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Volumn 21, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 907-926

Group rights and the Muslim diaspora

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DIASPORA; HUMAN RIGHTS; ISLAMISM;

EID: 0033395624     PISSN: 02750392     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/hrq.1999.0047     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (13)

References (110)
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    • For different perspectives on this general problematic, see generally IDENTITIES, POLITICS, AND RIGHTS (Austin Sarat & Thomas R. Kearns eds., 1995); DEMOCRACY AND DIFFERENCE: CONTESTING THE BOUNDARIES OF THE POLITICAL (Seyla Benhabib ed., 1996); CHARLES TAYLOR ET AL., MULTICULTURALISM: EXAMINING THE "POLITICS OF RECOGNITION" (Amy Gutman ed., 1994); AXEL HONNETH, THE STRUGGLE FOR RECOGNITION: THE MORAL GRAMMAR OF SOCIAL CONFLICTS (Joel Anderson trans., 1995); IRIS MARION YOUNG, JUSTICE AND THE POLITICS OF DIFFERENCE (1990); ANNE PHILLIPS, THE POLITICS OF PRESENCE (1995).
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    • For different perspectives on this general problematic, see generally IDENTITIES, POLITICS, AND RIGHTS (Austin Sarat & Thomas R. Kearns eds., 1995); DEMOCRACY AND DIFFERENCE: CONTESTING THE BOUNDARIES OF THE POLITICAL (Seyla Benhabib ed., 1996); CHARLES TAYLOR ET AL., MULTICULTURALISM: EXAMINING THE "POLITICS OF RECOGNITION" (Amy Gutman ed., 1994); AXEL HONNETH, THE STRUGGLE FOR RECOGNITION: THE MORAL GRAMMAR OF SOCIAL CONFLICTS (Joel Anderson trans., 1995); IRIS MARION YOUNG, JUSTICE AND THE POLITICS OF DIFFERENCE (1990); ANNE PHILLIPS, THE POLITICS OF PRESENCE (1995).
    • (1996) Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political
    • Benhabib, S.1
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    • Amy Gutman ed.
    • For different perspectives on this general problematic, see generally IDENTITIES, POLITICS, AND RIGHTS (Austin Sarat & Thomas R. Kearns eds., 1995); DEMOCRACY AND DIFFERENCE: CONTESTING THE BOUNDARIES OF THE POLITICAL (Seyla Benhabib ed., 1996); CHARLES TAYLOR ET AL., MULTICULTURALISM: EXAMINING THE "POLITICS OF RECOGNITION" (Amy Gutman ed., 1994); AXEL HONNETH, THE STRUGGLE FOR RECOGNITION: THE MORAL GRAMMAR OF SOCIAL CONFLICTS (Joel Anderson trans., 1995); IRIS MARION YOUNG, JUSTICE AND THE POLITICS OF DIFFERENCE (1990); ANNE PHILLIPS, THE POLITICS OF PRESENCE (1995).
    • (1994) Multiculturalism: Examining the "Politics of Recognition"
    • Taylor, C.1
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    • Joel Anderson trans.
    • For different perspectives on this general problematic, see generally IDENTITIES, POLITICS, AND RIGHTS (Austin Sarat & Thomas R. Kearns eds., 1995); DEMOCRACY AND DIFFERENCE: CONTESTING THE BOUNDARIES OF THE POLITICAL (Seyla Benhabib ed., 1996); CHARLES TAYLOR ET AL., MULTICULTURALISM: EXAMINING THE "POLITICS OF RECOGNITION" (Amy Gutman ed., 1994); AXEL HONNETH, THE STRUGGLE FOR RECOGNITION: THE MORAL GRAMMAR OF SOCIAL CONFLICTS (Joel Anderson trans., 1995); IRIS MARION YOUNG, JUSTICE AND THE POLITICS OF DIFFERENCE (1990); ANNE PHILLIPS, THE POLITICS OF PRESENCE (1995).
    • (1995) The Struggle for Recognition: The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts
    • Honneth, A.1
  • 7
    • 0004216719 scopus 로고
    • For different perspectives on this general problematic, see generally IDENTITIES, POLITICS, AND RIGHTS (Austin Sarat & Thomas R. Kearns eds., 1995); DEMOCRACY AND DIFFERENCE: CONTESTING THE BOUNDARIES OF THE POLITICAL (Seyla Benhabib ed., 1996); CHARLES TAYLOR ET AL., MULTICULTURALISM: EXAMINING THE "POLITICS OF RECOGNITION" (Amy Gutman ed., 1994); AXEL HONNETH, THE STRUGGLE FOR RECOGNITION: THE MORAL GRAMMAR OF SOCIAL CONFLICTS (Joel Anderson trans., 1995); IRIS MARION YOUNG, JUSTICE AND THE POLITICS OF DIFFERENCE (1990); ANNE PHILLIPS, THE POLITICS OF PRESENCE (1995).
    • (1990) Justice and the Politics of Difference
    • Young, I.M.1
  • 8
    • 0004196195 scopus 로고
    • For different perspectives on this general problematic, see generally IDENTITIES, POLITICS, AND RIGHTS (Austin Sarat & Thomas R. Kearns eds., 1995); DEMOCRACY AND DIFFERENCE: CONTESTING THE BOUNDARIES OF THE POLITICAL (Seyla Benhabib ed., 1996); CHARLES TAYLOR ET AL., MULTICULTURALISM: EXAMINING THE "POLITICS OF RECOGNITION" (Amy Gutman ed., 1994); AXEL HONNETH, THE STRUGGLE FOR RECOGNITION: THE MORAL GRAMMAR OF SOCIAL CONFLICTS (Joel Anderson trans., 1995); IRIS MARION YOUNG, JUSTICE AND THE POLITICS OF DIFFERENCE (1990); ANNE PHILLIPS, THE POLITICS OF PRESENCE (1995).
    • (1995) The Politics of Presence
    • Phillips, A.1
  • 9
    • 0004208152 scopus 로고
    • For useful overviews, see JORGE S. NIELSEN, MUSLIMS IN WESTERN EUROPE (1992); W.A.R. SHADID & P.S. VAN KONINGSVELD, RELIGIOUS FREEDOM AND THE POSITION OF ISLAM IN WESTERN EUROPE: OPPORTUNITIES AND OBSTACLES IN THE ACQUISITION OF EQUAL RIGHTS (1995); ALBERT BASTENIER ET AL., LE STATUS PERSONNEL DES MUSSULMAN: DROIT COMPARÉ ET DROIT INTERNATIONAL PRIVÉ (1992); MUSLIM MINORITIES IN THE WEST (Syed Z. Abedin & Ziauddin Sardar eds., 1995). See also ABEL THEODOR KHOURY, ISLAMISCHE MINDERHEITEN IN DER DIASPORA (1985); Abdulaziz A. Sachedina, Islsm and Muslims in Diaspora, 1993 BULL. INST. MIDDLE E. STUD. 109.
    • (1992) Muslims in Western Europe
    • Nielsen, J.S.1
  • 11
    • 12944282031 scopus 로고
    • For useful overviews, see JORGE S. NIELSEN, MUSLIMS IN WESTERN EUROPE (1992); W.A.R. SHADID & P.S. VAN KONINGSVELD, RELIGIOUS FREEDOM AND THE POSITION OF ISLAM IN WESTERN EUROPE: OPPORTUNITIES AND OBSTACLES IN THE ACQUISITION OF EQUAL RIGHTS (1995); ALBERT BASTENIER ET AL., LE STATUS PERSONNEL DES MUSSULMAN: DROIT COMPARÉ ET DROIT INTERNATIONAL PRIVÉ (1992); MUSLIM MINORITIES IN THE WEST (Syed Z. Abedin & Ziauddin Sardar eds., 1995). See also ABEL THEODOR KHOURY, ISLAMISCHE MINDERHEITEN IN DER DIASPORA (1985); Abdulaziz A. Sachedina, Islsm and Muslims in Diaspora, 1993 BULL. INST. MIDDLE E. STUD. 109.
    • (1992) Le Status Personnel des Mussulman: Droit Comparé et Droit International Privé
    • Bastenier, A.1
  • 12
    • 0345918302 scopus 로고
    • For useful overviews, see JORGE S. NIELSEN, MUSLIMS IN WESTERN EUROPE (1992); W.A.R. SHADID & P.S. VAN KONINGSVELD, RELIGIOUS FREEDOM AND THE POSITION OF ISLAM IN WESTERN EUROPE: OPPORTUNITIES AND OBSTACLES IN THE ACQUISITION OF EQUAL RIGHTS (1995); ALBERT BASTENIER ET AL., LE STATUS PERSONNEL DES MUSSULMAN: DROIT COMPARÉ ET DROIT INTERNATIONAL PRIVÉ (1992); MUSLIM MINORITIES IN THE WEST (Syed Z. Abedin & Ziauddin Sardar eds., 1995). See also ABEL THEODOR KHOURY, ISLAMISCHE MINDERHEITEN IN DER DIASPORA (1985); Abdulaziz A. Sachedina, Islsm and Muslims in Diaspora, 1993 BULL. INST. MIDDLE E. STUD. 109.
    • (1995) Muslim Minorities in the West
    • Abedin, S.Z.1    Sardar, Z.2
  • 13
    • 12944251239 scopus 로고
    • For useful overviews, see JORGE S. NIELSEN, MUSLIMS IN WESTERN EUROPE (1992); W.A.R. SHADID & P.S. VAN KONINGSVELD, RELIGIOUS FREEDOM AND THE POSITION OF ISLAM IN WESTERN EUROPE: OPPORTUNITIES AND OBSTACLES IN THE ACQUISITION OF EQUAL RIGHTS (1995); ALBERT BASTENIER ET AL., LE STATUS PERSONNEL DES MUSSULMAN: DROIT COMPARÉ ET DROIT INTERNATIONAL PRIVÉ (1992); MUSLIM MINORITIES IN THE WEST (Syed Z. Abedin & Ziauddin Sardar eds., 1995). See also ABEL THEODOR KHOURY, ISLAMISCHE MINDERHEITEN IN DER DIASPORA (1985); Abdulaziz A. Sachedina, Islsm and Muslims in Diaspora, 1993 BULL. INST. MIDDLE E. STUD. 109.
    • (1985) Islamische Minderheiten in der Diaspora
    • Khoury, A.T.1
  • 14
    • 85038058221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Islsm and Muslims in Diaspora
    • For useful overviews, see JORGE S. NIELSEN, MUSLIMS IN WESTERN EUROPE (1992); W.A.R. SHADID & P.S. VAN KONINGSVELD, RELIGIOUS FREEDOM AND THE POSITION OF ISLAM IN WESTERN EUROPE: OPPORTUNITIES AND OBSTACLES IN THE ACQUISITION OF EQUAL RIGHTS (1995); ALBERT BASTENIER ET AL., LE STATUS PERSONNEL DES MUSSULMAN: DROIT COMPARÉ ET DROIT INTERNATIONAL PRIVÉ (1992); MUSLIM MINORITIES IN THE WEST (Syed Z. Abedin & Ziauddin Sardar eds., 1995). See also ABEL THEODOR KHOURY, ISLAMISCHE MINDERHEITEN IN DER DIASPORA (1985); Abdulaziz A. Sachedina, Islsm and Muslims in Diaspora, 1993 BULL. INST. MIDDLE E. STUD. 109.
    • Bull. Inst. Middle E. Stud. , vol.1993 , pp. 109
    • Sachedina, A.A.1
  • 15
    • 0003955761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Of particular importance is the fact that the citizenship status of these groups varies. While the Muslim immigrant populations in France and the United Kingdom are, for the most part, citizens, Germany's stringent naturalization policy has ensured that most Muslim residents, even second- and third-generation immigrants, remain aliens. For comparative views of the immigration and minority policies of the European countries in question, see BLURRED BOUNDARIES: MIGRATION, ETHNICITY, CITIZENSHIP (Rainer Baubock & John Rundell eds., 1998); ADRIAN FAVELL, PHILOSOPHIES OF INTEGRATION: IMMIGRATION AND THE IDEA OF CITIZENSHIP IN FRANCE AND BRITAIN (1998); CHRISTIAN JOPPKE, IMMIGRATION AND THE NATION-STATE: THE UNITED STATES, GERMANY, AND GREAT BRITAIN (1999); Christian Joppke, Asylum and State Sovereignty: A Comparison of the United States, Germany, and Britain, in CHALLENGE TO THE NATION-STATE: IMMIGRATION IN WESTERN EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES 109 (Christian Joppke ed., 1998).
    • (1998) Blurred Boundaries: Migration, Ethnicity, Citizenship
    • Baubock, R.1    Rundell, J.2
  • 16
    • 0003780250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Of particular importance is the fact that the citizenship status of these groups varies. While the Muslim immigrant populations in France and the United Kingdom are, for the most part, citizens, Germany's stringent naturalization policy has ensured that most Muslim residents, even second- and third-generation immigrants, remain aliens. For comparative views of the immigration and minority policies of the European countries in question, see BLURRED BOUNDARIES: MIGRATION, ETHNICITY, CITIZENSHIP (Rainer Baubock & John Rundell eds., 1998); ADRIAN FAVELL, PHILOSOPHIES OF INTEGRATION: IMMIGRATION AND THE IDEA OF CITIZENSHIP IN FRANCE AND BRITAIN (1998); CHRISTIAN JOPPKE, IMMIGRATION AND THE NATION-STATE: THE UNITED STATES, GERMANY, AND GREAT BRITAIN (1999); Christian Joppke, Asylum and State Sovereignty: A Comparison of the United States, Germany, and Britain, in CHALLENGE TO THE NATION-STATE: IMMIGRATION IN WESTERN EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES 109 (Christian Joppke ed., 1998).
    • (1998) Philosophies of Integration: Immigration and the Idea of Citizenship in France and Britain
    • Favell, A.1
  • 17
    • 0003956694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Of particular importance is the fact that the citizenship status of these groups varies. While the Muslim immigrant populations in France and the United Kingdom are, for the most part, citizens, Germany's stringent naturalization policy has ensured that most Muslim residents, even second- and third-generation immigrants, remain aliens. For comparative views of the immigration and minority policies of the European countries in question, see BLURRED BOUNDARIES: MIGRATION, ETHNICITY, CITIZENSHIP (Rainer Baubock & John Rundell eds., 1998); ADRIAN FAVELL, PHILOSOPHIES OF INTEGRATION: IMMIGRATION AND THE IDEA OF CITIZENSHIP IN FRANCE AND BRITAIN (1998); CHRISTIAN JOPPKE, IMMIGRATION AND THE NATION-STATE: THE UNITED STATES, GERMANY, AND GREAT BRITAIN (1999); Christian Joppke, Asylum and State Sovereignty: A Comparison of the United States, Germany, and Britain, in CHALLENGE TO THE NATION-STATE: IMMIGRATION IN WESTERN EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES 109 (Christian Joppke ed., 1998).
    • (1999) Immigration and the Nation-state: The United States, Germany, and Great Britain
    • Joppke, C.1
  • 18
    • 0003292878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asylum and State Sovereignty: A Comparison of the United States, Germany, and Britain
    • Christian Joppke ed.
    • Of particular importance is the fact that the citizenship status of these groups varies. While the Muslim immigrant populations in France and the United Kingdom are, for the most part, citizens, Germany's stringent naturalization policy has ensured that most Muslim residents, even second- and third-generation immigrants, remain aliens. For comparative views of the immigration and minority policies of the European countries in question, see BLURRED BOUNDARIES: MIGRATION, ETHNICITY, CITIZENSHIP (Rainer Baubock & John Rundell eds., 1998); ADRIAN FAVELL, PHILOSOPHIES OF INTEGRATION: IMMIGRATION AND THE IDEA OF CITIZENSHIP IN FRANCE AND BRITAIN (1998); CHRISTIAN JOPPKE, IMMIGRATION AND THE NATION-STATE: THE UNITED STATES, GERMANY, AND GREAT BRITAIN (1999); Christian Joppke, Asylum and State Sovereignty: A Comparison of the United States, Germany, and Britain, in CHALLENGE TO THE NATION-STATE: IMMIGRATION IN WESTERN EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES 109 (Christian Joppke ed., 1998).
    • (1998) Challenge to the Nation-state: Immigration in Western Europe and the United States , pp. 109
    • Joppke, C.1
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    • 0004012982 scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., BERNARD LEWIS, KAISER UND KALIFEN: CHRISTENTUM UND ISLAM IM RINGEN UM MACHT UND VORHERRSCHAFT (1996). But see EDWARD W. SAID, ORIENTALISM (1978).
    • (1978) Orientalism
    • Said, E.W.1
  • 23
    • 0004075530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See generally MAKING MUSLIM SPACE IN NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE (Barbara Daly Metcalf ed., 1996); MUSLIMS IN THE MARGIN: POLITICAL RESPONSES TO THE PRESENCE OF ISLAM IN WESTERN EUROPE (W.A.R. Shadid & P.S. van Koningsveld eds., 1996); URSULA SPULER-STEGEMANN, MUSLIME IN DEUTSCHLAND: NEBENEINANDER ODER MITEINANDER? (1998); ISLAM IN EUROPE: THE POLITICS OF RELIGION AND COMMUNITY (Steven Vertovec & Ceri Peach eds., 1997).
    • (1996) Making Muslim Space in North America and Europe
    • Metcalf, B.D.1
  • 25
    • 12944275886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See generally MAKING MUSLIM SPACE IN NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE (Barbara Daly Metcalf ed., 1996); MUSLIMS IN THE MARGIN: POLITICAL RESPONSES TO THE PRESENCE OF ISLAM IN WESTERN EUROPE (W.A.R. Shadid & P.S. van Koningsveld eds., 1996); URSULA SPULER-STEGEMANN, MUSLIME IN DEUTSCHLAND: NEBENEINANDER ODER MITEINANDER? (1998); ISLAM IN EUROPE: THE POLITICS OF RELIGION AND COMMUNITY (Steven Vertovec & Ceri Peach eds., 1997).
    • (1998) Muslime in Deutschland: Nebeneinander oder Miteinander?
    • Spuler-Stegemann, U.1
  • 26
    • 0005812323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See generally MAKING MUSLIM SPACE IN NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE (Barbara Daly Metcalf ed., 1996); MUSLIMS IN THE MARGIN: POLITICAL RESPONSES TO THE PRESENCE OF ISLAM IN WESTERN EUROPE (W.A.R. Shadid & P.S. van Koningsveld eds., 1996); URSULA SPULER-STEGEMANN, MUSLIME IN DEUTSCHLAND: NEBENEINANDER ODER MITEINANDER? (1998); ISLAM IN EUROPE: THE POLITICS OF RELIGION AND COMMUNITY (Steven Vertovec & Ceri Peach eds., 1997).
    • (1997) Islam in Europe: The Politics of Religion and Community
    • Vertovec, S.1    Peach, C.2
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    • Human Rights and Civil Rights
    • Morton E. Winston ed.
    • Space does not permit the development of an argument locating the normative grounding of the contemporary concept of civil rights in the notion of human rights. The case that civil rights are "a necessary element in a morally valid claim's being (or becoming) a human right" is presented by Rex Martin, Human Rights and Civil Rights, in THE PHILOSOPHY OF HUMAN RIGHTS 83 (Morton E. Winston ed., 1989).
    • (1989) The Philosophy of Human Rights , pp. 83
    • Martin, R.1
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    • In Germany, for example, the courts have grounded this view in human rights provisions of the Basic Law concerning the free development of one's personality and the right to protection of marriage and family. See Grundgesetz [Constitution] [GG] arts. 2, 6 (F.R.G.), reprinted in GRUNDGESETZ: TEXTAUSGABEN MIT AUSFUEHRLICHEN SACHREGISTER [BASIC LAW: EDITION OF THE TEXT WITH COMPREHENSIVE INDEX] (2d. ed. 1999). On the rights of migrant groups, see IMMIGRATION AND THE POLITICS OF CITIZENSHIP IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA (William Rogers Brubaker ed., 1989); TOMAS HAMMAR, DEMOCRACY AND THE NATION STATE: ALIENS, DENIZENS, AND CITIZENS IN A WORLD OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION (1990); THE POLITICS OF IMMIGRATION IN WESTERN EUROPE (Martin Baldwin-Edwards & Martin A. Schain eds., 1994).
    • (1999) Grundgesetz: Textausgaben mit Ausfuehrlichen Sachregister [Basic Law: Edition of the Text with Comprehensive Index] 2d. Ed.
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    • In Germany, for example, the courts have grounded this view in human rights provisions of the Basic Law concerning the free development of one's personality and the right to protection of marriage and family. See Grundgesetz [Constitution] [GG] arts. 2, 6 (F.R.G.), reprinted in GRUNDGESETZ: TEXTAUSGABEN MIT AUSFUEHRLICHEN SACHREGISTER [BASIC LAW: EDITION OF THE TEXT WITH COMPREHENSIVE INDEX] (2d. ed. 1999). On the rights of migrant groups, see IMMIGRATION AND THE POLITICS OF CITIZENSHIP IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA (William Rogers Brubaker ed., 1989); TOMAS HAMMAR, DEMOCRACY AND THE NATION STATE: ALIENS, DENIZENS, AND CITIZENS IN A WORLD OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION (1990); THE POLITICS OF IMMIGRATION IN WESTERN EUROPE (Martin Baldwin-Edwards & Martin A. Schain eds., 1994).
    • (1989) Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship in Europe and North America
    • Brubaker, W.R.1
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    • 0003886467 scopus 로고
    • In Germany, for example, the courts have grounded this view in human rights provisions of the Basic Law concerning the free development of one's personality and the right to protection of marriage and family. See Grundgesetz [Constitution] [GG] arts. 2, 6 (F.R.G.), reprinted in GRUNDGESETZ: TEXTAUSGABEN MIT AUSFUEHRLICHEN SACHREGISTER [BASIC LAW: EDITION OF THE TEXT WITH COMPREHENSIVE INDEX] (2d. ed. 1999). On the rights of migrant groups, see IMMIGRATION AND THE POLITICS OF CITIZENSHIP IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA (William Rogers Brubaker ed., 1989); TOMAS HAMMAR, DEMOCRACY AND THE NATION STATE: ALIENS, DENIZENS, AND CITIZENS IN A WORLD OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION (1990); THE POLITICS OF IMMIGRATION IN WESTERN EUROPE (Martin Baldwin-Edwards & Martin A. Schain eds., 1994).
    • (1990) Democracy and the Nation State: Aliens, Denizens, and Citizens in a World of International Migration
    • Hammar, T.1
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    • In Germany, for example, the courts have grounded this view in human rights provisions of the Basic Law concerning the free development of one's personality and the right to protection of marriage and family. See Grundgesetz [Constitution] [GG] arts. 2, 6 (F.R.G.), reprinted in GRUNDGESETZ: TEXTAUSGABEN MIT AUSFUEHRLICHEN SACHREGISTER [BASIC LAW: EDITION OF THE TEXT WITH COMPREHENSIVE INDEX] (2d. ed. 1999). On the rights of migrant groups, see IMMIGRATION AND THE POLITICS OF CITIZENSHIP IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA (William Rogers Brubaker ed., 1989); TOMAS HAMMAR, DEMOCRACY AND THE NATION STATE: ALIENS, DENIZENS, AND CITIZENS IN A WORLD OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION (1990); THE POLITICS OF IMMIGRATION IN WESTERN EUROPE (Martin Baldwin-Edwards & Martin A. Schain eds., 1994).
    • (1994) The Politics of Immigration in Western Europe
    • Baldwin-Edwards, M.1    Schain, M.A.2
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    • International and European Standards on Minority Rights
    • Hugh Miall ed.
    • On European policies in regard to minority rights, see Patrick Thornberry, International and European Standards on Minority Rights, in MINORITY RIGHTS IN EUROPE: PROSPECTS FOR A TRANSNATIONAL REGIME 14 (Hugh Miall ed., 1994); NATAN LERNER, GROUP RIGHTS AND DISCRIMINATION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW (1990); MICHAEL SPENCER, STATES OF INJUSTICE: A GUIDE TO HUMAN RIGHTS AND CIVIL LIBERTIES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION (1995).
    • (1994) Minority Rights in Europe: Prospects for a Transnational Regime , pp. 14
    • Thornberry, P.1
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    • On European policies in regard to minority rights, see Patrick Thornberry, International and European Standards on Minority Rights, in MINORITY RIGHTS IN EUROPE: PROSPECTS FOR A TRANSNATIONAL REGIME 14 (Hugh Miall ed., 1994); NATAN LERNER, GROUP RIGHTS AND DISCRIMINATION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW (1990); MICHAEL SPENCER, STATES OF INJUSTICE: A GUIDE TO HUMAN RIGHTS AND CIVIL LIBERTIES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION (1995).
    • (1990) Group Rights and Discrimination in International Law
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    • On European policies in regard to minority rights, see Patrick Thornberry, International and European Standards on Minority Rights, in MINORITY RIGHTS IN EUROPE: PROSPECTS FOR A TRANSNATIONAL REGIME 14 (Hugh Miall ed., 1994); NATAN LERNER, GROUP RIGHTS AND DISCRIMINATION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW (1990); MICHAEL SPENCER, STATES OF INJUSTICE: A GUIDE TO HUMAN RIGHTS AND CIVIL LIBERTIES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION (1995).
    • (1995) States of Injustice: A Guide to Human Rights and Civil Liberties in the European Union
    • Spencer, M.1
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    • "Belonging," Kenneth Karst notes, "is a soupy gerund." KENNETH L. KARST, BELONGING TO AMERICA: EQUAL CITIZENSHIP AND THE CONSTITUTION, at ix (1989). Nonetheless, he succeeds in developing it as a useful category for analyzing the social, political, and, most significantly, legal dynamics involved in the process of extending equal citizenship to previously subordinated or excluded groups in the United States. See id. See also JUDITH N. SHKLAR, AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP: THE QUEST FOR INCLUSION (1991).
    • (1989) Belonging to America: Equal Citizenship and the Constitution
    • Karst, K.L.1
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    • "Belonging," Kenneth Karst notes, "is a soupy gerund." KENNETH L. KARST, BELONGING TO AMERICA: EQUAL CITIZENSHIP AND THE CONSTITUTION, at ix (1989). Nonetheless, he succeeds in developing it as a useful category for analyzing the social, political, and, most significantly, legal dynamics involved in the process of extending equal citizenship to previously subordinated or excluded groups in the United States. See id. See also JUDITH N. SHKLAR, AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP: THE QUEST FOR INCLUSION (1991).
    • (1989) Belonging to America: Equal Citizenship and the Constitution
    • Karst, K.L.1
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    • "Belonging," Kenneth Karst notes, "is a soupy gerund." KENNETH L. KARST, BELONGING TO AMERICA: EQUAL CITIZENSHIP AND THE CONSTITUTION, at ix (1989). Nonetheless, he succeeds in developing it as a useful category for analyzing the social, political, and, most significantly, legal dynamics involved in the process of extending equal citizenship to previously subordinated or excluded groups in the United States. See id. See also JUDITH N. SHKLAR, AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP: THE QUEST FOR INCLUSION (1991).
    • (1991) American Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion
    • Shklar, J.N.1
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    • See JOHN RAWLS, A THEORY OF JUSTICE 9, 245 (1971). For a critique of the "ideal speech" approaches of John Rawls, Jurgen Habermas, and Bruce Ackerman, see Michael Walzer, A Critique of Philosophical Conversation, in HERMENEUTICS AND CRITICAL THEORY IN ETHICS AND POLITICS 182 (Michael Kelly ed., 1990).
    • (1971) A Theory of Justice , vol.9 , pp. 245
    • Rawls, J.1
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    • A Critique of Philosophical Conversation
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    • See JOHN RAWLS, A THEORY OF JUSTICE 9, 245 (1971). For a critique of the "ideal speech" approaches of John Rawls, Jurgen Habermas, and Bruce Ackerman, see Michael Walzer, A Critique of Philosophical Conversation, in HERMENEUTICS AND CRITICAL THEORY IN ETHICS AND POLITICS 182 (Michael Kelly ed., 1990).
    • (1990) Hermeneutics and Critical Theory in Ethics and Politics , pp. 182
    • Walzer, M.1
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    • note
    • It is important to distinguish between "cultural" Muslims and the rather smaller group of practicing Muslims in each national context. For some distinctions regarding degrees of religious commitment among Muslims, see SHADID & VAN KONINGSVELD, supra note 4, at 2-3.
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    • The Effect of Western Perspectives on International Human Rights
    • Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im & Francis M. Deng eds.
    • An analysis with some similarities to this one is presented by Virginia A. Learn, The Effect of Western Perspectives on International Human Rights, in HUMAN RIGHTS IN AFRICA: CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES 15 (Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im & Francis M. Deng eds., 1990).
    • (1990) Human Rights in Africa: Cross-cultural Perspectives , pp. 15
    • Learn, V.A.1
  • 44
    • 0343555582 scopus 로고
    • Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted 10 Dec. 1948, G.A. Res. 217A (III), U.N. GAOR, 3d Sess. (Resolutions, pt. 1), at 71, art. 18, U.N. Doc. A/810 (1948), reprinted in 43 AM. J. INT'L L. SUPP. 127 (1949).
    • (1949) Am. J. Int'l L. SUPP. , vol.43 , pp. 127
  • 45
    • 85038059215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted 16 Dec. 1966, G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), U.N. GAOR, 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16, art. 26, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999 U.N.T.S. 171 (entered into force 23 Mar. 1976)
    • See International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted 16 Dec. 1966, G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), U.N. GAOR, 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16, art. 26, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999 U.N.T.S. 171 (entered into force 23 Mar. 1976).
  • 46
    • 0039780391 scopus 로고
    • See Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief, adopted 25 Nov. 1981, G.A. Res. 36/55, U.N. GAOR, 36th Sess., Supp. No. 51, U.N. Doc. A/36/51 (1981), reprinted in RICHARD B. LILLICH, INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS INSTRUMENTS 490.1 (1990).
    • (1990) International Human Rights Instruments , pp. 4901
    • Lillich, R.B.1
  • 47
    • 0006199511 scopus 로고
    • Commonality and Existence: The Rights of Groups
    • On this point, see Ronald Garet, Commonality and Existence: The Rights of Groups, 54 S. CAL. L. REV. 1001 (1983); HUMAN RIGHTS IN A PLURALIST WORLD: INDIVIDUALS AND COLLECTIVITIES (Jan Berting et al. eds., 1990).
    • (1983) S. Cal. L. Rev. , vol.54 , pp. 1001
    • Garet, R.1
  • 49
  • 50
    • 0004005369 scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., JACQUES MARITAIN, THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND NATURAL LAW (Doris C. Anson trans., 1949); JACK DONNELLY, THE CONCEPT OF HUMAN RIGHTS (1985).
    • (1985) The Concept of Human Rights
    • Donnelly, J.1
  • 53
    • 0002923507 scopus 로고
    • The Law of Peoples
    • Steven Shute & Susan Hurley eds.
    • See, e.g., John Rawls, The Law of Peoples, in ON HUMAN RIGHTS 41 (Steven Shute & Susan Hurley eds., 1993).
    • (1993) On Human Rights , pp. 41
    • Rawls, J.1
  • 54
    • 0042942740 scopus 로고
    • Crimes Against Humanity
    • On the creation of this juridical category in the wake of World War II, see Egon Schwelb, Crimes Against Humanity, 23 BRIT. Y.B. INT'L L. 178 (1946); TELFORD TAYLOR, THE ANATOMY OF THE NUREMBERG TRIALS: A PERSONAL MEMOIR 294 (1992).
    • (1946) Brit. Y.B. Int'l L. , vol.23 , pp. 178
    • Schwelb, E.1
  • 55
  • 56
    • 0006823715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • chs. 4-5
    • Domination, for various reasons, is a more useful category here than such competing notions as oppression, subordination, subjugation, or victimization. The understanding of human rights this article proposes is, in some respects, akin to, and, indeed, owes something to, perspectives from both feminist analysis and liberation theology. Parts of this argument are developed at greater length in WILLIAM A. BARBIERI, JR., ETHICS OF CITIZENSHIP: IMMIGRATION AND GROUP RIGHTS IN GERMANY, chs. 4-5 (1998).
    • (1998) Ethics of Citizenship: Immigration and Group Rights in Germany
    • Barbieri Jr., W.A.1
  • 57
    • 85038063960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • There is, indeed, a hermeneutical circle involved here, into which our preunderstandings of what constitutes injustice or domination factor in and are in turn revised through our experiences of them.
  • 58
    • 85038067472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Losing one's life or one's livelihood is to be distinguished from losing one's lunch hour. Domination is not generally said to occur where the goods involved are trivial in nature. However, what constitutes important goods? The gravity of the goods involved can, to begin with, be assessed only with reference to the perceptions of those to whom they are denied. Perceptions do not, however, always enter into consciousness, with the result that people may in certain circumstances remain unaware of damage they have sustained.
  • 59
    • 85038070050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Here, the home destroyed by a tornado is to be distinguished from the home destroyed by a government bulldozer. In other words, the damage involved is experienced as the product of a human act, and as thus falling into the realm of human relationships. Moreover, isolated or arbitrary incidents in which people inflict damage on one another (say, barroom brawls), while problematic in their own right, are not usually viewed as tantamount to domination, which implies the existence of established relations of power and, in most cases, hierarchy.
  • 60
    • 85038068674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This link may involve a series of individual transactions, or it may rely on more diffuse forms of causality related to various forms of collective action.
  • 61
    • 85038061226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This description naturally raises the question of what counts as a context of responsibility. What separates responsible or defensible harm - such as, for example, depriving rapists of their freedom - from the unjustifiable, culpable harm of arbitrary detention and torture? Here again, it is, in the first place, the perception of violation on the part of the harmed that must be examined, rather than some allegedly neutral, legal or philosophical account of obligation (although the two, of course, may be related).
  • 62
    • 85038071440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See BARBIERI, supra note 27, at 131-33
    • See BARBIERI, supra note 27, at 131-33.
  • 64
    • 0003809625 scopus 로고
    • This is reflected in the language of the majority of international documents dealing with human rights. For defenses by liberal theorists of the view that human rights are individual rights and should be held to be distinct from collective or minority rights, see JACK DONNELLY, UNIVERSAL HUMAN RIGHTS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE 19-21, 143-154 (1989); WILL KYMLICKA, MUITICULTURAL CITIZENSHIP: A LIBIRAL THEORY OF MINORITY RIGHTS 4-6 (1995).
    • (1989) Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice , pp. 19-21
    • Donnelly, J.1
  • 65
    • 0003821437 scopus 로고
    • This is reflected in the language of the majority of international documents dealing with human rights. For defenses by liberal theorists of the view that human rights are individual rights and should be held to be distinct from collective or minority rights, see JACK DONNELLY, UNIVERSAL HUMAN RIGHTS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE 19-21, 143-154 (1989); WILL KYMLICKA, MUITICULTURAL CITIZENSHIP: A LIBIRAL THEORY OF MINORITY RIGHTS 4-6 (1995).
    • (1995) Muiticultural Citizenship: A Libiral Theory of Minority Rights , pp. 4-6
    • Kymlicka, W.1
  • 66
    • 84936526484 scopus 로고
    • For different aspects of this historical development, see CHARLES TAYLOR, SOURCES OF THE SELF: THE MAKING OF THE MODERN IDENTITY (1989); ALASDAIR MCINTYRE, WHOSE JUSTICE? WHICH RATIONALITY? 209-348 (1988); LOUIS K. DUPRÉ, PASSAGE TO MODERNITY: AN ESSAY IN THE HERMENEUTICS OF NATURE AND CULTURE (1993).
    • (1989) Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity
    • Taylor, C.1
  • 67
    • 0003392316 scopus 로고
    • For different aspects of this historical development, see CHARLES TAYLOR, SOURCES OF THE SELF: THE MAKING OF THE MODERN IDENTITY (1989); ALASDAIR MCINTYRE, WHOSE JUSTICE? WHICH RATIONALITY? 209-348 (1988); LOUIS K. DUPRÉ, PASSAGE TO MODERNITY: AN ESSAY IN THE HERMENEUTICS OF NATURE AND CULTURE (1993).
    • (1988) Whose Justice? Which Rationality? , pp. 209-348
    • Mcintyre, A.1
  • 69
    • 85059275634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rights and Cultural Difference
    • supra note 3
    • Martha Minow demonstrates how rights for specific groups may, nonetheless, be formulated in ways that make them universal in scope. See Martha Minow, Rights and Cultural Difference, in IDENTITIES, POLITICS, AND RIGHTS, supra note 3, at 347, 354-55.
    • Identities, Politics, and Rights , pp. 347
    • Minow, M.1
  • 71
    • 0004120487 scopus 로고
    • See LARRY MAY, THE MORALITY OF GROUPS: COLLECTIVE RESPONSIBILITY, GROUP-BASED HARM, AND CORPORATE RIGHTS (1987); VERNON VAN DYKE, HUMAN RIGHTS, ETHNICITY, AND DISCRIMINATION (1985); WILLIAM F. FELICE, TAKING SUFFERING SERIOUSLY: THE IMPORTANCE OF COLLECTIVE HUMAN RIGHTS (1996).
    • (1985) Human Rights, Ethnicity, and Discrimination
    • Van Dyke, V.1
  • 73
    • 0003531337 scopus 로고
    • As Douglas Rae et al. point out, in practice, there is no such thing as equality; there are only equalities of one formulation or another. DOUGLAS RAE ET AL., EQUALITIES 3 (1981).
    • (1981) Equalities , pp. 3
    • Rae, D.1
  • 74
    • 85038070756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biracial People Feel 'Boxed In' by Census Form
    • 28 July § 1
    • The "one-drop" rule was that "unique legacy of American slavery that decreed anyone who had one drop of African blood in their veins to be 'black.'" Clarence Page, Biracial People Feel 'Boxed In' By Census Form, CHI. TRIB., 28 July 1996, § 1, at 21.
    • (1996) Chi. Trib. , pp. 21
    • Page, C.1
  • 75
    • 85038052484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (unpublished manuscript) (on file with author)
    • See WILLIAM A. BARBIERI, JR., PROBLEMS WITH THE CONCEPT OF GROUP RIGHTS (unpublished manuscript) (on file with author); Claus Offe, Homogeneity and Constitutional Democracy: Coping with Identity Conflicts Through Group Rights, 6 J. POL. PHIL. 113 (1998).
    • Problems with the Concept of Group Rights
    • Barbieri Jr., W.A.1
  • 76
    • 0032359450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Homogeneity and Constitutional Democracy: Coping with Identity Conflicts Through Group Rights
    • See WILLIAM A. BARBIERI, JR., PROBLEMS WITH THE CONCEPT OF GROUP RIGHTS (unpublished manuscript) (on file with author); Claus Offe, Homogeneity and Constitutional Democracy: Coping with Identity Conflicts Through Group Rights, 6 J. POL. PHIL. 113 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Pol. Phil. , vol.6 , pp. 113
    • Offe, C.1
  • 77
    • 0004291748 scopus 로고
    • For varying perspectives on this point, see MARY DOUGLAS, HOW INSTITUTIONS THINK (1986); MARGARET GILBERT, ON SOCIAL FACTS (Princeton Univ. Press 1992) (1989); James W. Nickel, Group Agency and Group Rights, in ETHNICITY AND GROUP RIGHTS 235 (Ian Shapiro & Will Kymlicka eds., 1997); CHRISTIAN A. STEIN, WIR UND UNSURE UEBERZEUGUNGEN (1998); RAIMO TUOMELA, THE IMPORTANCE Of US: A PHILOSOPHICAL STUDY OF BASIC SOCIAL NOTIONS (1995).
    • (1986) How Institutions Think
    • Douglas, M.1
  • 78
    • 0004262394 scopus 로고
    • Princeton Univ. Press
    • For varying perspectives on this point, see MARY DOUGLAS, HOW INSTITUTIONS THINK (1986); MARGARET GILBERT, ON SOCIAL FACTS (Princeton Univ. Press 1992) (1989); James W. Nickel, Group Agency and Group Rights, in ETHNICITY AND GROUP RIGHTS 235 (Ian Shapiro & Will Kymlicka eds., 1997); CHRISTIAN A. STEIN, WIR UND UNSURE UEBERZEUGUNGEN (1998); RAIMO TUOMELA, THE IMPORTANCE Of US: A PHILOSOPHICAL STUDY OF BASIC SOCIAL NOTIONS (1995).
    • (1989) On Social Facts
    • Gilbert, M.1
  • 79
    • 12944317476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Group Agency and Group Rights
    • Ian Shapiro & Will Kymlicka eds.
    • For varying perspectives on this point, see MARY DOUGLAS, HOW INSTITUTIONS THINK (1986); MARGARET GILBERT, ON SOCIAL FACTS (Princeton Univ. Press 1992) (1989); James W. Nickel, Group Agency and Group Rights, in ETHNICITY AND GROUP RIGHTS 235 (Ian Shapiro & Will Kymlicka eds., 1997); CHRISTIAN A. STEIN, WIR UND UNSURE UEBERZEUGUNGEN (1998); RAIMO TUOMELA, THE IMPORTANCE Of US: A PHILOSOPHICAL STUDY OF BASIC SOCIAL NOTIONS (1995).
    • (1997) Ethnicity and Group Rights , pp. 235
    • Nickel, J.W.1
  • 80
    • 12944273801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For varying perspectives on this point, see MARY DOUGLAS, HOW INSTITUTIONS THINK (1986); MARGARET GILBERT, ON SOCIAL FACTS (Princeton Univ. Press 1992) (1989); James W. Nickel, Group Agency and Group Rights, in ETHNICITY AND GROUP RIGHTS 235 (Ian Shapiro & Will Kymlicka eds., 1997); CHRISTIAN A. STEIN, WIR UND UNSURE UEBERZEUGUNGEN (1998); RAIMO TUOMELA, THE IMPORTANCE Of US: A PHILOSOPHICAL STUDY OF BASIC SOCIAL NOTIONS (1995).
    • (1998) Wir und Unsure Ueberzeugungen
    • Stein, C.A.1
  • 81
    • 0003681067 scopus 로고
    • For varying perspectives on this point, see MARY DOUGLAS, HOW INSTITUTIONS THINK (1986); MARGARET GILBERT, ON SOCIAL FACTS (Princeton Univ. Press 1992) (1989); James W. Nickel, Group Agency and Group Rights, in ETHNICITY AND GROUP RIGHTS 235 (Ian Shapiro & Will Kymlicka eds., 1997); CHRISTIAN A. STEIN, WIR UND UNSURE UEBERZEUGUNGEN (1998); RAIMO TUOMELA, THE IMPORTANCE Of US: A PHILOSOPHICAL STUDY OF BASIC SOCIAL NOTIONS (1995).
    • (1995) The Importance of Us: A Philosophical Study of Basic Social Notions
    • Tuomela, R.1
  • 82
    • 0001972654 scopus 로고
    • Internal Minorities and Their Rights
    • Judith Baker ed.
    • On this last point, see Leslie Green, Internal Minorities and Their Rights, in GROUP RIGHTS 100 (Judith Baker ed., 1994).
    • (1994) Group Rights , pp. 100
    • Green, L.1
  • 83
    • 0004256132 scopus 로고
    • See JUDITH N. SHKLAR, THE FACES OF INJUSTICE (1990); ELIZABETH H. WOLCAST, Why Justice Isn't an Ideal, in THE GRAMMAR OF JUSTICE 125 (1987).
    • (1990) The Faces of Injustice
    • Shklar, J.N.1
  • 84
    • 12944269277 scopus 로고
    • Why Justice Isn't an Ideal
    • See JUDITH N. SHKLAR, THE FACES OF INJUSTICE (1990); ELIZABETH H. WOLCAST, Why Justice Isn't an Ideal, in THE GRAMMAR OF JUSTICE 125 (1987).
    • (1987) The Grammar of Justice , pp. 125
    • Wolcast, E.H.1
  • 85
    • 0002068898 scopus 로고
    • Two Concepts of Liberty
    • The distinction emphasized here is not dissimilar to that explicated by Sir Isaiah Berlin in his famous essay, Two Concepts of Liberty. SIR ISAIAH BERLIN, FOUR ESSAYS ON LIBERTY 118 (1969).
    • (1969) Four Essays on Liberty , pp. 118
    • Berlin, S.I.1
  • 86
    • 0003754159 scopus 로고
    • But see DONNELLY, supra note 35, at 37-45 (for a criticism of this thesis)
    • The notion that certain rights are "basic" with respect to others is most influentially presented in HENRY SHUE, BASIC RIGHTS: SUBSISTENCE, AFFLUENCE, AND U.S. FOREIGN POLICY (1980). But see DONNELLY, supra note 35, at 37-45 (for a criticism of this thesis).
    • (1980) Basic Rights: Subsistence, Affluence, and U.S. Foreign Policy
    • Shue, H.1
  • 87
    • 85038068301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the relevant provisions of the German Basic Law, see GG art. 33, ¶ 4 (which addresses the role of civil servants); art. 6, ¶ 2 (which concerns the duties of both parents and the state in regard to children); art. 140 (which takes over a provision of the Weimar Constitution of 1919 (art. 136, ¶ 4) setting out the religious freedom of third parties)
    • For the relevant provisions of the German Basic Law, see GG art. 33, ¶ 4 (which addresses the role of civil servants); art. 6, ¶ 2 (which concerns the duties of both parents and the state in regard to children); art. 140 (which takes over a provision of the Weimar Constitution of 1919 (art. 136, ¶ 4) setting out the religious freedom of third parties).
  • 88
    • 85038062860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muslimin darf mit Kopftuch nicht ans Lehrerpult
    • Berlin, 14 July [hereinafter Ruf, Muslimin]
    • The rights in question are established by Articles 2, 3, 4, & 33, respectively, of the German Basic Law. GG arts. 2-4, 33. Various constitutional criticisms of a ban on head scarves are reported in Reiner Ruf, Muslimin darf mit Kopftuch nicht ans Lehrerpult, DER TAGESSPIEGEL (Berlin), 14 July 1998, at 4 [hereinafter Ruf, Muslimin]; Reiner Ruf, D.G.B, kritisiert Kopftuchverbot fuer Lehrerin, DER TACESSPIEGEL (Berlin), 18 July 1998, at 2; Reiner Ruf, Kontroverse um Kopftuch, DER TACESSPIEGEL (Berlin), 15 July 1998, at 4.
    • (1998) Der Tagesspiegel , pp. 4
    • Ruf, R.1
  • 89
    • 85038061257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D.G.B, kritisiert Kopftuchverbot fuer Lehrerin
    • (Berlin), 18 July
    • The rights in question are established by Articles 2, 3, 4, & 33, respectively, of the German Basic Law. GG arts. 2-4, 33. Various constitutional criticisms of a ban on head scarves are reported in Reiner Ruf, Muslimin darf mit Kopftuch nicht ans Lehrerpult, DER TAGESSPIEGEL (Berlin), 14 July 1998, at 4 [hereinafter Ruf, Muslimin]; Reiner Ruf, D.G.B, kritisiert Kopftuchverbot fuer Lehrerin, DER TACESSPIEGEL (Berlin), 18 July 1998, at 2; Reiner Ruf, Kontroverse um Kopftuch, DER TACESSPIEGEL (Berlin), 15 July 1998, at 4.
    • (1998) Der Tacesspiegel , pp. 2
    • Ruf, R.1
  • 90
    • 85038062860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kontroverse um Kopftuch
    • (Berlin), 15 July
    • The rights in question are established by Articles 2, 3, 4, & 33, respectively, of the German Basic Law. GG arts. 2-4, 33. Various constitutional criticisms of a ban on head scarves are reported in Reiner Ruf, Muslimin darf mit Kopftuch nicht ans Lehrerpult, DER TAGESSPIEGEL (Berlin), 14 July 1998, at 4 [hereinafter Ruf, Muslimin]; Reiner Ruf, D.G.B, kritisiert Kopftuchverbot fuer Lehrerin, DER TACESSPIEGEL (Berlin), 18 July 1998, at 2; Reiner Ruf, Kontroverse um Kopftuch, DER TACESSPIEGEL (Berlin), 15 July 1998, at 4.
    • (1998) Der Tacesspiegel , pp. 4
    • Ruf, R.1
  • 91
    • 85038059157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Der politische Islam wird mit dieser Entscheidung gerade nicht getroffen
    • (Berlin), 16 July
    • See Barbara John, Der politische Islam wird mit dieser Entscheidung gerade nicht getroffen, DER TACESSPIEGEL (Berlin), 16 July 1998, at 7; Michael Lueders, Nich bin doch kein Alien: Mit oder ohne Kopftuch - muslimische Studentinnen in Deutschland sind pragmatisch, DIE ZEIT (Hamburg), 23 July 1998, at 7; Andrea Nuesse, Ja zur Richterin mit Kopftuch, DER TAGESSPIEGEL (Berlin), 15 July 1998, at 8.
    • (1998) Der Tacesspiegel , pp. 7
    • John, B.1
  • 92
    • 85038052562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nich bin doch kein Alien: Mit oder ohne Kopftuch - Muslimische Studentinnen in Deutschland sind pragmatisch
    • (Hamburg), 23 July
    • See Barbara John, Der politische Islam wird mit dieser Entscheidung gerade nicht getroffen, DER TACESSPIEGEL (Berlin), 16 July 1998, at 7; Michael Lueders, Nich bin doch kein Alien: Mit oder ohne Kopftuch - muslimische Studentinnen in Deutschland sind pragmatisch, DIE ZEIT (Hamburg), 23 July 1998, at 7; Andrea Nuesse, Ja zur Richterin mit Kopftuch, DER TAGESSPIEGEL (Berlin), 15 July 1998, at 8.
    • (1998) Die Zeit , pp. 7
    • Lueders, M.1
  • 93
    • 85038067976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ja zur Richterin mit Kopftuch
    • (Berlin), 15 July
    • See Barbara John, Der politische Islam wird mit dieser Entscheidung gerade nicht getroffen, DER TACESSPIEGEL (Berlin), 16 July 1998, at 7; Michael Lueders, Nich bin doch kein Alien: Mit oder ohne Kopftuch - muslimische Studentinnen in Deutschland sind pragmatisch, DIE ZEIT (Hamburg), 23 July 1998, at 7; Andrea Nuesse, Ja zur Richterin mit Kopftuch, DER TAGESSPIEGEL (Berlin), 15 July 1998, at 8.
    • (1998) Der Tagesspiegel , pp. 8
    • Nuesse, A.1
  • 94
    • 85038069684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brauchen wir den Lehrer in Uniform?
    • (Berlin), 16 July
    • See Caroline Fetscher, Brauchen wir den Lehrer in Uniform?, DER TACESSPIEGEL (Berlin), 16 July 1998, at 25; Caroline Fetscher, Heftiger Streit nach der Kopftuch-Entscheidung, DER TAGESSPIEGEL (Berlin), 16 July 1998, at 2.
    • (1998) Der Tacesspiegel , pp. 25
    • Fetscher, C.1
  • 95
    • 85038052911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heftiger Streit nach der Kopftuch-Entscheidung
    • (Berlin), 16 July
    • See Caroline Fetscher, Brauchen wir den Lehrer in Uniform?, DER TACESSPIEGEL (Berlin), 16 July 1998, at 25; Caroline Fetscher, Heftiger Streit nach der Kopftuch-Entscheidung, DER TAGESSPIEGEL (Berlin), 16 July 1998, at 2.
    • (1998) Der Tagesspiegel , pp. 2
    • Fetscher, C.1
  • 96
    • 84899267672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Der Kopf zaehlt, nicht das Tuch
    • (Hamburg), 23 July
    • Ruf, Muslimin, supra note 48, at 4 (quoting Erwin Teufel, the Minister-President of Baden-Wüerttemberg). See also Theo Sommer, Der Kopf zaehlt, nicht das Tuch, DIE ZEIT (Hamburg), 23 July 1998, at 7.
    • (1998) Die Zeit , pp. 7
    • Sommer, T.1
  • 97
    • 12944269274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Im Glauben eine Heimat finden
    • (Hamburg), 23 July
    • See Press Release of the Minister for Culture, Youth and Sport, No. 119/98, 13 July 1998; Merle Hilbk, Im Glauben eine Heimat finden, DIE ZEIT (Hamburg), 23 July 1998, at 7.
    • (1998) Die Zeit , pp. 7
    • Hilbk, M.1
  • 98
    • 85038061071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lehrer muessen Vorbilder sein: Baden-Wuerttembergs Kultusministerin Schavan ueber Kopftuecher in der Schule
    • (Hamburg), 16 July
    • Lehrer muessen Vorbilder sein: Baden-Wuerttembergs Kultusministerin Schavan ueber Kopftuecher in der Schule, DIE ZEIT (Hamburg), 16 July 1998, at 3.
    • (1998) Die Zeit , pp. 3
  • 99
    • 85038070628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This symbolic valence is what sets apart the head scarf from other sorts of things one might seek to don in exercise of one's right of self-expression: for example, lip rings, loud ties, or a tattoo of one's lover.
  • 101
    • 12944315287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Religion und Integration
    • On the debate about crucifixes in classrooms in Germany, see DER STREIT UM DAS KREUZ IN DER SCHULE: ZUR RELIGIOES-WELTANSCHAULICHEN NEUTRALITAET DES STAATES (Winfried Brugger & Stefan Huster eds., 1998); Ulf Haeussler, Religion und Integration, 19 ZEITSCHRIFT FUER AUSLAENDERRECHT UND AUSLAENDERPOLITIK 32 (1999).
    • (1999) Zeitschrift fuer Auslaenderrecht und Auslaenderpolitik , vol.19 , pp. 32
    • Haeussler, U.1
  • 102
    • 85038062764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Es gibt kein Grundrecht auf das demonstrative Tragen eines Schleiers
    • (Berlin), 16 July
    • Bassam Tibi, Es gibt kein Grundrecht auf das demonstrative Tragen eines Schleiers, DER TAGESSPIEGEL (Berlin), 16 July 1998, at 7.
    • (1998) Der Tagesspiegel , pp. 7
    • Tibi, B.1
  • 104
    • 85038054296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recht und Tracht
    • (Hamburg), 23 July
    • In other cases in Germany, an argument has been made - and upheld by the courts - for banning public school teachers from wearing, in the classroom, the full religious regalia of followers of Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh. See Haeussler, supra note 55; Martin Klingst, Recht und Tracht, DIE ZEIT (Hamburg), 23 July 1998, at 7. Much of the plausibility of this argument extends from the controversial character of the religion involved, from its relatively marginal presence in the society, and from the conspicuous character of the religious symbolism in question. See Klingst, supra.
    • (1998) Die Zeit , pp. 7
    • Klingst, M.1
  • 105
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    • Toward an Islamic Hermeneutics for Human Rights
    • Abdullahi Ahmed AnNa'im et. al eds.
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    • note
    • This distinction turns, in part, on the (in some instances contested) moral designations attached in Muslim tradition to different classes of action, ranging from forbidden, to rejectable, to permitted, to recommended, to obligatory. See, e.g., SHADID & VAN KONINGSVELD, supra note 4, at 65-71.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.