The foundations of the Irish settlement in Newcastle upon Tyne: The evidence in the 1851 census

Immigrants and Minorities

Volumn 18, Issue 2-3, 1999, Pages 71-93

  Neal, Frank ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CENSUS; IMMIGRANT POPULATION; MIGRANTS EXPERIENCE; NINETEENTH CENTURY;

NEWCASTLE; TYNE AND WEAR; UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 0033391526     PISSN: 02619288     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02619288.1999.9974969     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. The census data used in this essay have been collected as part of a large-scale study of the Irish in the north east of England. I would like to thank H.M.V. Music Ltd., for financial support in respect of the huge census data-gathering operation. In particular I am indebted to Stewart MacAllister, the C.E.O. of H.M.V. for his personal support of the study.
2. R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in the Victorian City (London, 1985) and R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Britain: 1815-1939 (London, 1989). There exists a number of publications, theses and dissertations dealing with various aspects of the Irish in the North-East and they vary considerably in quality. R.J. Cooter, The Irish in Durham and Newcastle: 1840-1880 (MA thesis, Durham, 1972). R.J. Cooter, 'Lady Londonderry and the Irish Catholics of Seaham Harbour: No Popery out of Context' Recusant History Vol.13, No.3 (1976) pp.288-97. R.J. Cooter. 'On calculating the Nineteenth Century Irish Catholic Population of Durham and Newcastle', Northern Catholic History, No.2 (Autumn 1975), pp.16-25. M. Chase, 'The Teeside Irish in the Nineteenth Century', in P Buckland and J. Belchem (eds.), Conference Proceedings in Irish Studies, No.1 (Liverpool, 1993), pp.47-58. S. Docherty, 'English and Irish Catholics in Northumberland 1745-1860' (Ph.D. thesis, Queen's University, Belfast, 1987). D.C. Fox, 'The Demography of Sunderland, 1851', Occasional Paper, No.1 (1980), Department of Geography and History, Sunderland Polytechnic. J.G. Lynch, 'The Irish Population of Darlington in 1841 and 1851' (MA thesis, Teeside Polytechnic, 1988). F. McConnell, 'The Irish in Durham City, 1841-61', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.47 (Dec. 1991), pp.68-82. T.P. McDermott, 'The Irish Workers on Tyneside', in N. McCord (ed.), Essays on Tyneside Labour History (Newcastle, 1977). F. Neal, 'English-Irish Conflict in the North-East of England', in Belchem and Buckland (eds.), Conference Proceedings (1993), pp.59-85. P Norris, 'The Irish in Tow Law, Co Durham, 1851-1871', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.33 (Dec., 1984) pp.41-70. M. Sill, 'East Mining Colonisation and the Genesis of the Colliery Landscape 1770-1851' (Ph.D. thesis, University of Durham, 1982). M. Sill, 'The Irish Population of Sandygate in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in M. Barke and R.J. Buswell (eds.), Historical Atlas of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1980). H.J Smith et al., 'Crook and Billy Row in 1851: An Analysis of Census Returns', University of Durham, Department of Adult Education (1975). L. Gooch, 'The Durham Catholics and Industrial Development, 1560-1850' (MA thesis, University of York, 1984). J. Robinson, 'The Coming of the Irish to Jarrow and Hebburn', Journal of the Northumberland and Durham Family History Society, Vol.6, No.3 (1981), pp.70-71. F. Neal, 'Irish Settlement in the North East and North West of England in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Victorian Britain: The Local Dimension (Dublin, 1999). For an examination of the impact of Irish Famine refugees on Newcastle upon Tyne, see F. Neal, Black '47: Britain and the Famine Irish (Basingstoke, 1998), pp.205-9, 241, 243.
3. R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in the Victorian City (London, 1985) and R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Britain: 1815-1939 (London, 1989). There exists a number of publications, theses and dissertations dealing with various aspects of the Irish in the North-East and they vary considerably in quality. R.J. Cooter, The Irish in Durham and Newcastle: 1840-1880 (MA thesis, Durham, 1972). R.J. Cooter, 'Lady Londonderry and the Irish Catholics of Seaham Harbour: No Popery out of Context' Recusant History Vol.13, No.3 (1976) pp.288-97. R.J. Cooter. 'On calculating the Nineteenth Century Irish Catholic Population of Durham and Newcastle', Northern Catholic History, No.2 (Autumn 1975), pp.16-25. M. Chase, 'The Teeside Irish in the Nineteenth Century', in P Buckland and J. Belchem (eds.), Conference Proceedings in Irish Studies, No.1 (Liverpool, 1993), pp.47-58. S. Docherty, 'English and Irish Catholics in Northumberland 1745-1860' (Ph.D. thesis, Queen's University, Belfast, 1987). D.C. Fox, 'The Demography of Sunderland, 1851', Occasional Paper, No.1 (1980), Department of Geography and History, Sunderland Polytechnic. J.G. Lynch, 'The Irish Population of Darlington in 1841 and 1851' (MA thesis, Teeside Polytechnic, 1988). F. McConnell, 'The Irish in Durham City, 1841-61', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.47 (Dec. 1991), pp.68-82. T.P. McDermott, 'The Irish Workers on Tyneside', in N. McCord (ed.), Essays on Tyneside Labour History (Newcastle, 1977). F. Neal, 'English-Irish Conflict in the North-East of England', in Belchem and Buckland (eds.), Conference Proceedings (1993), pp.59-85. P Norris, 'The Irish in Tow Law, Co Durham, 1851-1871', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.33 (Dec., 1984) pp.41-70. M. Sill, 'East Mining Colonisation and the Genesis of the Colliery Landscape 1770-1851' (Ph.D. thesis, University of Durham, 1982). M. Sill, 'The Irish Population of Sandygate in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in M. Barke and R.J. Buswell (eds.), Historical Atlas of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1980). H.J Smith et al., 'Crook and Billy Row in 1851: An Analysis of Census Returns', University of Durham, Department of Adult Education (1975). L. Gooch, 'The Durham Catholics and Industrial Development, 1560-1850' (MA thesis, University of York, 1984). J. Robinson, 'The Coming of the Irish to Jarrow and Hebburn', Journal of the Northumberland and Durham Family History Society, Vol.6, No.3 (1981), pp.70-71. F. Neal, 'Irish Settlement in the North East and North West of England in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Victorian Britain: The Local Dimension (Dublin, 1999). For an examination of the impact of Irish Famine refugees on Newcastle upon Tyne, see F. Neal, Black '47: Britain and the Famine Irish (Basingstoke, 1998), pp.205-9, 241, 243.
4. R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in the Victorian City (London, 1985) and R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Britain: 1815-1939 (London, 1989). There exists a number of publications, theses and dissertations dealing with various aspects of the Irish in the North-East and they vary considerably in quality. R.J. Cooter, The Irish in Durham and Newcastle: 1840-1880 (MA thesis, Durham, 1972). R.J. Cooter, 'Lady Londonderry and the Irish Catholics of Seaham Harbour: No Popery out of Context' Recusant History Vol.13, No.3 (1976) pp.288-97. R.J. Cooter. 'On calculating the Nineteenth Century Irish Catholic Population of Durham and Newcastle', Northern Catholic History, No.2 (Autumn 1975), pp.16-25. M. Chase, 'The Teeside Irish in the Nineteenth Century', in P Buckland and J. Belchem (eds.), Conference Proceedings in Irish Studies, No.1 (Liverpool, 1993), pp.47-58. S. Docherty, 'English and Irish Catholics in Northumberland 1745-1860' (Ph.D. thesis, Queen's University, Belfast, 1987). D.C. Fox, 'The Demography of Sunderland, 1851', Occasional Paper, No.1 (1980), Department of Geography and History, Sunderland Polytechnic. J.G. Lynch, 'The Irish Population of Darlington in 1841 and 1851' (MA thesis, Teeside Polytechnic, 1988). F. McConnell, 'The Irish in Durham City, 1841-61', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.47 (Dec. 1991), pp.68-82. T.P. McDermott, 'The Irish Workers on Tyneside', in N. McCord (ed.), Essays on Tyneside Labour History (Newcastle, 1977). F. Neal, 'English-Irish Conflict in the North-East of England', in Belchem and Buckland (eds.), Conference Proceedings (1993), pp.59-85. P Norris, 'The Irish in Tow Law, Co Durham, 1851-1871', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.33 (Dec., 1984) pp.41-70. M. Sill, 'East Mining Colonisation and the Genesis of the Colliery Landscape 1770-1851' (Ph.D. thesis, University of Durham, 1982). M. Sill, 'The Irish Population of Sandygate in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in M. Barke and R.J. Buswell (eds.), Historical Atlas of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1980). H.J Smith et al., 'Crook and Billy Row in 1851: An Analysis of Census Returns', University of Durham, Department of Adult Education (1975). L. Gooch, 'The Durham Catholics and Industrial Development, 1560-1850' (MA thesis, University of York, 1984). J. Robinson, 'The Coming of the Irish to Jarrow and Hebburn', Journal of the Northumberland and Durham Family History Society, Vol.6, No.3 (1981), pp.70-71. F. Neal, 'Irish Settlement in the North East and North West of England in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Victorian Britain: The Local Dimension (Dublin, 1999). For an examination of the impact of Irish Famine refugees on Newcastle upon Tyne, see F. Neal, Black '47: Britain and the Famine Irish (Basingstoke, 1998), pp.205-9, 241, 243.
5. R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in the Victorian City (London, 1985) and R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Britain: 1815-1939 (London, 1989). There exists a number of publications, theses and dissertations dealing with various aspects of the Irish in the North-East and they vary considerably in quality. R.J. Cooter, The Irish in Durham and Newcastle: 1840-1880 (MA thesis, Durham, 1972). R.J. Cooter, 'Lady Londonderry and the Irish Catholics of Seaham Harbour: No Popery out of Context' Recusant History Vol.13, No.3 (1976) pp.288-97. R.J. Cooter. 'On calculating the Nineteenth Century Irish Catholic Population of Durham and Newcastle', Northern Catholic History, No.2 (Autumn 1975), pp.16-25. M. Chase, 'The Teeside Irish in the Nineteenth Century', in P Buckland and J. Belchem (eds.), Conference Proceedings in Irish Studies, No.1 (Liverpool, 1993), pp.47-58. S. Docherty, 'English and Irish Catholics in Northumberland 1745-1860' (Ph.D. thesis, Queen's University, Belfast, 1987). D.C. Fox, 'The Demography of Sunderland, 1851', Occasional Paper, No.1 (1980), Department of Geography and History, Sunderland Polytechnic. J.G. Lynch, 'The Irish Population of Darlington in 1841 and 1851' (MA thesis, Teeside Polytechnic, 1988). F. McConnell, 'The Irish in Durham City, 1841-61', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.47 (Dec. 1991), pp.68-82. T.P. McDermott, 'The Irish Workers on Tyneside', in N. McCord (ed.), Essays on Tyneside Labour History (Newcastle, 1977). F. Neal, 'English-Irish Conflict in the North-East of England', in Belchem and Buckland (eds.), Conference Proceedings (1993), pp.59-85. P Norris, 'The Irish in Tow Law, Co Durham, 1851-1871', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.33 (Dec., 1984) pp.41-70. M. Sill, 'East Mining Colonisation and the Genesis of the Colliery Landscape 1770-1851' (Ph.D. thesis, University of Durham, 1982). M. Sill, 'The Irish Population of Sandygate in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in M. Barke and R.J. Buswell (eds.), Historical Atlas of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1980). H.J Smith et al., 'Crook and Billy Row in 1851: An Analysis of Census Returns', University of Durham, Department of Adult Education (1975). L. Gooch, 'The Durham Catholics and Industrial Development, 1560-1850' (MA thesis, University of York, 1984). J. Robinson, 'The Coming of the Irish to Jarrow and Hebburn', Journal of the Northumberland and Durham Family History Society, Vol.6, No.3 (1981), pp.70-71. F. Neal, 'Irish Settlement in the North East and North West of England in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Victorian Britain: The Local Dimension (Dublin, 1999). For an examination of the impact of Irish Famine refugees on Newcastle upon Tyne, see F. Neal, Black '47: Britain and the Famine Irish (Basingstoke, 1998), pp.205-9, 241, 243.
6. R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in the Victorian City (London, 1985) and R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Britain: 1815-1939 (London, 1989). There exists a number of publications, theses and dissertations dealing with various aspects of the Irish in the North-East and they vary considerably in quality. R.J. Cooter, The Irish in Durham and Newcastle: 1840-1880 (MA thesis, Durham, 1972). R.J. Cooter, 'Lady Londonderry and the Irish Catholics of Seaham Harbour: No Popery out of Context' Recusant History Vol.13, No.3 (1976) pp.288-97. R.J. Cooter. 'On calculating the Nineteenth Century Irish Catholic Population of Durham and Newcastle', Northern Catholic History, No.2 (Autumn 1975), pp.16-25. M. Chase, 'The Teeside Irish in the Nineteenth Century', in P Buckland and J. Belchem (eds.), Conference Proceedings in Irish Studies, No.1 (Liverpool, 1993), pp.47-58. S. Docherty, 'English and Irish Catholics in Northumberland 1745-1860' (Ph.D. thesis, Queen's University, Belfast, 1987). D.C. Fox, 'The Demography of Sunderland, 1851', Occasional Paper, No.1 (1980), Department of Geography and History, Sunderland Polytechnic. J.G. Lynch, 'The Irish Population of Darlington in 1841 and 1851' (MA thesis, Teeside Polytechnic, 1988). F. McConnell, 'The Irish in Durham City, 1841-61', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.47 (Dec. 1991), pp.68-82. T.P. McDermott, 'The Irish Workers on Tyneside', in N. McCord (ed.), Essays on Tyneside Labour History (Newcastle, 1977). F. Neal, 'English-Irish Conflict in the North-East of England', in Belchem and Buckland (eds.), Conference Proceedings (1993), pp.59-85. P Norris, 'The Irish in Tow Law, Co Durham, 1851-1871', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.33 (Dec., 1984) pp.41-70. M. Sill, 'East Mining Colonisation and the Genesis of the Colliery Landscape 1770-1851' (Ph.D. thesis, University of Durham, 1982). M. Sill, 'The Irish Population of Sandygate in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in M. Barke and R.J. Buswell (eds.), Historical Atlas of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1980). H.J Smith et al., 'Crook and Billy Row in 1851: An Analysis of Census Returns', University of Durham, Department of Adult Education (1975). L. Gooch, 'The Durham Catholics and Industrial Development, 1560-1850' (MA thesis, University of York, 1984). J. Robinson, 'The Coming of the Irish to Jarrow and Hebburn', Journal of the Northumberland and Durham Family History Society, Vol.6, No.3 (1981), pp.70-71. F. Neal, 'Irish Settlement in the North East and North West of England in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Victorian Britain: The Local Dimension (Dublin, 1999). For an examination of the impact of Irish Famine refugees on Newcastle upon Tyne, see F. Neal, Black '47: Britain and the Famine Irish (Basingstoke, 1998), pp.205-9, 241, 243.
7. R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in the Victorian City (London, 1985) and R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Britain: 1815-1939 (London, 1989). There exists a number of publications, theses and dissertations dealing with various aspects of the Irish in the North-East and they vary considerably in quality. R.J. Cooter, The Irish in Durham and Newcastle: 1840-1880 (MA thesis, Durham, 1972). R.J. Cooter, 'Lady Londonderry and the Irish Catholics of Seaham Harbour: No Popery out of Context' Recusant History Vol.13, No.3 (1976) pp.288-97. R.J. Cooter. 'On calculating the Nineteenth Century Irish Catholic Population of Durham and Newcastle', Northern Catholic History, No.2 (Autumn 1975), pp.16-25. M. Chase, 'The Teeside Irish in the Nineteenth Century', in P Buckland and J. Belchem (eds.), Conference Proceedings in Irish Studies, No.1 (Liverpool, 1993), pp.47-58. S. Docherty, 'English and Irish Catholics in Northumberland 1745-1860' (Ph.D. thesis, Queen's University, Belfast, 1987). D.C. Fox, 'The Demography of Sunderland, 1851', Occasional Paper, No.1 (1980), Department of Geography and History, Sunderland Polytechnic. J.G. Lynch, 'The Irish Population of Darlington in 1841 and 1851' (MA thesis, Teeside Polytechnic, 1988). F. McConnell, 'The Irish in Durham City, 1841-61', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.47 (Dec. 1991), pp.68-82. T.P. McDermott, 'The Irish Workers on Tyneside', in N. McCord (ed.), Essays on Tyneside Labour History (Newcastle, 1977). F. Neal, 'English-Irish Conflict in the North-East of England', in Belchem and Buckland (eds.), Conference Proceedings (1993), pp.59-85. P Norris, 'The Irish in Tow Law, Co Durham, 1851-1871', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.33 (Dec., 1984) pp.41-70. M. Sill, 'East Mining Colonisation and the Genesis of the Colliery Landscape 1770-1851' (Ph.D. thesis, University of Durham, 1982). M. Sill, 'The Irish Population of Sandygate in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in M. Barke and R.J. Buswell (eds.), Historical Atlas of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1980). H.J Smith et al., 'Crook and Billy Row in 1851: An Analysis of Census Returns', University of Durham, Department of Adult Education (1975). L. Gooch, 'The Durham Catholics and Industrial Development, 1560-1850' (MA thesis, University of York, 1984). J. Robinson, 'The Coming of the Irish to Jarrow and Hebburn', Journal of the Northumberland and Durham Family History Society, Vol.6, No.3 (1981), pp.70-71. F. Neal, 'Irish Settlement in the North East and North West of England in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Victorian Britain: The Local Dimension (Dublin, 1999). For an examination of the impact of Irish Famine refugees on Newcastle upon Tyne, see F. Neal, Black '47: Britain and the Famine Irish (Basingstoke, 1998), pp.205-9, 241, 243.
8. R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in the Victorian City (London, 1985) and R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Britain: 1815-1939 (London, 1989). There exists a number of publications, theses and dissertations dealing with various aspects of the Irish in the North-East and they vary considerably in quality. R.J. Cooter, The Irish in Durham and Newcastle: 1840-1880 (MA thesis, Durham, 1972). R.J. Cooter, 'Lady Londonderry and the Irish Catholics of Seaham Harbour: No Popery out of Context' Recusant History Vol.13, No.3 (1976) pp.288-97. R.J. Cooter. 'On calculating the Nineteenth Century Irish Catholic Population of Durham and Newcastle', Northern Catholic History, No.2 (Autumn 1975), pp.16-25. M. Chase, 'The Teeside Irish in the Nineteenth Century', in P Buckland and J. Belchem (eds.), Conference Proceedings in Irish Studies, No.1 (Liverpool, 1993), pp.47-58. S. Docherty, 'English and Irish Catholics in Northumberland 1745-1860' (Ph.D. thesis, Queen's University, Belfast, 1987). D.C. Fox, 'The Demography of Sunderland, 1851', Occasional Paper, No.1 (1980), Department of Geography and History, Sunderland Polytechnic. J.G. Lynch, 'The Irish Population of Darlington in 1841 and 1851' (MA thesis, Teeside Polytechnic, 1988). F. McConnell, 'The Irish in Durham City, 1841-61', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.47 (Dec. 1991), pp.68-82. T.P. McDermott, 'The Irish Workers on Tyneside', in N. McCord (ed.), Essays on Tyneside Labour History (Newcastle, 1977). F. Neal, 'English-Irish Conflict in the North-East of England', in Belchem and Buckland (eds.), Conference Proceedings (1993), pp.59-85. P Norris, 'The Irish in Tow Law, Co Durham, 1851-1871', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.33 (Dec., 1984) pp.41-70. M. Sill, 'East Mining Colonisation and the Genesis of the Colliery Landscape 1770-1851' (Ph.D. thesis, University of Durham, 1982). M. Sill, 'The Irish Population of Sandygate in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in M. Barke and R.J. Buswell (eds.), Historical Atlas of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1980). H.J Smith et al., 'Crook and Billy Row in 1851: An Analysis of Census Returns', University of Durham, Department of Adult Education (1975). L. Gooch, 'The Durham Catholics and Industrial Development, 1560-1850' (MA thesis, University of York, 1984). J. Robinson, 'The Coming of the Irish to Jarrow and Hebburn', Journal of the Northumberland and Durham Family History Society, Vol.6, No.3 (1981), pp.70-71. F. Neal, 'Irish Settlement in the North East and North West of England in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Victorian Britain: The Local Dimension (Dublin, 1999). For an examination of the impact of Irish Famine refugees on Newcastle upon Tyne, see F. Neal, Black '47: Britain and the Famine Irish (Basingstoke, 1998), pp.205-9, 241, 243.
9. R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in the Victorian City (London, 1985) and R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Britain: 1815-1939 (London, 1989). There exists a number of publications, theses and dissertations dealing with various aspects of the Irish in the North-East and they vary considerably in quality. R.J. Cooter, The Irish in Durham and Newcastle: 1840-1880 (MA thesis, Durham, 1972). R.J. Cooter, 'Lady Londonderry and the Irish Catholics of Seaham Harbour: No Popery out of Context' Recusant History Vol.13, No.3 (1976) pp.288-97. R.J. Cooter. 'On calculating the Nineteenth Century Irish Catholic Population of Durham and Newcastle', Northern Catholic History, No.2 (Autumn 1975), pp.16-25. M. Chase, 'The Teeside Irish in the Nineteenth Century', in P Buckland and J. Belchem (eds.), Conference Proceedings in Irish Studies, No.1 (Liverpool, 1993), pp.47-58. S. Docherty, 'English and Irish Catholics in Northumberland 1745-1860' (Ph.D. thesis, Queen's University, Belfast, 1987). D.C. Fox, 'The Demography of Sunderland, 1851', Occasional Paper, No.1 (1980), Department of Geography and History, Sunderland Polytechnic. J.G. Lynch, 'The Irish Population of Darlington in 1841 and 1851' (MA thesis, Teeside Polytechnic, 1988). F. McConnell, 'The Irish in Durham City, 1841-61', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.47 (Dec. 1991), pp.68-82. T.P. McDermott, 'The Irish Workers on Tyneside', in N. McCord (ed.), Essays on Tyneside Labour History (Newcastle, 1977). F. Neal, 'English-Irish Conflict in the North-East of England', in Belchem and Buckland (eds.), Conference Proceedings (1993), pp.59-85. P Norris, 'The Irish in Tow Law, Co Durham, 1851-1871', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.33 (Dec., 1984) pp.41-70. M. Sill, 'East Mining Colonisation and the Genesis of the Colliery Landscape 1770-1851' (Ph.D. thesis, University of Durham, 1982). M. Sill, 'The Irish Population of Sandygate in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in M. Barke and R.J. Buswell (eds.), Historical Atlas of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1980). H.J Smith et al., 'Crook and Billy Row in 1851: An Analysis of Census Returns', University of Durham, Department of Adult Education (1975). L. Gooch, 'The Durham Catholics and Industrial Development, 1560-1850' (MA thesis, University of York, 1984). J. Robinson, 'The Coming of the Irish to Jarrow and Hebburn', Journal of the Northumberland and Durham Family History Society, Vol.6, No.3 (1981), pp.70-71. F. Neal, 'Irish Settlement in the North East and North West of England in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Victorian Britain: The Local Dimension (Dublin, 1999). For an examination of the impact of Irish Famine refugees on Newcastle upon Tyne, see F. Neal, Black '47: Britain and the Famine Irish (Basingstoke, 1998), pp.205-9, 241, 243.
10. R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in the Victorian City (London, 1985) and R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Britain: 1815-1939 (London, 1989). There exists a number of publications, theses and dissertations dealing with various aspects of the Irish in the North-East and they vary considerably in quality. R.J. Cooter, The Irish in Durham and Newcastle: 1840-1880 (MA thesis, Durham, 1972). R.J. Cooter, 'Lady Londonderry and the Irish Catholics of Seaham Harbour: No Popery out of Context' Recusant History Vol.13, No.3 (1976) pp.288-97. R.J. Cooter. 'On calculating the Nineteenth Century Irish Catholic Population of Durham and Newcastle', Northern Catholic History, No.2 (Autumn 1975), pp.16-25. M. Chase, 'The Teeside Irish in the Nineteenth Century', in P Buckland and J. Belchem (eds.), Conference Proceedings in Irish Studies, No.1 (Liverpool, 1993), pp.47-58. S. Docherty, 'English and Irish Catholics in Northumberland 1745-1860' (Ph.D. thesis, Queen's University, Belfast, 1987). D.C. Fox, 'The Demography of Sunderland, 1851', Occasional Paper, No.1 (1980), Department of Geography and History, Sunderland Polytechnic. J.G. Lynch, 'The Irish Population of Darlington in 1841 and 1851' (MA thesis, Teeside Polytechnic, 1988). F. McConnell, 'The Irish in Durham City, 1841-61', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.47 (Dec. 1991), pp.68-82. T.P. McDermott, 'The Irish Workers on Tyneside', in N. McCord (ed.), Essays on Tyneside Labour History (Newcastle, 1977). F. Neal, 'English-Irish Conflict in the North-East of England', in Belchem and Buckland (eds.), Conference Proceedings (1993), pp.59-85. P Norris, 'The Irish in Tow Law, Co Durham, 1851-1871', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.33 (Dec., 1984) pp.41-70. M. Sill, 'East Mining Colonisation and the Genesis of the Colliery Landscape 1770-1851' (Ph.D. thesis, University of Durham, 1982). M. Sill, 'The Irish Population of Sandygate in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in M. Barke and R.J. Buswell (eds.), Historical Atlas of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1980). H.J Smith et al., 'Crook and Billy Row in 1851: An Analysis of Census Returns', University of Durham, Department of Adult Education (1975). L. Gooch, 'The Durham Catholics and Industrial Development, 1560-1850' (MA thesis, University of York, 1984). J. Robinson, 'The Coming of the Irish to Jarrow and Hebburn', Journal of the Northumberland and Durham Family History Society, Vol.6, No.3 (1981), pp.70-71. F. Neal, 'Irish Settlement in the North East and North West of England in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Victorian Britain: The Local Dimension (Dublin, 1999). For an examination of the impact of Irish Famine refugees on Newcastle upon Tyne, see F. Neal, Black '47: Britain and the Famine Irish (Basingstoke, 1998), pp.205-9, 241, 243.
11. R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in the Victorian City (London, 1985) and R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Britain: 1815-1939 (London, 1989). There exists a number of publications, theses and dissertations dealing with various aspects of the Irish in the North-East and they vary considerably in quality. R.J. Cooter, The Irish in Durham and Newcastle: 1840-1880 (MA thesis, Durham, 1972). R.J. Cooter, 'Lady Londonderry and the Irish Catholics of Seaham Harbour: No Popery out of Context' Recusant History Vol.13, No.3 (1976) pp.288-97. R.J. Cooter. 'On calculating the Nineteenth Century Irish Catholic Population of Durham and Newcastle', Northern Catholic History, No.2 (Autumn 1975), pp.16-25. M. Chase, 'The Teeside Irish in the Nineteenth Century', in P Buckland and J. Belchem (eds.), Conference Proceedings in Irish Studies, No.1 (Liverpool, 1993), pp.47-58. S. Docherty, 'English and Irish Catholics in Northumberland 1745-1860' (Ph.D. thesis, Queen's University, Belfast, 1987). D.C. Fox, 'The Demography of Sunderland, 1851', Occasional Paper, No.1 (1980), Department of Geography and History, Sunderland Polytechnic. J.G. Lynch, 'The Irish Population of Darlington in 1841 and 1851' (MA thesis, Teeside Polytechnic, 1988). F. McConnell, 'The Irish in Durham City, 1841-61', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.47 (Dec. 1991), pp.68-82. T.P. McDermott, 'The Irish Workers on Tyneside', in N. McCord (ed.), Essays on Tyneside Labour History (Newcastle, 1977). F. Neal, 'English-Irish Conflict in the North-East of England', in Belchem and Buckland (eds.), Conference Proceedings (1993), pp.59-85. P Norris, 'The Irish in Tow Law, Co Durham, 1851-1871', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.33 (Dec., 1984) pp.41-70. M. Sill, 'East Mining Colonisation and the Genesis of the Colliery Landscape 1770-1851' (Ph.D. thesis, University of Durham, 1982). M. Sill, 'The Irish Population of Sandygate in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in M. Barke and R.J. Buswell (eds.), Historical Atlas of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1980). H.J Smith et al., 'Crook and Billy Row in 1851: An Analysis of Census Returns', University of Durham, Department of Adult Education (1975). L. Gooch, 'The Durham Catholics and Industrial Development, 1560-1850' (MA thesis, University of York, 1984). J. Robinson, 'The Coming of the Irish to Jarrow and Hebburn', Journal of the Northumberland and Durham Family History Society, Vol.6, No.3 (1981), pp.70-71. F. Neal, 'Irish Settlement in the North East and North West of England in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Victorian Britain: The Local Dimension (Dublin, 1999). For an examination of the impact of Irish Famine refugees on Newcastle upon Tyne, see F. Neal, Black '47: Britain and the Famine Irish (Basingstoke, 1998), pp.205-9, 241, 243.
12. R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in the Victorian City (London, 1985) and R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Britain: 1815-1939 (London, 1989). There exists a number of publications, theses and dissertations dealing with various aspects of the Irish in the North-East and they vary considerably in quality. R.J. Cooter, The Irish in Durham and Newcastle: 1840-1880 (MA thesis, Durham, 1972). R.J. Cooter, 'Lady Londonderry and the Irish Catholics of Seaham Harbour: No Popery out of Context' Recusant History Vol.13, No.3 (1976) pp.288-97. R.J. Cooter. 'On calculating the Nineteenth Century Irish Catholic Population of Durham and Newcastle', Northern Catholic History, No.2 (Autumn 1975), pp.16-25. M. Chase, 'The Teeside Irish in the Nineteenth Century', in P Buckland and J. Belchem (eds.), Conference Proceedings in Irish Studies, No.1 (Liverpool, 1993), pp.47-58. S. Docherty, 'English and Irish Catholics in Northumberland 1745-1860' (Ph.D. thesis, Queen's University, Belfast, 1987). D.C. Fox, 'The Demography of Sunderland, 1851', Occasional Paper, No.1 (1980), Department of Geography and History, Sunderland Polytechnic. J.G. Lynch, 'The Irish Population of Darlington in 1841 and 1851' (MA thesis, Teeside Polytechnic, 1988). F. McConnell, 'The Irish in Durham City, 1841-61', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.47 (Dec. 1991), pp.68-82. T.P. McDermott, 'The Irish Workers on Tyneside', in N. McCord (ed.), Essays on Tyneside Labour History (Newcastle, 1977). F. Neal, 'English-Irish Conflict in the North-East of England', in Belchem and Buckland (eds.), Conference Proceedings (1993), pp.59-85. P Norris, 'The Irish in Tow Law, Co Durham, 1851-1871', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.33 (Dec., 1984) pp.41-70. M. Sill, 'East Mining Colonisation and the Genesis of the Colliery Landscape 1770-1851' (Ph.D. thesis, University of Durham, 1982). M. Sill, 'The Irish Population of Sandygate in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in M. Barke and R.J. Buswell (eds.), Historical Atlas of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1980). H.J Smith et al., 'Crook and Billy Row in 1851: An Analysis of Census Returns', University of Durham, Department of Adult Education (1975). L. Gooch, 'The Durham Catholics and Industrial Development, 1560-1850' (MA thesis, University of York, 1984). J. Robinson, 'The Coming of the Irish to Jarrow and Hebburn', Journal of the Northumberland and Durham Family History Society, Vol.6, No.3 (1981), pp.70-71. F. Neal, 'Irish Settlement in the North East and North West of England in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Victorian Britain: The Local Dimension (Dublin, 1999). For an examination of the impact of Irish Famine refugees on Newcastle upon Tyne, see F. Neal, Black '47: Britain and the Famine Irish (Basingstoke, 1998), pp.205-9, 241, 243.
13. R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in the Victorian City (London, 1985) and R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Britain: 1815-1939 (London, 1989). There exists a number of publications, theses and dissertations dealing with various aspects of the Irish in the North-East and they vary considerably in quality. R.J. Cooter, The Irish in Durham and Newcastle: 1840-1880 (MA thesis, Durham, 1972). R.J. Cooter, 'Lady Londonderry and the Irish Catholics of Seaham Harbour: No Popery out of Context' Recusant History Vol.13, No.3 (1976) pp.288-97. R.J. Cooter. 'On calculating the Nineteenth Century Irish Catholic Population of Durham and Newcastle', Northern Catholic History, No.2 (Autumn 1975), pp.16-25. M. Chase, 'The Teeside Irish in the Nineteenth Century', in P Buckland and J. Belchem (eds.), Conference Proceedings in Irish Studies, No.1 (Liverpool, 1993), pp.47-58. S. Docherty, 'English and Irish Catholics in Northumberland 1745-1860' (Ph.D. thesis, Queen's University, Belfast, 1987). D.C. Fox, 'The Demography of Sunderland, 1851', Occasional Paper, No.1 (1980), Department of Geography and History, Sunderland Polytechnic. J.G. Lynch, 'The Irish Population of Darlington in 1841 and 1851' (MA thesis, Teeside Polytechnic, 1988). F. McConnell, 'The Irish in Durham City, 1841-61', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.47 (Dec. 1991), pp.68-82. T.P. McDermott, 'The Irish Workers on Tyneside', in N. McCord (ed.), Essays on Tyneside Labour History (Newcastle, 1977). F. Neal, 'English-Irish Conflict in the North-East of England', in Belchem and Buckland (eds.), Conference Proceedings (1993), pp.59-85. P Norris, 'The Irish in Tow Law, Co Durham, 1851-1871', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.33 (Dec., 1984) pp.41-70. M. Sill, 'East Mining Colonisation and the Genesis of the Colliery Landscape 1770-1851' (Ph.D. thesis, University of Durham, 1982). M. Sill, 'The Irish Population of Sandygate in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in M. Barke and R.J. Buswell (eds.), Historical Atlas of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1980). H.J Smith et al., 'Crook and Billy Row in 1851: An Analysis of Census Returns', University of Durham, Department of Adult Education (1975). L. Gooch, 'The Durham Catholics and Industrial Development, 1560-1850' (MA thesis, University of York, 1984). J. Robinson, 'The Coming of the Irish to Jarrow and Hebburn', Journal of the Northumberland and Durham Family History Society, Vol.6, No.3 (1981), pp.70-71. F. Neal, 'Irish Settlement in the North East and North West of England in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Victorian Britain: The Local Dimension (Dublin, 1999). For an examination of the impact of Irish Famine refugees on Newcastle upon Tyne, see F. Neal, Black '47: Britain and the Famine Irish (Basingstoke, 1998), pp.205-9, 241, 243.
14. R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in the Victorian City (London, 1985) and R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Britain: 1815-1939 (London, 1989). There exists a number of publications, theses and dissertations dealing with various aspects of the Irish in the North-East and they vary considerably in quality. R.J. Cooter, The Irish in Durham and Newcastle: 1840-1880 (MA thesis, Durham, 1972). R.J. Cooter, 'Lady Londonderry and the Irish Catholics of Seaham Harbour: No Popery out of Context' Recusant History Vol.13, No.3 (1976) pp.288-97. R.J. Cooter. 'On calculating the Nineteenth Century Irish Catholic Population of Durham and Newcastle', Northern Catholic History, No.2 (Autumn 1975), pp.16-25. M. Chase, 'The Teeside Irish in the Nineteenth Century', in P Buckland and J. Belchem (eds.), Conference Proceedings in Irish Studies, No.1 (Liverpool, 1993), pp.47-58. S. Docherty, 'English and Irish Catholics in Northumberland 1745-1860' (Ph.D. thesis, Queen's University, Belfast, 1987). D.C. Fox, 'The Demography of Sunderland, 1851', Occasional Paper, No.1 (1980), Department of Geography and History, Sunderland Polytechnic. J.G. Lynch, 'The Irish Population of Darlington in 1841 and 1851' (MA thesis, Teeside Polytechnic, 1988). F. McConnell, 'The Irish in Durham City, 1841-61', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.47 (Dec. 1991), pp.68-82. T.P. McDermott, 'The Irish Workers on Tyneside', in N. McCord (ed.), Essays on Tyneside Labour History (Newcastle, 1977). F. Neal, 'English-Irish Conflict in the North-East of England', in Belchem and Buckland (eds.), Conference Proceedings (1993), pp.59-85. P Norris, 'The Irish in Tow Law, Co Durham, 1851-1871', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.33 (Dec., 1984) pp.41-70. M. Sill, 'East Mining Colonisation and the Genesis of the Colliery Landscape 1770-1851' (Ph.D. thesis, University of Durham, 1982). M. Sill, 'The Irish Population of Sandygate in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in M. Barke and R.J. Buswell (eds.), Historical Atlas of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1980). H.J Smith et al., 'Crook and Billy Row in 1851: An Analysis of Census Returns', University of Durham, Department of Adult Education (1975). L. Gooch, 'The Durham Catholics and Industrial Development, 1560-1850' (MA thesis, University of York, 1984). J. Robinson, 'The Coming of the Irish to Jarrow and Hebburn', Journal of the Northumberland and Durham Family History Society, Vol.6, No.3 (1981), pp.70-71. F. Neal, 'Irish Settlement in the North East and North West of England in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Victorian Britain: The Local Dimension (Dublin, 1999). For an examination of the impact of Irish Famine refugees on Newcastle upon Tyne, see F. Neal, Black '47: Britain and the Famine Irish (Basingstoke, 1998), pp.205-9, 241, 243.
15. R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in the Victorian City (London, 1985) and R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Britain: 1815-1939 (London, 1989). There exists a number of publications, theses and dissertations dealing with various aspects of the Irish in the North-East and they vary considerably in quality. R.J. Cooter, The Irish in Durham and Newcastle: 1840-1880 (MA thesis, Durham, 1972). R.J. Cooter, 'Lady Londonderry and the Irish Catholics of Seaham Harbour: No Popery out of Context' Recusant History Vol.13, No.3 (1976) pp.288-97. R.J. Cooter. 'On calculating the Nineteenth Century Irish Catholic Population of Durham and Newcastle', Northern Catholic History, No.2 (Autumn 1975), pp.16-25. M. Chase, 'The Teeside Irish in the Nineteenth Century', in P Buckland and J. Belchem (eds.), Conference Proceedings in Irish Studies, No.1 (Liverpool, 1993), pp.47-58. S. Docherty, 'English and Irish Catholics in Northumberland 1745-1860' (Ph.D. thesis, Queen's University, Belfast, 1987). D.C. Fox, 'The Demography of Sunderland, 1851', Occasional Paper, No.1 (1980), Department of Geography and History, Sunderland Polytechnic. J.G. Lynch, 'The Irish Population of Darlington in 1841 and 1851' (MA thesis, Teeside Polytechnic, 1988). F. McConnell, 'The Irish in Durham City, 1841-61', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.47 (Dec. 1991), pp.68-82. T.P. McDermott, 'The Irish Workers on Tyneside', in N. McCord (ed.), Essays on Tyneside Labour History (Newcastle, 1977). F. Neal, 'English-Irish Conflict in the North-East of England', in Belchem and Buckland (eds.), Conference Proceedings (1993), pp.59-85. P Norris, 'The Irish in Tow Law, Co Durham, 1851-1871', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.33 (Dec., 1984) pp.41-70. M. Sill, 'East Mining Colonisation and the Genesis of the Colliery Landscape 1770-1851' (Ph.D. thesis, University of Durham, 1982). M. Sill, 'The Irish Population of Sandygate in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in M. Barke and R.J. Buswell (eds.), Historical Atlas of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1980). H.J Smith et al., 'Crook and Billy Row in 1851: An Analysis of Census Returns', University of Durham, Department of Adult Education (1975). L. Gooch, 'The Durham Catholics and Industrial Development, 1560-1850' (MA thesis, University of York, 1984). J. Robinson, 'The Coming of the Irish to Jarrow and Hebburn', Journal of the Northumberland and Durham Family History Society, Vol.6, No.3 (1981), pp.70-71. F. Neal, 'Irish Settlement in the North East and North West of England in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Victorian Britain: The Local Dimension (Dublin, 1999). For an examination of the impact of Irish Famine refugees on Newcastle upon Tyne, see F. Neal, Black '47: Britain and the Famine Irish (Basingstoke, 1998), pp.205-9, 241, 243.
16. R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in the Victorian City (London, 1985) and R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Britain: 1815-1939 (London, 1989). There exists a number of publications, theses and dissertations dealing with various aspects of the Irish in the North-East and they vary considerably in quality. R.J. Cooter, The Irish in Durham and Newcastle: 1840-1880 (MA thesis, Durham, 1972). R.J. Cooter, 'Lady Londonderry and the Irish Catholics of Seaham Harbour: No Popery out of Context' Recusant History Vol.13, No.3 (1976) pp.288-97. R.J. Cooter. 'On calculating the Nineteenth Century Irish Catholic Population of Durham and Newcastle', Northern Catholic History, No.2 (Autumn 1975), pp.16-25. M. Chase, 'The Teeside Irish in the Nineteenth Century', in P Buckland and J. Belchem (eds.), Conference Proceedings in Irish Studies, No.1 (Liverpool, 1993), pp.47-58. S. Docherty, 'English and Irish Catholics in Northumberland 1745-1860' (Ph.D. thesis, Queen's University, Belfast, 1987). D.C. Fox, 'The Demography of Sunderland, 1851', Occasional Paper, No.1 (1980), Department of Geography and History, Sunderland Polytechnic. J.G. Lynch, 'The Irish Population of Darlington in 1841 and 1851' (MA thesis, Teeside Polytechnic, 1988). F. McConnell, 'The Irish in Durham City, 1841-61', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.47 (Dec. 1991), pp.68-82. T.P. McDermott, 'The Irish Workers on Tyneside', in N. McCord (ed.), Essays on Tyneside Labour History (Newcastle, 1977). F. Neal, 'English-Irish Conflict in the North-East of England', in Belchem and Buckland (eds.), Conference Proceedings (1993), pp.59-85. P Norris, 'The Irish in Tow Law, Co Durham, 1851-1871', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.33 (Dec., 1984) pp.41-70. M. Sill, 'East Mining Colonisation and the Genesis of the Colliery Landscape 1770-1851' (Ph.D. thesis, University of Durham, 1982). M. Sill, 'The Irish Population of Sandygate in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in M. Barke and R.J. Buswell (eds.), Historical Atlas of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1980). H.J Smith et al., 'Crook and Billy Row in 1851: An Analysis of Census Returns', University of Durham, Department of Adult Education (1975). L. Gooch, 'The Durham Catholics and Industrial Development, 1560-1850' (MA thesis, University of York, 1984). J. Robinson, 'The Coming of the Irish to Jarrow and Hebburn', Journal of the Northumberland and Durham Family History Society, Vol.6, No.3 (1981), pp.70-71. F. Neal, 'Irish Settlement in the North East and North West of England in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Victorian Britain: The Local Dimension (Dublin, 1999). For an examination of the impact of Irish Famine refugees on Newcastle upon Tyne, see F. Neal, Black '47: Britain and the Famine Irish (Basingstoke, 1998), pp.205-9, 241, 243.
17. R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in the Victorian City (London, 1985) and R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Britain: 1815-1939 (London, 1989). There exists a number of publications, theses and dissertations dealing with various aspects of the Irish in the North-East and they vary considerably in quality. R.J. Cooter, The Irish in Durham and Newcastle: 1840-1880 (MA thesis, Durham, 1972). R.J. Cooter, 'Lady Londonderry and the Irish Catholics of Seaham Harbour: No Popery out of Context' Recusant History Vol.13, No.3 (1976) pp.288-97. R.J. Cooter. 'On calculating the Nineteenth Century Irish Catholic Population of Durham and Newcastle', Northern Catholic History, No.2 (Autumn 1975), pp.16-25. M. Chase, 'The Teeside Irish in the Nineteenth Century', in P Buckland and J. Belchem (eds.), Conference Proceedings in Irish Studies, No.1 (Liverpool, 1993), pp.47-58. S. Docherty, 'English and Irish Catholics in Northumberland 1745-1860' (Ph.D. thesis, Queen's University, Belfast, 1987). D.C. Fox, 'The Demography of Sunderland, 1851', Occasional Paper, No.1 (1980), Department of Geography and History, Sunderland Polytechnic. J.G. Lynch, 'The Irish Population of Darlington in 1841 and 1851' (MA thesis, Teeside Polytechnic, 1988). F. McConnell, 'The Irish in Durham City, 1841-61', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.47 (Dec. 1991), pp.68-82. T.P. McDermott, 'The Irish Workers on Tyneside', in N. McCord (ed.), Essays on Tyneside Labour History (Newcastle, 1977). F. Neal, 'English-Irish Conflict in the North-East of England', in Belchem and Buckland (eds.), Conference Proceedings (1993), pp.59-85. P Norris, 'The Irish in Tow Law, Co Durham, 1851-1871', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.33 (Dec., 1984) pp.41-70. M. Sill, 'East Mining Colonisation and the Genesis of the Colliery Landscape 1770-1851' (Ph.D. thesis, University of Durham, 1982). M. Sill, 'The Irish Population of Sandygate in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in M. Barke and R.J. Buswell (eds.), Historical Atlas of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1980). H.J Smith et al., 'Crook and Billy Row in 1851: An Analysis of Census Returns', University of Durham, Department of Adult Education (1975). L. Gooch, 'The Durham Catholics and Industrial Development, 1560-1850' (MA thesis, University of York, 1984). J. Robinson, 'The Coming of the Irish to Jarrow and Hebburn', Journal of the Northumberland and Durham Family History Society, Vol.6, No.3 (1981), pp.70-71. F. Neal, 'Irish Settlement in the North East and North West of England in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Victorian Britain: The Local Dimension (Dublin, 1999). For an examination of the impact of Irish Famine refugees on Newcastle upon Tyne, see F. Neal, Black '47: Britain and the Famine Irish (Basingstoke, 1998), pp.205-9, 241, 243.
18. R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in the Victorian City (London, 1985) and R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Britain: 1815-1939 (London, 1989). There exists a number of publications, theses and dissertations dealing with various aspects of the Irish in the North-East and they vary considerably in quality. R.J. Cooter, The Irish in Durham and Newcastle: 1840-1880 (MA thesis, Durham, 1972). R.J. Cooter, 'Lady Londonderry and the Irish Catholics of Seaham Harbour: No Popery out of Context' Recusant History Vol.13, No.3 (1976) pp.288-97. R.J. Cooter. 'On calculating the Nineteenth Century Irish Catholic Population of Durham and Newcastle', Northern Catholic History, No.2 (Autumn 1975), pp.16-25. M. Chase, 'The Teeside Irish in the Nineteenth Century', in P Buckland and J. Belchem (eds.), Conference Proceedings in Irish Studies, No.1 (Liverpool, 1993), pp.47-58. S. Docherty, 'English and Irish Catholics in Northumberland 1745-1860' (Ph.D. thesis, Queen's University, Belfast, 1987). D.C. Fox, 'The Demography of Sunderland, 1851', Occasional Paper, No.1 (1980), Department of Geography and History, Sunderland Polytechnic. J.G. Lynch, 'The Irish Population of Darlington in 1841 and 1851' (MA thesis, Teeside Polytechnic, 1988). F. McConnell, 'The Irish in Durham City, 1841-61', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.47 (Dec. 1991), pp.68-82. T.P. McDermott, 'The Irish Workers on Tyneside', in N. McCord (ed.), Essays on Tyneside Labour History (Newcastle, 1977). F. Neal, 'English-Irish Conflict in the North-East of England', in Belchem and Buckland (eds.), Conference Proceedings (1993), pp.59-85. P Norris, 'The Irish in Tow Law, Co Durham, 1851-1871', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.33 (Dec., 1984) pp.41-70. M. Sill, 'East Mining Colonisation and the Genesis of the Colliery Landscape 1770-1851' (Ph.D. thesis, University of Durham, 1982). M. Sill, 'The Irish Population of Sandygate in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in M. Barke and R.J. Buswell (eds.), Historical Atlas of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1980). H.J Smith et al., 'Crook and Billy Row in 1851: An Analysis of Census Returns', University of Durham, Department of Adult Education (1975). L. Gooch, 'The Durham Catholics and Industrial Development, 1560-1850' (MA thesis, University of York, 1984). J. Robinson, 'The Coming of the Irish to Jarrow and Hebburn', Journal of the Northumberland and Durham Family History Society, Vol.6, No.3 (1981), pp.70-71. F. Neal, 'Irish Settlement in the North East and North West of England in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Victorian Britain: The Local Dimension (Dublin, 1999). For an examination of the impact of Irish Famine refugees on Newcastle upon Tyne, see F. Neal, Black '47: Britain and the Famine Irish (Basingstoke, 1998), pp.205-9, 241, 243.
19. R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in the Victorian City (London, 1985) and R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Britain: 1815-1939 (London, 1989). There exists a number of publications, theses and dissertations dealing with various aspects of the Irish in the North-East and they vary considerably in quality. R.J. Cooter, The Irish in Durham and Newcastle: 1840-1880 (MA thesis, Durham, 1972). R.J. Cooter, 'Lady Londonderry and the Irish Catholics of Seaham Harbour: No Popery out of Context' Recusant History Vol.13, No.3 (1976) pp.288-97. R.J. Cooter. 'On calculating the Nineteenth Century Irish Catholic Population of Durham and Newcastle', Northern Catholic History, No.2 (Autumn 1975), pp.16-25. M. Chase, 'The Teeside Irish in the Nineteenth Century', in P Buckland and J. Belchem (eds.), Conference Proceedings in Irish Studies, No.1 (Liverpool, 1993), pp.47-58. S. Docherty, 'English and Irish Catholics in Northumberland 1745-1860' (Ph.D. thesis, Queen's University, Belfast, 1987). D.C. Fox, 'The Demography of Sunderland, 1851', Occasional Paper, No.1 (1980), Department of Geography and History, Sunderland Polytechnic. J.G. Lynch, 'The Irish Population of Darlington in 1841 and 1851' (MA thesis, Teeside Polytechnic, 1988). F. McConnell, 'The Irish in Durham City, 1841-61', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.47 (Dec. 1991), pp.68-82. T.P. McDermott, 'The Irish Workers on Tyneside', in N. McCord (ed.), Essays on Tyneside Labour History (Newcastle, 1977). F. Neal, 'English-Irish Conflict in the North-East of England', in Belchem and Buckland (eds.), Conference Proceedings (1993), pp.59-85. P Norris, 'The Irish in Tow Law, Co Durham, 1851-1871', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.33 (Dec., 1984) pp.41-70. M. Sill, 'East Mining Colonisation and the Genesis of the Colliery Landscape 1770-1851' (Ph.D. thesis, University of Durham, 1982). M. Sill, 'The Irish Population of Sandygate in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in M. Barke and R.J. Buswell (eds.), Historical Atlas of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1980). H.J Smith et al., 'Crook and Billy Row in 1851: An Analysis of Census Returns', University of Durham, Department of Adult Education (1975). L. Gooch, 'The Durham Catholics and Industrial Development, 1560-1850' (MA thesis, University of York, 1984). J. Robinson, 'The Coming of the Irish to Jarrow and Hebburn', Journal of the Northumberland and Durham Family History Society, Vol.6, No.3 (1981), pp.70-71. F. Neal, 'Irish Settlement in the North East and North West of England in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Victorian Britain: The Local Dimension (Dublin, 1999). For an examination of the impact of Irish Famine refugees on Newcastle upon Tyne, see F. Neal, Black '47: Britain and the Famine Irish (Basingstoke, 1998), pp.205-9, 241, 243.
20. R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in the Victorian City (London, 1985) and R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Britain: 1815-1939 (London, 1989). There exists a number of publications, theses and dissertations dealing with various aspects of the Irish in the North-East and they vary considerably in quality. R.J. Cooter, The Irish in Durham and Newcastle: 1840-1880 (MA thesis, Durham, 1972). R.J. Cooter, 'Lady Londonderry and the Irish Catholics of Seaham Harbour: No Popery out of Context' Recusant History Vol.13, No.3 (1976) pp.288-97. R.J. Cooter. 'On calculating the Nineteenth Century Irish Catholic Population of Durham and Newcastle', Northern Catholic History, No.2 (Autumn 1975), pp.16-25. M. Chase, 'The Teeside Irish in the Nineteenth Century', in P Buckland and J. Belchem (eds.), Conference Proceedings in Irish Studies, No.1 (Liverpool, 1993), pp.47-58. S. Docherty, 'English and Irish Catholics in Northumberland 1745-1860' (Ph.D. thesis, Queen's University, Belfast, 1987). D.C. Fox, 'The Demography of Sunderland, 1851', Occasional Paper, No.1 (1980), Department of Geography and History, Sunderland Polytechnic. J.G. Lynch, 'The Irish Population of Darlington in 1841 and 1851' (MA thesis, Teeside Polytechnic, 1988). F. McConnell, 'The Irish in Durham City, 1841-61', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.47 (Dec. 1991), pp.68-82. T.P. McDermott, 'The Irish Workers on Tyneside', in N. McCord (ed.), Essays on Tyneside Labour History (Newcastle, 1977). F. Neal, 'English-Irish Conflict in the North-East of England', in Belchem and Buckland (eds.), Conference Proceedings (1993), pp.59-85. P Norris, 'The Irish in Tow Law, Co Durham, 1851-1871', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.33 (Dec., 1984) pp.41-70. M. Sill, 'East Mining Colonisation and the Genesis of the Colliery Landscape 1770-1851' (Ph.D. thesis, University of Durham, 1982). M. Sill, 'The Irish Population of Sandygate in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in M. Barke and R.J. Buswell (eds.), Historical Atlas of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1980). H.J Smith et al., 'Crook and Billy Row in 1851: An Analysis of Census Returns', University of Durham, Department of Adult Education (1975). L. Gooch, 'The Durham Catholics and Industrial Development, 1560-1850' (MA thesis, University of York, 1984). J. Robinson, 'The Coming of the Irish to Jarrow and Hebburn', Journal of the Northumberland and Durham Family History Society, Vol.6, No.3 (1981), pp.70-71. F. Neal, 'Irish Settlement in the North East and North West of England in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Victorian Britain: The Local Dimension (Dublin, 1999). For an examination of the impact of Irish Famine refugees on Newcastle upon Tyne, see F. Neal, Black '47: Britain and the Famine Irish (Basingstoke, 1998), pp.205-9, 241, 243.
21. R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in the Victorian City (London, 1985) and R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Britain: 1815-1939 (London, 1989). There exists a number of publications, theses and dissertations dealing with various aspects of the Irish in the North-East and they vary considerably in quality. R.J. Cooter, The Irish in Durham and Newcastle: 1840-1880 (MA thesis, Durham, 1972). R.J. Cooter, 'Lady Londonderry and the Irish Catholics of Seaham Harbour: No Popery out of Context' Recusant History Vol.13, No.3 (1976) pp.288-97. R.J. Cooter. 'On calculating the Nineteenth Century Irish Catholic Population of Durham and Newcastle', Northern Catholic History, No.2 (Autumn 1975), pp.16-25. M. Chase, 'The Teeside Irish in the Nineteenth Century', in P Buckland and J. Belchem (eds.), Conference Proceedings in Irish Studies, No.1 (Liverpool, 1993), pp.47-58. S. Docherty, 'English and Irish Catholics in Northumberland 1745-1860' (Ph.D. thesis, Queen's University, Belfast, 1987). D.C. Fox, 'The Demography of Sunderland, 1851', Occasional Paper, No.1 (1980), Department of Geography and History, Sunderland Polytechnic. J.G. Lynch, 'The Irish Population of Darlington in 1841 and 1851' (MA thesis, Teeside Polytechnic, 1988). F. McConnell, 'The Irish in Durham City, 1841-61', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.47 (Dec. 1991), pp.68-82. T.P. McDermott, 'The Irish Workers on Tyneside', in N. McCord (ed.), Essays on Tyneside Labour History (Newcastle, 1977). F. Neal, 'English-Irish Conflict in the North-East of England', in Belchem and Buckland (eds.), Conference Proceedings (1993), pp.59-85. P Norris, 'The Irish in Tow Law, Co Durham, 1851-1871', Durham County Local History Society Bulletin, No.33 (Dec., 1984) pp.41-70. M. Sill, 'East Mining Colonisation and the Genesis of the Colliery Landscape 1770-1851' (Ph.D. thesis, University of Durham, 1982). M. Sill, 'The Irish Population of Sandygate in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in M. Barke and R.J. Buswell (eds.), Historical Atlas of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1980). H.J Smith et al., 'Crook and Billy Row in 1851: An Analysis of Census Returns', University of Durham, Department of Adult Education (1975). L. Gooch, 'The Durham Catholics and Industrial Development, 1560-1850' (MA thesis, University of York, 1984). J. Robinson, 'The Coming of the Irish to Jarrow and Hebburn', Journal of the Northumberland and Durham Family History Society, Vol.6, No.3 (1981), pp.70-71. F. Neal, 'Irish Settlement in the North East and North West of England in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', in R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Victorian Britain: The Local Dimension (Dublin, 1999). For an examination of the impact of Irish Famine refugees on Newcastle upon Tyne, see F. Neal, Black '47: Britain and the Famine Irish (Basingstoke, 1998), pp.205-9, 241, 243.
22. For all persons setting out to extract and use census data, it is crucial that their starting off point should be the reading of E. Higgs, Making Sense of The Census: Manuscript Returns for England and Wales 1801-1901 (London, 1989) and idem., A Clearer Sense of the Census: The Victorian Census and Historical Research (London, 1996).
23. For all persons setting out to extract and use census data, it is crucial that their starting off point should be the reading of E. Higgs, Making Sense of The Census: Manuscript Returns for England and Wales 1801-1901 (London, 1989) and idem., A Clearer Sense of the Census: The Victorian Census and Historical Research (London, 1996).
24. (i) British Parliamentary Papers (HL), 1842, Vol.XXVI, Report from the Poor Law Commissioners of an Inquiry into the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain (Chadwick Report). BPP (HL) 1842, Vol.XXVII, Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of England (Local Reports) (Chadwick Report). See also BPP (HC) 1844, Vol.1, First Report of the Commissioners of Enquiry into the State of Large Towns and Populous Districts, and BPP (HC) 1845 (601), XVIII, Second Report of the Commissioners of Enquiry into The State of Large Towns and Populous Districts.
25. (i) British Parliamentary Papers (HL), 1842, Vol.XXVI, Report from the Poor Law Commissioners of an Inquiry into the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain (Chadwick Report). BPP (HL) 1842, Vol.XXVII, Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of England (Local Reports) (Chadwick Report). See also BPP (HC) 1844, Vol.1, First Report of the Commissioners of Enquiry into the State of Large Towns and Populous Districts, and BPP (HC) 1845 (601), XVIII, Second Report of the Commissioners of Enquiry into The State of Large Towns and Populous Districts.
26. (i) British Parliamentary Papers (HL), 1842, Vol.XXVI, Report from the Poor Law Commissioners of an Inquiry into the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain (Chadwick Report). BPP (HL) 1842, Vol.XXVII, Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of England (Local Reports) (Chadwick Report). See also BPP (HC) 1844, Vol.1, First Report of the Commissioners of Enquiry into the State of Large Towns and Populous Districts, and BPP (HC) 1845 (601), XVIII, Second Report of the Commissioners of Enquiry into The State of Large Towns and Populous Districts.
27. (i) British Parliamentary Papers (HL), 1842, Vol.XXVI, Report from the Poor Law Commissioners of an Inquiry into the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain (Chadwick Report). BPP (HL) 1842, Vol.XXVII, Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of England (Local Reports) (Chadwick Report). See also BPP (HC) 1844, Vol.1, First Report of the Commissioners of Enquiry into the State of Large Towns and Populous Districts, and BPP (HC) 1845 (601), XVIII, Second Report of the Commissioners of Enquiry into The State of Large Towns and Populous Districts.
28. BPP (HL and HC), 1854, Report of the Commissioners appointed to enquire into the causes which have led to, or have aggravated the late outbreak of Cholera in the Towns of Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead and Tynemouth (referred to hereafter as Cholera Report, 1854). The report on Newcastle is littered with references to Sandgate. See, for example, Minutes of Evidence, Edward Chorlton, physician at the fever hospital, pp.136-8. See also Hector Gavin, Superintendent of the Board of Health (London), p.144.
29. BPP (HL and HC), 1854, Report of the Commissioners appointed to enquire into the causes which have led to, or have aggravated the late outbreak of Cholera in the Towns of Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead and Tynemouth (referred to hereafter as Cholera Report, 1854). The report on Newcastle is littered with references to Sandgate. See, for example, Minutes of Evidence, Edward Chorlton, physician at the fever hospital, pp.136-8. See also Hector Gavin, Superintendent of the Board of Health (London), p.144.
30. BPP (HL and HC), 1854, Report of the Commissioners appointed to enquire into the causes which have led to, or have aggravated the late outbreak of
31. Cholera Report, 1854, Minutes of Evidence of Hector Gavin, MD, p.152.
32. Cholera Report, 1854, Minutes of Evidence, R.Dn Grainger, p.55.
33. Cholera Report, 1854, Minutes of Evidence, W. Newton, p.180.
34. Ibid., p.183. Newton told the Commissioners that before 1846, Sandgate was populated by a clean and well clothed population. The influx of famine Irish, by implication, dragged the area down.
35. D. Fitzpatrick 'Emigration, 1801-70', in W.E.Vaughan (ed.), A New History of Ireland, Vol.V, Ch.28 (Oxford, 1989). See also D. Fitzpatrick, 'A Peculiar Tramping People', in Vaughan, op. cit., Ch.29. For a detailed examination of the dispersal of famine refugees throughout Britain in 1847, see Neal, Black '47, Ch.7.
36. D. Fitzpatrick 'Emigration, 1801-70', in W.E.Vaughan (ed.), A New History of Ireland, Vol.V, Ch.28 (Oxford, 1989). See also D. Fitzpatrick, 'A Peculiar Tramping People', in Vaughan, op. cit., Ch.29. For a detailed examination of the dispersal of famine refugees throughout Britain in 1847, see Neal, Black '47, Ch.7.
37. D. Fitzpatrick 'Emigration, 1801-70', in W.E.Vaughan (ed.), A New History of Ireland, Vol.V, Ch.28 (Oxford, 1989). See also D. Fitzpatrick, 'A Peculiar Tramping People', in Vaughan, op. cit., Ch.29. For a detailed examination of the dispersal of famine refugees throughout Britain in 1847, see Neal, Black '47, Ch.7.
38. For the concept of a confidence interval around any estimate of a population's parameters see any basic statistics book, for example, Kvanli, Guyles and Pavin, Business Statistics: a Computer Integrated Approach, 4th edn. (West, 1995).
39. Fitzpatrick, 'Emigration', pp.599-607.
40. The handloom weavers in Manchester are a good example of skill being no protection against technological change. See J.P. Kay, The Moral and Physical Condition of the Working Classes Employed in the Cotton Manufacture in Manchester (London, 1832).
41. Simon Ville, 'Shipbuilding in the North East of England in the Nineteenth Century', in S. Ville (ed.), Shipbuilding in the United Kingdom in the Nineteenth Century: A Regional Approach (St John's, Newfoundland, 1993) pp.1-43.
42. 1851 Census Population Tables II, Occupations of the People, Division X, Northern Counties, Principal Towns, Northumberland and Durham, pp.792-95.
43. So far the most authoritative studies of the impact of Irish immigration on British real wages in the Nineteenth Century have been undertaken by Professor J Williamson of Harvard University. For quick entry into this literature see J.G. Williamson, 'The impact of the Irish on British Labourer Markets during the Industrial Revolution', in Swift and Gilley (eds.), Irish in Britain, pp.134-62. Williamson's work is a macro-economic study and does not examine the impact of the Irish on local labour markets. His basic (macro-) conclusion is that the Irish had little impact. 'The Irish immigrations were too small to matter much ... .' (p.160). The prima facie evidence at the local level throws some doubt on whether this conclusion would apply to certain areas, such as Liverpool and Glasgow.
44. So far the most authoritative studies of the impact of Irish immigration on British real wages in the Nineteenth Century have been undertaken by Professor J Williamson of Harvard University. For quick entry into this literature see J.G. Williamson, 'The impact of the Irish on British Labourer Markets during the Industrial Revolution', in Swift and Gilley (eds.), Irish in Britain, pp.134-62. Williamson's work is a macro-economic study and does not examine the impact of the Irish on local labour markets. His basic (macro-) conclusion is that the Irish had little impact. 'The Irish immigrations were too small to matter much ... .' (p.160). The prima facie evidence at the local level throws some doubt on whether this conclusion would apply to certain areas, such as Liverpool and Glasgow.
45. BPP (HC) 1855. Select Committee on Poor Removal, Minutes of Evidence (referred to hereafter as SC Poor Removal) George Grey, qq.597-9.
46. See F. Neal, 'Irish Settlements in the North East and North West', in Swift and Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Victorian Britain, p.89. Also, Norris, 'Irish in Tow Law', pp.46-70.
47. See F. Neal, 'Irish Settlements in the North East and North West', in Swift and Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Victorian Britain, p.89. Also, Norris, 'Irish in Tow Law', pp.46-70.
48. SC Poor Removal, Minutes of Evidence, George Grey, p.665.
49. Neal, 'English-Irish Conflict', q.71.
50. Ibid., pp.67-9.