genetic variation and biochemical systematics in the marine bryozoan Alcyonidium mytili. Mar Biol 49: 343-350
    • (1978) Mar Biol , vol.49 , pp. 343-350
    • Thorpe, J.P.1    Ryland, J.S.2    Beardmore, J.A.3
  • 58
    • 0026277925 scopus 로고
    • Anatomy of an invasion: The trans-Arctic interchange
    • Vermeij GJ (1991) Anatomy of an invasion: the trans-Arctic Interchange. Paleobiology 17: 281-307
    • (1991) Paleobiology , vol.17 , pp. 281-307
    • Vermeij, G.J.1
  • 59
    • 0028160915 scopus 로고
    • A multi-character analysis of the Caribbean coral Montastraea annularis (Ellis and Solander, 1786) and its two sibling species, M. Faveolata (Ellis and Solander, 1786) and M. Franksi (Egregory, 1895)
    • Weil E, Knowlton N (1994) A multi-character analysis of the Caribbean coral Montastraea annularis (Ellis and Solander, 1786) and its two sibling species, M. faveolata (Ellis and Solander, 1786) and M. franksi (Egregory, 1895). Bull mar Sci 55: 151-175
    • (1994) Bull Mar Sci , vol.55 , pp. 151-175
    • Weil, E.1    Knowlton, N.2
  • 60
    • 0003752712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts
    • Weir BS (1996) Genetic data analysis. II. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts
    • (1996) Genetic Data Analysis. II
    • Weir, B.S.1
  • 61
    • 0021566877 scopus 로고
    • Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure
    • Weir BS, Cockerham CC (1984) Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure. Evolution 38: 1358-1370
    • (1984) Evolution , vol.38 , pp. 1358-1370
    • Weir, B.S.1    Cockerham, C.C.2
  • 62
    • 84890417804 scopus 로고
    • The genetical structure of populations
    • Wright S (1951) The genetical structure of populations. Ann Eugen 15: 323-354
    • (1951) Ann Eugen , vol.15 , pp. 323-354
    • Wright, S.1
  • 64
    • 0020367725 scopus 로고
    • Role of planktonic and benthic factors in the population dynamics of the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea
    • Yoshioka PM (1982a) Role of planktonic and benthic factors in the population dynamics of the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea. Ecology 63: 457-468
    • (1982) Ecology , vol.63 , pp. 457-468
    • Yoshioka, P.M.1
  • 65
    • 0000458724 scopus 로고
    • Predator-induced polymorphism in the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea (L)
    • Yoshioka PM (1982b) Predator-induced polymorphism in the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea (L). J exp mar Biol Ecol 61: 233-242
    • (1982) J Exp Mar Biol Ecol , vol.61 , pp. 233-242
    • Yoshioka, P.M.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.