A dream of green and water: Community based formulation of a Local Agenda 21 in peri-urban Lima

Environment and Urbanization

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 11-29

  Hordijk, Michaela ^a,b,c  

^a Cities for Life Forum ^*  (Peru)

^b UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^c ERASMUS UNIVERSITY ROTTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGENDA 21; COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT; LOCAL PARTICIPATION; PERIURBANIZATION;

LIMA; PERU;

EID: 0033385714     PISSN: 09562478     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1630/095624799101285020     Document Type: Article

References (17)

1. See, for instance, ICLEI (1996), Manual de planificación para la Agenda 21 Local, una introdución a la planificación sostenible, ICLEI, Toronto.
2. Agenda 21 is the main document coming out of the UN Conference on Environment and Development in 1992 (also known as the Earth Summit) that was formally endorsed by all governments attending and which is meant to provide governments with guidelines on achieving sustainable development.
3. United Nations (1992), Earth Summit, Agenda 21: The United Nations Programme of Action from Rio, New York, page 20.
4. "Community" is an elusive concept which can be used in many senses and which has various meanings. Often, it does not define who does or does not belong to the community nor where community boundaries lie. "Community participation" supposes that community interests are represented. But whose interests? In this paper, the word "community" is only used to refer to concepts such as "community based organizations" and "community participation". Wherever possible, more precise concepts are used such as "settlement", "neighbourhood", "neighbourhood organization", "neighbourhood leader" and "inhabitant".
5. See, for instance, Ard-Am, O (Orothai) and others (1994), "Household economy and environmental management: the cases of Wat Chonglom and Yen-ar-kard" in Asian Journal of Environmental Management, Vol.2, No.1., Hong Kong University, Hong Kong, pages 37-48.
6. Different guidelines and manuals give different names to this step in the process of formulating a Local Agenda 21 -for instance, long-term vision (UNCHS), or common community vision (visión communitaria común) (ICLEI). The term "shared vision of the future" stems from the Peruvian National Campaign of Local Agenda 21 (visión compartida del futuro).
7. Leitmann, J. (1994), Rapid Urban Environmental Assessment; Lessons from Cities in the Developing World; Volume 1: Methodology and Preliminary Findings, Urban Management Programme, Nairobi.
8. Gore, A. (1992), Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit, Houghton Mifflin Company, New York.
9. NAR (1994), Urban Poverty Alleviation and Development Cooperation Policy Advice, National Advisory Council for Development Cooperation (NAR), DGIS, The Hague.
10. McGranahan, Gordon, Jacob Songsore and Marianne Kjellén (1996), "Sustainability, poverty and the urban environmental transitions" in Pugh, Cedric (editor) Sustainability, the Environment and Urbanization, Earthscan, London, pages 103-134.
11. A considerable part of it was known to be private property. In Peru, invasions on private land tend to be far less successful than invasions on public land. When the land of Pampas fell back into the hands of the state, invasions started.
12. Riofrío, G. (1991), Producir la Ciudad Popular de los '90; Entre el Mercado y el Estado, DESCO, Lima.
13. Balvín Díaz, D., J.L. Lopez Follegatti and M.A. Hordijk (1996), "Innovative urban management in Ilo, Peru" in Environment and Urbanization Vol.8, No.1, pages 21-34.
14. There exist many other forms of organization as well, especially thematic organizations (for example, street vendors, small-scale enterprises, carpenters, etc.), political organizations, trade unions, etc. These organizations do not have a neighbourhood focus and therefore were not relevant for this project.
15. See Miranda, Liliana and Michaela Hordijk (1998), "Let us build cities for life: the national campaign for Local Agenda 21 in Peru", Environment and Urbanization Vol.10, No.2, pages 69-102.
16. Classification taken from Ms C. Carlos Grey, internal NGO meeting, February 1998.
17. Dr. Julio Díaz Palacios, exmayor of the city of Ilo, Peru.