Labor-market and social-welfare reform in the state-owned sector in China

Journal of Developing Areas

Volumn 33, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 223-244

  Smyth, Russell ^a  

^a MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

LABOR MARKET; SOCIAL POLICY; STATE OWNED ENTERPRISE; WELFARE REFORM;

CHINA;

EID: 0033399835     PISSN: 0022037X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Asian Wall Street Journal (Hong Kong), 22 July 1996, p. 3, cited in East Asia Analytical Unit, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, China Embraces the Market (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1997), p. 343.
2. Asian Wall Street Journal (Hong Kong), 22 July 1996, p. 3, cited in East Asia Analytical Unit, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, China Embraces the Market (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1997), p. 343.
3. Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, in English, 1110 gmt (Greenwich Mean Time), 28 October 1997; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 6 November 1997.
4. Bo Qiangzhong, "Employment: A Pressing Issue at the End of the Century," Renmin Luntan (People's Forum), 8 May 1997, pp. 42-43.
5. "China on the Move," Economist (London), 6 July 1996, p. 73.
6. Figures in this paragraph are from "Laid-off Workers Will Account for 10 Percent of Workforce Next Year," Ming Pao (Hong Kong), 30 December 1997, p. A13; and "Hu Angang Points Out Potential Crisis; Urban Jobless Population Reaches 13 Million," Ming Pao (Hong Kong), 18 February 1998, p. A13. For further discussion of the unemployment problem in China see Fang Shan, "The Evolution of Labor Policy in Mainland China," Issues and Studies 32 (May 1996): 86-95; Fang Shan, "Unemployment in Mainland China: Current Situation and Possible Trends," Issues and Studies 32 (October 1996): 75-84; Linda Wong and Ngok Kinglun, "Unemployment and Policy Responses in Mainland China," Issues and Studies 33 (January 1997): 43-63.
7. Figures in this paragraph are from "Laid-off Workers Will Account for 10 Percent of Workforce Next Year," Ming Pao (Hong Kong), 30 December 1997, p. A13; and "Hu Angang Points Out Potential Crisis; Urban Jobless Population Reaches 13 Million," Ming Pao (Hong Kong), 18 February 1998, p. A13. For further discussion of the unemployment problem in China see Fang Shan, "The Evolution of Labor Policy in Mainland China," Issues and Studies 32 (May 1996): 86-95; Fang Shan, "Unemployment in Mainland China: Current Situation and Possible Trends," Issues and Studies 32 (October 1996): 75-84; Linda Wong and Ngok Kinglun, "Unemployment and Policy Responses in Mainland China," Issues and Studies 33 (January 1997): 43-63.
8. Figures in this paragraph are from "Laid-off Workers Will Account for 10 Percent of Workforce Next Year," Ming Pao (Hong Kong), 30 December 1997, p. A13; and "Hu Angang Points Out Potential Crisis; Urban Jobless Population Reaches 13 Million," Ming Pao (Hong Kong), 18 February 1998, p. A13. For further discussion of the unemployment problem in China see Fang Shan, "The Evolution of Labor Policy in Mainland China," Issues and Studies 32 (May 1996): 86-95; Fang Shan, "Unemployment in Mainland China: Current Situation and Possible Trends," Issues and Studies 32 (October 1996): 75-84; Linda Wong and Ngok Kinglun, "Unemployment and Policy Responses in Mainland China," Issues and Studies 33 (January 1997): 43-63.
9. Figures in this paragraph are from "Laid-off Workers Will Account for 10 Percent of Workforce Next Year," Ming Pao (Hong Kong), 30 December 1997, p. A13; and "Hu Angang Points Out Potential Crisis; Urban Jobless Population Reaches 13 Million," Ming Pao (Hong Kong), 18 February 1998, p. A13. For further discussion of the unemployment problem in China see Fang Shan, "The Evolution of Labor Policy in Mainland China," Issues and Studies 32 (May 1996): 86-95; Fang Shan, "Unemployment in Mainland China: Current Situation and Possible Trends," Issues and Studies 32 (October 1996): 75-84; Linda Wong and Ngok Kinglun, "Unemployment and Policy Responses in Mainland China," Issues and Studies 33 (January 1997): 43-63.
10. Figures in this paragraph are from "Laid-off Workers Will Account for 10 Percent of Workforce Next Year," Ming Pao (Hong Kong), 30 December 1997, p. A13; and "Hu Angang Points Out Potential Crisis; Urban Jobless Population Reaches 13 Million," Ming Pao (Hong Kong), 18 February 1998, p. A13. For further discussion of the unemployment problem in China see Fang Shan, "The Evolution of Labor Policy in Mainland China," Issues and Studies 32 (May 1996): 86-95; Fang Shan, "Unemployment in Mainland China: Current Situation and Possible Trends," Issues and Studies 32 (October 1996): 75-84; Linda Wong and Ngok Kinglun, "Unemployment and Policy Responses in Mainland China," Issues and Studies 33 (January 1997): 43-63.
11. Wang Chuangdong, "Restructuring Vital to Future Growth," China Daily (Beijing), 29 November 1998 (internet edition).
12. Susan Shirk, "Recent Chinese Labour Policies and the Transformation of Industrial Organisation in China," China Quarterly, no. 88 (1988): 575-93, p. 577.
13. World Bank, China Reform of State-Owned Enterprises, Report No. 14924-CHA, (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1996), estimates 15 million in 1994; Li Shenglin, "Time for China to Get Labor Back to Work," China Daily (Beijing), 4 August 1997, p. 4, suggests 15 million; "Unemployment and Re-employment," China News Analysis (Taipei), No. 1603, 1 February 1998, p. 2 (hereafter "Unemployment and Re-employment"), suggests a figure of 20-30 million.
14. World Bank, China Reform of State-Owned Enterprises, Report No. 14924-CHA, (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1996), estimates 15 million in 1994; Li Shenglin, "Time for China to Get Labor Back to Work," China Daily (Beijing), 4 August 1997, p. 4, suggests 15 million; "Unemployment and Re-employment," China News Analysis (Taipei), No. 1603, 1 February 1998, p. 2 (hereafter "Unemployment and Re-employment"), suggests a figure of 20-30 million.
15. World Bank, China Reform of State-Owned Enterprises, Report No. 14924-CHA, (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1996), estimates 15 million in 1994; Li Shenglin, "Time for China to Get Labor Back to Work," China Daily (Beijing), 4 August 1997, p. 4, suggests 15 million; "Unemployment and Re-employment," China News Analysis (Taipei), No. 1603, 1 February 1998, p. 2 (hereafter "Unemployment and Re-employment"), suggests a figure of 20-30 million.
16. Mark Seldon and Layan You, "The Reform of Social Welfare in China," World Development 25 (November 1997): 1657-68, p. 1660.
17. World Bank, The Chinese Economy: Fighting Inflation, Deepening Reform (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1996), p. 51, cited in D. Lo, "Re-appraising China's State-Owned Industrial Enterprises," Working Paper No. 6 (Economics Department, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1996), p. 17 (forthcoming in Cambridge Journal of Economics).
18. World Bank, The Chinese Economy: Fighting Inflation, Deepening Reform (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1996), p. 51, cited in D. Lo, "Re-appraising China's State-Owned Industrial Enterprises," Working Paper No. 6 (Economics Department, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1996), p. 17 (forthcoming in Cambridge Journal of Economics).
19. Gongren Ribao (Workers' Daily) (Beijing), 12 June 1996, cited in China's Enterprise Reforms: Changing State/Society Relations after Mao, by You Ji (London: Routledge, 1998), p. 150.
20. Gongren Ribao (Workers' Daily) (Beijing), 12 June 1996, cited in China's Enterprise Reforms: Changing State/Society Relations after Mao, by You Ji (London: Routledge, 1998), p. 150.
21. For example, see World Bank, China's Management of Enterprise Assets: The State as Shareholder (Washington, DC: World Bank), p. 1.
22. "Condemned to Live China's Great Contradiction," Economist (London), 14 December 1996, p. 88.
23. Statistics in this paragraph are from Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, in English, 1051 gmt, 20 October 1997; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 22 October 1997; Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, in English, 0948 gmt, 9 December 1997; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 10 December 1997.
24. Statistics in this paragraph are from Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, in English, 1051 gmt, 20 October 1997; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 22 October 1997; Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, in English, 0948 gmt, 9 December 1997; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 10 December 1997.
25. "Unemployment and Re-employment," p. 5.
26. Ibid.
27. Kathy Chen, "Chinese Businesses Urge Faster Reform," Asian Wall Street Journal (Hong Kong), 17-18 October 1997, p. 1.
28. "Unemployment and Re-employment," p. 5.
29. Asian Wall Street Journal, 13 November 1997, p. 13.
30. "Unemployment and Re-employment," p. 5.
31. Edward Cody, "China Mills Close a Chapter," International Herald Tribune (London), 6 January 1997, p. 1.
32. Chen Bian, "Party Organization Encourages Them to Advance towards a New Life," Renmin Ribao (People's Daily) (Beijing), 18 August 1997, p. 4.
33. "China Adopts the Chaebol," Economist (London), 7 June 1997, pp. 83-84.
34. Cody, "China Mills Close a Chapter."
35. John Knight, Lina Song, and Jia Huaibin, "Chinese Rural Migrants in Urban Enterprises: Three Perspectives," Journal of Development Studies 35 (February 1999): 73-104.
36. For example, see Dorothy Solinger "The Chinese Work Unit and Transient Labour in the Transition from Socialism," Modern China 21 (April 1995): 155-83.
37. Renmin Ribao (People's Daily), 29 May 1997, p. 2.
38. Matt Forney and Pamela Yatsko, "No More Free Lunch," Far Eastern Economic Review, 16 October 1997, pp. 62-63.
39. You Ji, China's Enterprise Reforms, p. 149.
40. Ching Kwan Lee, "The Labour Politics of Market Socialism: Collective Inaction and Class Experiences among State Workers in Guangzhou," Modern China 24 (January 1998): 3-33, p. 10.
41. China News Analysis, No. 1577, 15 January 1997, pp. 4-5, cited in Lee, "Labour Politics of Market Socialism." pp.3-4.
42. China News Analysis, No. 1577, 15 January 1997, pp. 4-5, cited in Lee, "Labour Politics of Market Socialism." pp.3-4.
43. Zhao Jun, "Is It Possible to Cut Off the Covert Employment Route?" Gongren Ribao (Workers' Daily) (Beijing), 2 July 1998, p. 6.
44. You Ji, China's Enterprise Reforms, pp. 148-49.
45. "1000-Plus Laid Off Workers Demonstrate in Front of Hefei City Government," Ming Pao (Hong Kong), 9 December 1997, p. A13.
46. Television Broadcasts Limited, Hong Kong, in English, 1130 gmt, 12 October 1997; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 14 October 1997; RTHK Radio 3, Hong Kong, in English, 1000 gmt, 12 October 1997; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 14 October 1997. For a different account of events see Zhongguo Xinwen She News Agency, Beijing, in Chinese, 16 October 1997; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 18 October 1997.
47. Television Broadcasts Limited, Hong Kong, in English, 1130 gmt, 12 October 1997; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 14 October 1997; RTHK Radio 3, Hong Kong, in English, 1000 gmt, 12 October 1997; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 14 October 1997. For a different account of events see Zhongguo Xinwen She News Agency, Beijing, in Chinese, 16 October 1997; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 18 October 1997.
48. Television Broadcasts Limited, Hong Kong, in English, 1130 gmt, 12 October 1997; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 14 October 1997; RTHK Radio 3, Hong Kong, in English, 1000 gmt, 12 October 1997; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 14 October 1997. For a different account of events see Zhongguo Xinwen She News Agency, Beijing, in Chinese, 16 October 1997; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 18 October 1997.
49. Television Broadcasts Limited, Hong Kong, in English, 1130 gmt, 12 October 1997; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 14 October 1997; RTHK Radio 3, Hong Kong, in English, 1000 gmt, 12 October 1997; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 14 October 1997. For a different account of events see Zhongguo Xinwen She News Agency, Beijing, in Chinese, 16 October 1997; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 18 October 1997.
50. Television Broadcasts Limited, Hong Kong, in English, 1130 gmt, 12 October 1997; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 14 October 1997; RTHK Radio 3, Hong Kong, in English, 1000 gmt, 12 October 1997; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 14 October 1997. For a different account of events see Zhongguo Xinwen She News Agency, Beijing, in Chinese, 16 October 1997; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 18 October 1997.
51. Luo Ping, "The Momentous Crisis of the State Enterprise Reform," Cheng Ming (Contending) (Hong Kong), 1 November 1997, pp. 25-26.
52. Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, in English, 0758 gmt, 8 December 1997; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 10 December 1997.
53. Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, in English, 0246 gmt, 5 March 1999; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 10 March 1999.
54. Wang Haitao, "A Time Bomb Threatening to Cripple Society," Kaifang (Open) (Hong Kong), June 1998, pp. 17-19; Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, in English, 0246 gmt, 6 June 1998; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 10 June 1998; "Plans to Aid Job Seekers in Capital," China Daily, 15 February 1999, p. 3.
55. Wang Haitao, "A Time Bomb Threatening to Cripple Society," Kaifang (Open) (Hong Kong), June 1998, pp. 17-19; Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, in English, 0246 gmt, 6 June 1998; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 10 June 1998; "Plans to Aid Job Seekers in Capital," China Daily, 15 February 1999, p. 3.
56. Wang Haitao, "A Time Bomb Threatening to Cripple Society," Kaifang (Open) (Hong Kong), June 1998, pp. 17-19; Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, in English, 0246 gmt, 6 June 1998; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 10 June 1998; "Plans to Aid Job Seekers in Capital," China Daily, 15 February 1999, p. 3.
57. Statistics on specific provinces are from Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, in English, 1249 gmt, 22 November 1997; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 26 November 1997; Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, in English, 0629 gmt, 25 February 1998; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 26 February 1998; Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, in English, 0156 gmt, 25 April 1998; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 28 April 1998.
58. Statistics on specific provinces are from Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, in English, 1249 gmt, 22 November 1997; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 26 November 1997; Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, in English, 0629 gmt, 25 February 1998; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 26 February 1998; Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, in English, 0156 gmt, 25 April 1998; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 28 April 1998.
59. Statistics on specific provinces are from Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, in English, 1249 gmt, 22 November 1997; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 26 November 1997; Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, in English, 0629 gmt, 25 February 1998; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 26 February 1998; Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, in English, 0156 gmt, 25 April 1998; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 28 April 1998.
60. "Briefs," China Daily, 21 February 1998 (internet edition).
61. Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, in English, 0123 gmt, 24 September 1997; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 27 September 1997.
62. Shunfeng Song and George Chu, "Social Security Reform in China: The Case of Old-Age Insurance," Contemporary Economic Policy 15 (April 1997): 85-93, p. 88.
63. Renmin Ribao (People's Daily), 16 December 1997, cited in "Unemployment and Re-employment," p. 7.
64. "Unemployment and Re-employment," pp. 7-8.
65. For example, in one instance I heard about while in Beijing, two women laid off from the state sector were employed in an international hotel to clean rooms at just below average Beijing wages. The two women resigned within a week of being hired, stating they were not willing to "grovel and bow before foreigners."
66. These policies are discussed in Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, in English, 0723 gmt, 28 August 1997; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 29 August 1997; Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, in English, 0112 gmt, 14 April 1999; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 15 April 1999.
67. These policies are discussed in Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, in English, 0723 gmt, 28 August 1997; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 29 August 1997; Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, in English, 0112 gmt, 14 April 1999; text reproduced in Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 3, Asia and the Pacific, 15 April 1999.
68. "Briefs," China Daily, 10 January 1998 (internet edition).
69. See "Unemployment and Re-employment," p. 9.
70. For example see the "Editorial" in Renmin Ribao (People's Daily), 12 December 1997, p. 2.
71. "Briefs," China Daily, 10 January 1998 (internet edition).
72. "Unemployment and Re-employment," p. 7.
73. At one level, the government has promoted shequ fuwu, that is, community services run by residents' committees to help the disadvantaged in urban areas. At the start of the 1990s this seemed a promising option to supplement services to low-income earners. In 1991, there were over 47,500 social service centers offering neighborhood amenities. These, however, have not proved to be a viable alternative in terms of substantive social-welfare provision. Most of the programs are unstructured, and lack resources and staff with proper training. Most are also restricted to the major cities; see Linda Wong "Privatization of Social Welfare in Post-Mao China," Asian Survey 34 (April 1994):307-25, p. 315.
74. "Briefs," China Daily, 9 February 1998 (internet edition).
75. Bo Qiangzhong, "Employment: A Pressing Issue at the End of the Century," Renmin Luntan (People's Forum) (Beijing), 8 May 1997, pp. 42-43.
76. For example, see Susan Shirk, "'Playing to the Provinces': Deng Xiaopeng's Political Strategy of Economic Reform," Studies in Comparative Communism 23 (Autumn/Winter 1990): 227-58; Sean Breslin, China in the 1980s: Centre-Province Relations in a Reforming Socialist State (London: Macmillan, 1996).
77. For example, see Susan Shirk, "'Playing to the Provinces': Deng Xiaopeng's Political Strategy of Economic Reform," Studies in Comparative Communism 23 (Autumn/Winter 1990): 227-58; Sean Breslin, China in the 1980s: Centre-Province Relations in a Reforming Socialist State (London: Macmillan, 1996).
78. Zhu Rongji has promised in the official media that all laid-off workers will be given enough to live on. When I was in China, I was told that workers laid off from a poor-performing SOE who had not been paid went to their enterprise armed with a copy of Zhu's statement. A local official is reported to have laughed and told them to "go to Beijing and see Zhu Rongji to get him to hand over the cash if that is the case, because our enterprise does not have the funds."
79. Kuan Lee, "Enterprise Reform and Social Security System in China," Asia Journal 3, no. 2 (1996): 47-65, p. 51.
80. For overviews of China's pension scheme see Song and Chu, "Social Security Reform in China"; Fang Shan, "Reform of Mainland China's Urban Old-Age Pension System," Issues and Studies 31 (November 1995): 98-107; Lenore Barkan, "Chinese Old-Age Pension Reform: The Process Continues," International Social Security Review 43 (December 1990): 387-99; Yi Lin, "Reforming the Old-Age Pension System in China," Benefits Quarterly 12 (March 1996): 78-90.
81. For overviews of China's pension scheme see Song and Chu, "Social Security Reform in China"; Fang Shan, "Reform of Mainland China's Urban Old-Age Pension System," Issues and Studies 31 (November 1995): 98-107; Lenore Barkan, "Chinese Old-Age Pension Reform: The Process Continues," International Social Security Review 43 (December 1990): 387-99; Yi Lin, "Reforming the Old-Age Pension System in China," Benefits Quarterly 12 (March 1996): 78-90.
82. For overviews of China's pension scheme see Song and Chu, "Social Security Reform in China"; Fang Shan, "Reform of Mainland China's Urban Old-Age Pension System," Issues and Studies 31 (November 1995): 98-107; Lenore Barkan, "Chinese Old-Age Pension Reform: The Process Continues," International Social Security Review 43 (December 1990): 387-99; Yi Lin, "Reforming the Old-Age Pension System in China," Benefits Quarterly 12 (March 1996): 78-90.
83. For overviews of China's pension scheme see Song and Chu, "Social Security Reform in China"; Fang Shan, "Reform of Mainland China's Urban Old-Age Pension System," Issues and Studies 31 (November 1995): 98-107; Lenore Barkan, "Chinese Old-Age Pension Reform: The Process Continues," International Social Security Review 43 (December 1990): 387-99; Yi Lin, "Reforming the Old-Age Pension System in China," Benefits Quarterly 12 (March 1996): 78-90.
84. Barkan, "Chinese Old-Age Pension Reform," p. 389.
85. See "Unemployment and Re-employment"; and Anne Stevenson-Yang and Steven Shi, "A National Nest Egg," China Business Review, November-December 1998, pp. 8-13.
86. See "Unemployment and Re-employment"; and Anne Stevenson-Yang and Steven Shi, "A National Nest Egg," China Business Review, November-December 1998, pp. 8-13.
87. World Bank, China 2020: Pension Reform in China-Old Age Security (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1997) (hereafter Pension Reform), p. 21.
88. World Bank, Pension Reform.
89. See Selden and You, "Reform of Social Welfare in China."
90. Matt Forney and Bay Fang, "The Burden of Age," Far Eastern Economic Review, 23 October 1997, p. 82.
91. People's Republic of China (hereafter PRC), State Statistical Bureau (hereafter SSB), China Labour Statistical Yearbook (ZLTN) (Beijing: China Statistical Publishing House, 1998), p. 17.
92. Renmin Ribao (People's Daily), 27 March 1998, p. 13, cited in "The Bumpy Road to Social Security," China News Analysis (Taipei), No. 1622, 15 November 1998, p. 5.
93. Renmin Ribao (People's Daily), 27 March 1998, p. 13, cited in "The Bumpy Road to Social Security," China News Analysis (Taipei), No. 1622, 15 November 1998, p. 5.
94. World Bank, Pension Reform, p. 1.
95. The estimate of 5,000 RMB in pension insurance accumulations is taken from Zhang Weida and Xie Di, "Our SOE Reform Methods Need to Be Reformed," Gongye jingji (Industrial Economy) (Beijing), no. 4 (1997): 108.
96. Stevenson and Yang, "A National Nest-Egg."
97. World Bank, World Development Report 1997 (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1997), pp. 238-39.
98. World Bank, Pension Reform, p. 27.
99. See Dimitri Vittas, "Contractual Saving and Emerging Securities Markets," World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 858 (World Bank, Washington, DC, 1992); Dimitri Vittas and Augusto Iglesias, "The Rationale and Performance of Personal Pension Plans in Chile," World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 867 (World Bank, Washington, DC, 1992).
100. See Dimitri Vittas, "Contractual Saving and Emerging Securities Markets," World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 858 (World Bank, Washington, DC, 1992); Dimitri Vittas and Augusto Iglesias, "The Rationale and Performance of Personal Pension Plans in Chile," World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 867 (World Bank, Washington, DC, 1992).
101. For an overview see Dimitri Vittas and Roland Michelitsch, "The Potential Role of Pension Funds: Lessons from OECD and Developing Countries," in Corporate Governance in Central Eastern Europe and Russia, ed. Roman Frydman, Cheryl Gray, and Andrzej Rapaczynski (Budapest: CEU Press, 1996), pp. 242-92.
102. See Philip Davis, "The Structure, Regulation, and Performance of Pension Funds in Nine Industrial Countries," World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 1229 (World Bank, Washington, DC, 1993); Vittas "Contractual Saving and Emerging Securities Markets."
103. See Philip Davis, "The Structure, Regulation, and Performance of Pension Funds in Nine Industrial Countries," World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 1229 (World Bank, Washington, DC, 1993); Vittas "Contractual Saving and Emerging Securities Markets."
104. Vittas and Michelitsch, "Potential Role of Pension Funds," p. 266.
105. See Rajen Mookerjee and Qiao Yu, "Capital Market Reform on the Road to a Market-Oriented Economy: The Case of Stock Markets in China," Journal of Developing Areas 30 (October 1995): 23-40.
106. See Lorraine West, "Pension Reform in China: Preparing for the Future," Journal of Development Studies 35 (February 1999): 153-83.
107. Pamela Yatsko, "Bitter Medicine," Far Eastern Economic Review, 16 October 1997, pp. 64-66.
108. World Bank, China 2020: Issues and Options for China-Financing Health Care (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1997), p. 59.
109. World Bank, Financing Health Care, pp. 57-59; also see "Zhenjiang Pilot Insurance Plan Achieves Success in Cost Cuts," China Daily Business Weekly (Beijing), 5-11 July 1998, p. 7.
110. World Bank, Financing Health Care, pp. 57-59; also see "Zhenjiang Pilot Insurance Plan Achieves Success in Cost Cuts," China Daily Business Weekly (Beijing), 5-11 July 1998, p. 7.
111. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), The Reform of Health Care: A Comparative Analysis of Seven OECD Countries (Paris: OECD, 1994).
112. For a recent discussion of this issue (in Australia) see Jeff Richardson, "Funding and Future Options for the Reform of Medicare," Healthcover 8, no. 5 (1997): 24-28.
113. Athar Hussain, "Social Security in Present-Day China and Its Reform," American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings 84 (May 1994): 276-80, p. 279.
114. "Unemployment and Re-employment," p. 8.
115. West, "Pension Reform in China," p. 177.